İŞYERİNDE PSİKOLOJİK ŞİDDET: HASTANE ÇALIŞANLARI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Öz

Öz

This study has three main objectives. These are to measure the prevalence of psychological violence among health workers, identify socio-demographics characteristics of the sides victims and aggressors experiencing violence events and expose which psychological violence behaviors frequently occur. Surveys were used in the study and the data were analyzed using the SPSS program. The people working at three hospitals in the Muğla province has been chosen as the arastırma evreni N=1304/ n=272 . During the last year, the rate which the hospital workers are exposed to psychological violence is 34,9 percent 95/n and the rate which the people witnessing a psychological violence event has been found as 21,8 percent. The findings indicate that the psychological violence is a serious occupational safety and health hazard for health workers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• psychological violence at work, mobbing, bullying, harassment, organizational psychology, work- health and safety

Kaynakça

1. Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., and Hjelt-Back (1994), “Aggression among Uni- versity Employees”, Aggressive Behavior, 20, 173-184.
2. Atıf, A. A. (Edi), Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 1081, Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayınları No: 601
3. Chappell, D.-Di Martino, V. (2006), Violence at Work, International Labour Organization, Third Edition, Geneva.
4. Cortına, L.M.- Magley, V.J.- Wıllıams, J.H. & Langhoutt, R.D. (2001), “Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6 (1).
5. Davenport, N.- Schwartz, R.D.-Ellıot, G. P. (2003), Mobbing İşyerinde Duygu- sal Taciz, Sistem Yayıncılık, (Çev. O. C. Önertoy), İstanbul.
6. Di Martino V. (2002), Workplace violence in the health sector – country case studies (Brazil, Bulgaria, Lebanon, Portugal, South Africa, Thailand, and an additional Australian study): Synthesis Report. ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI, Geneva.
7. Di Martino, V. (2003), Relationship between Work Stress and Workplace Vio- lence in the Health Sector, ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI, Geneva.
8. EASHW (2002), Bullying at Work, Fact sheet 23, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Bilboa.

9. Einarsen, S. (?); “Norwegian Research on Bullying at Work: Empirical and Theoretical Contributions”, Work Trauma Foundation http://www.worktrauma.org (20.08.2003).
10. Einarsen, S. (1999), “The Nature And Causes Of Bullying At Work”, Interna- tional Journal of Manpower, 20 (1/2).
11. Einarsen, S.-Raknes, B. I. (1997), “Harrasment at Work and the Victimization of Men” Violence and Victims, Vol. 12, s. 247–263.
12. Einarsen, S.-Skogstad, A.(1996). “Bullying at Work: Epidemiological Findings in Public and Private Organizations” European Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 185–201.
13. Erkol, H.-Gökdoğan, M.R.-Erkol, Z.-Boz, B.(2007), “Aggression and violence towards health care providers – A problem in Turkey?”, Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 14 (2007) 423–428.
14. Harting, K.-Frosch, J. (2006), “Workplace Mobbing Syndrome: The ‘Silent and Unseen’ Occupational Hazard”, National Conference on Women and Industrial Relati- ons, Griffith University, Brisbane.
15. Hoel, H., Cooper, C. L., Faragher, B. ( 2001), “The Experience of Bullying in Great Britain: The Impact of Organizational Status”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10 (4), 443–465.
16. ILO (1998), “When Working Becomes Hazardous”, World of Work, No.26, Sept/Oct.
17. ILO (2000), Violence at Work, EUROFOUND, http://www.ilo.org (E.T. 22 Aralık 2006)
18. Jackson M.- Ashley, D. (2005), “Physical and Psychological Violence in Jamaica’s Health Sector”, Rev Panam Salıd Publica/Pan Am J Public Health 18(2).
19. Kingma, M., (2001), “Workplace Violence in the Health Sector: A Problem of Epidemic Proportion”, International Nursing Review, 48, 129-130.
20. Kivimäki, M.- Elovainio, M - Vahtera, J. (2000), “Workplace Bullying and Sick- ness Absence in Hospital Staff ” Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57, 656- 660.
21. Kivimaki, M.-Virtanen, M.- Vartia, M.- Elovainio, M. -Vahtera, J.- Keltikan- gas-Jarvinen, L. (2003), “Workplace bullying and the risk of cardiovascular disease and depression”, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, 779-783.
22. Leymann, H. (1992). The Mobbing Encyclopaedia, Bullying, Wisthleblowing, Epidemiological Findings, http://wwwleymannse.se/Engilish/13100E.HTM. (E.T. 29.5.2007).
23. Leymann, H. (1990), “Mobbing and Psychological Terror at Workplace”, Vio- lence and Vivtims, 5, 119–126.
24. Leymann, H.; “The Context and Development of Mobbing at Work”, Euro- pean Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 1996, 5 (2).
25. McPhaul, K. M.,-Lipscomb, J. A, (2004), “Workplace Violence in Health Care: Recognized but nıt Regulated”, Online Kournal of Issues in Nursing, Vol. 9,Issuse 3. 168–185.
26. Mikkelsen, E. G.-Einarsen, S. (2002), “Basic Assumptions and Symptoms of Post-traumaticStress among Victims of Bullying at Work”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(1), 87-111.
27. Notelaers, G.-Einarsen, S.-Witte, H.-Vermunt, J.K. (2005), “Estimating the Prevelance of Bullying at Work: A Latent Class Cluster Approach”, http://spitswww. uvt.nl/~vermunt/notelaers2005.pdf
28. Notelaers, G.-Einarsen, S.-Witte, H.-Vermunt, J.K. (2006), Measuring Exposu- re to Bullying at Work: The Valitity and Advanteges of Latent Class Cluster Approach”, Work&Stress, 20 (4), s. 288-301.
29. Neild, K. (1996), “Mobbing and Well-being: Economic and Personnel Deve- lopment Implications”, European Journal of Work And Organizational Psychology, 5 (2).
30. Özen, S. (2007), “İşyerinde Psikolojik Şiddet ve Nedenleri” İş-Güç “Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, Cilt 9, Sayı 3, Temmuz, http://www.isgucdergi.org
31. Özen, S. (2007), “İşyerinde Psikolojik Şiddet”, TES-İŞ Dergisi, Haziran.
32. Quine, L. (2001), “Workplace Bullying in Nurses”, Journal of Health Psycho- logy, 6(1) 73–84.
33. EUROFOUND (2007) Quality Report of the 4th European Working Condi- tions Survey, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Con- ditions, Dublin.
34. Rayner, C. (1997), “The Incidence of Workplace Bullying”, Journal of Com- munity and Appiled Social Psychoogy, Vol. 7, s. 199-208.
35. Rayner; C. - Sheehan, M.- Barker, M. (1999), “Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Bullying at Work”, International Journal of Manpower, 20 (1/2).
36. Salin, D. (2003b), Workplace Bullying among Bussiness Professionals, Preve- lance, Organisational Antecedent and Gender Differences, Finlandiya.
37. Salin, D. (2003a), Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment, Human Relations, 56(10), 1213–1232.
38. Steinman, S. (2003), Workplace Violence in the Health Sector, Conutry Case: South Africa, Joint Programme on Workplace Violence in the Helath Sector, Internatio- nal Labour Organization, Geneva.
39. Tınaz, P. (2006a), Mobbing: İşyerinde Psikolojik Taciz, Çalışma ve Toplum, Sayı, 10, 11-22.
40. Tınaz, P. (2006b), İşyerinde Psikolojik Taciz (Mobbing), Çalışma ve Toplum, Sayı 11, 13-28.
41. Vartia, M. (2003), “Workplace Bullying- A Study on the Work Environment, Well-being and Health”, People and Work Research Reports 56, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki.
42. Zapf, D.-Gross, C. (2001), “Conflict Escalation and Coping with Workplace Bullying: A Replication and Extension”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10 (4).
43. Zapf, D.-Einarsen, S.- Hoel, H.-Vartia, M. (2003). “Emprical Findings on Bul- lying in the Workplace”, Einarsen, S.-Hoel, H.-Zapf, D.-Zapf-, D.-Cooper, C. L. (Edi), Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace, International Perspectives in Research and Practice, Taylor&Francis, London.