Ekonomik Krizlerin Çalışanların Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Üzerindeki Etkileri

Öz

Ekonomik krizler çalışanların iyilik hali, ruhsal ve fiziksel sağlığı üzerinde, kuşkuya yer bırakmayacak biçimde olumsuz bir etkiye sahiptir. Kriz zamanlarında, kötü sağlık koşulları içeren eğreti çalışmada, önemli bir artış görülmektedir. Artan iş yükü, çalışma zamanı modellerinde değişim, üretimin azalması, işini kaybetme stresi ve kaygısı, çalışanların sağlığı üzerinde istenmeyen olumsuz etkilerde bulunmaktadır. Kriz süresince, işletmenin yeniden yapılanması ve küçülmeye gitmesi, işten çıkarılan çalışanlar, yapılanma sonrasında işyerinde çalışmayı sürdürenler ve çoğu yöneticinin sağlığı üzerindeki etkisi yıkıcıdır. Krizle birlikte, fiziksel ve psikolojik şiddet ve tehdit işyerlerinde artmaktadır. İşsizlerin istihdam edilenlere göre daha çok psikolojik ve ruhsal sorunlar yaşadıkları bilinmektedir. Aynı zamanda kriz, işsizlerin ve istihdam edilenlerin ruhsal sağlık sorunlarının yaygınlığını ve yoğunluğunu ağırlaştırmaktadır. Sosyal korumada, özellikle sağlık harcamalarında azalma, ekonomik krizlerin diğer önemli olumsuz etkisidir. Ayrıca iş denetimi, çalışmada sağlık ve güvenlik hizmetlerinin kapasitesi de kamu harcamalarındaki azalma yüzünden etkisini yitirmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ekonomik krizler, Çalışmada sağlık ve güvenlik, İş kazaları, Ruh sağlığı, İşyeri şiddeti, Örgütsel yeniden yapılanma

Öz

Economic crises have undoubtedly had a negative impact on the mental and physical health as well as well-being of the workers. At times of crisis, a dramatic increase is seen in the precarious work associated with poor health conditions. The fear and stress of losing their jobs, downsizing production, changing working-time patterns and increasing job demands have an unfavourable effect on the health of the workers. The process of organizational restructuring and downsizing during the crisis has destructive impact on the mental health of the employees faced with redundancy as well as those who stay in the workplace after the restructuring and many managers. Physical and psychological violence and threat are also increasingly seen at workplaces subject to crisis. It is well known that the unemployed are often in a worse state of being in terms of psychological and mental distress than the employed. Moreover, the crisis aggravates the level and extent of mental health problems of both of the employed and the unemployed. The decrease in social protection including particularly health care spending is another important negative outcome caused by the economic crises. Also, the capacities of labour inspectorates and other safety and health services at work are attenuated by the decrease in public spending

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Economic crises, Safety and health at work, Accidents, Mental health, Workplace violence, Organizational restructuring

Kaynakça

1. ACTRAV (2011), From precarious work to decent work. Policies and regulations to combat precarious employment, International Labour Organization, Switzerland.
2. Al-Tuwaijiri, Sameera (2008), “Questions and answers on Occupational Safety and Health in times of economic crisis”, ILO Press and media centre, Articles, [http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/press-and-media- centre/insight/WCMS_105129/lang--en/index.htm].
3. Benach, Joan vd., (2007), Employment Conditions and Health Inequalities, Final Report to the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH), Employment Conditions Knowledge Network (EMCONET).
4. Bezruchka, Stephen (2009), “The effect of economic recession on population health”, CMAJ-Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 181 no. 5 (September 1, 2009).
5. Blakely, Tony–McLeod, Melissa (2009), “Will the financial crisis get under the skin and affect our health? Learning from the past to predict the future”, Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 11-December-2009, Vol 122 No 1307.
6. Çaman, Özge Karadağ-Çilingiroğlu, Nesrin (2009), “Ekonomik Krizler ve Sağlığa Etkisi”, Toplum Hekimliği Bülteni, C. 28, S. 2 (Mayıs-Ağustos 2009).
7. Davies, Rhys-Jones, Paul (2005), Trends and context to rates of workplace injury, Warwick Institute for Employment Research for the Health and Safety Executive 2005, Research Report 386, HSE Books.
8. EMCO (2010), Quality in Work–Thematic Review 2010, Employment Committee, EMCO Reports, Issue 6 (November 2010).

9. EUROFOUND (2011), Fewer occupational accidents but more violence at work, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, EF/11/58.
10. González, José Javier Sánchez (2011), “Kriz Döneminde Sağlık ve Güvenlik: İspanya’daki Durum”, Kriz ve yeniden yapılanma sonrası iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, Avrupa araştırma semineri, (Roma, 1-2 Mart 2011)
11. Gökbayrak, Şenay (2005), “Esnek İstihdam Stratejileri ve İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Açısından Ortaya Çıkan Riskler”, Genel-İş Emek Araştırma Dergisi, (2005/2).
12. Gül, Hülya (2009), “İş Sağlığında Önemli Bir Psikososyal Risk: Mobbing-Psikolojik Yıldırma”, TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 2009: 8(6).
13. Güven, R. (2011), “Developments on OSH in Turkey for the EU Accession”, Kriz ve yeniden yapılanma sonrası iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, Avrupa araştırma semineri, (Roma, 1-2 Mart 2011), [http://sindnova.eu/cms/images/stories/securestructuration/Roma/turk%202.pdf]
14. Hapçıoğlu, Bilge (Tarihsiz), “Sağlığın Sosyal Belirleyicileri”, [http://www.istanbul.edu.tr/itf/itfogrenci/attachments/079_sagligin.sosyal.belirleyi cileri.pdf]
15. ILO (2009), Health and life at work: A basic human right, 28 April 2009 World Day for Safety and Health at Work, International Labor Organization, Switzerland.
16. ILO (2010), Emerging risks and new patterns of prevention in a changing world of work, World Day for Safety and Health at Work 28 April 2010 International Labour Organization, Geneva.
17. ISSA (2010), “The Impact of the Financial Crisis on Safety and Health at Work”, [http://www.issa.int/News-Events/News2/The-impact-of-the-financial-crisis-on- safety-and-health-at-work].
18. ISSA (2011), “Coping with crisis? Recession, mental health and social security”, [http://www.issa.int/News-Events/News2/Coping-with-crisis-Recession-mental- health-and-social-security].
19. Kieselbach, Thomas vd. (2009), Health in Restructuring, Innovative Approaches and Policy Recommendations, HIRES, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities European Commission, Bremen, Germany.
20. Kraemer, Birgit (2010) “Impact of economic crisis on Occupational Health and Safety Management”, EWCO, European Working Conditions Observatory, [http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2010/07/DE1007019I.htm].
21. Marmot, Michael (2005), “Social Determinants of Health Inequalities”, Lancet 2005, No. 365 (March 19).
22. McKay, Sonia (2010), “How Europeans Assess health and Safety at Work”, EWCO, European Working Conditions Observatory, [http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2009/11/EU0911059I.htm].
23. Mills, Clair (2010), “Health, Employment and Recession The Impact of the Global Crisis on Health Inequities in New Zealand”, Policy Quarterly – Volume 6, Issue 4 (November 2010).
24. Min, Kyoung-Bok vd. (2010), “Changes in Occupational Safety and Health Indices After the Korean Economic Crisis: Analysis of a National Sample, 1991-2007”, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 100, No. 11 (November 2010).
25. Mouza, Anna Maria-Targoutzidis, Antonis (2010), “The Effect of The Economic Cycle on Workplace Accidents in Six European Countries”, Ege Academic Review, 10 (1), s. 1-13
26. OECD (2007), Society at a Glance: OECD Social Indicators-2006 Editon, OECD Publishing.
27. OECD (2012), Sick on the Job? Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work, OECD Publishing.
28. Stuckler, D. vd. (2009), “The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis”, The Lancet 2009; 374 (9686).
29. TÜV SÜD (2009), Health protection in times of crisis, TÜV SÜD signs Seoul Declaration Press Release (2 November 2009).
30. Vogel, Laurent (2004), Occupational health Eight priority action areasfor Community policy, TUTB, European Trade Union Technical Bureau for Health and Safety, [http://hesa.etui-rehs.org/uk/publications/pub32.htm].
31. Vogel, Laurent (2011a), “Avrupa Birliği içinde iş sağlığı politikaları”, Kriz ve yeniden yapılanma sonrası iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, Avrupa araştırma semineri, (Roma, 1-2 Mart 2011), [http://sindnova.eu/cms/images/stories/securestructuration/Roma/turk%201.pdf].
32. Vogel, Laurent (2011b), “Restructurings, working conditions and health”, HesaMag-Special report 3/20 (autumn-winter).
33. WHO (2008), Closing the gap in a generation Health equity through action on the social determinants of health, World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health Final Report.
34. WHO (2009), The financial crisis and global health, Report of a high-level consultation (Switzerland–19 January 2009), Geneva.
35. WHO (2011), Impact of economic crises on mental health, The Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, Copenhagen.
36. Wilkinson, Carol (2001), Fundamentals of Health at Work The social dimensions, Taylor & Francis, London.