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Endüstri İlişkiler Disiplininde Sinemanın Yeri ve Önemi 1965-1980

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 69, 1005 - 1048, 01.01.2021

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı; sacayaklarını işçi, işveren ve devlet üçlüsünün oluşturduğu ve çalışma yaşamında başta ‘ücret’ konusu olmak üzere ‘sendikacılık’, ‘toplu pazarlık’, ‘toplu iş sözleşmesi’, ‘grev’ ve ‘lokavt’ parametreleri ekseninde gelişen endüstri ilişkileri disiplini ile sinema arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Bir bilim dalı olarak endüstri ilişkileri, özellikle sanayileşmeye paralel gelişen ve kitlesel bir çoğunluğa ulaşan ‘işçi sınıfı’ ile birlikte ivme kazanmıştır. Dolayısıyla odak noktasında çalışanların yani emek kesiminin ve onların sorunlarının yer aldığı endüstri ilişkileri, başta örgütlenme olmak üzere çalışanların iş yaşamında karşılaştıkları problemlere odaklanma ve bu problemlerin çözümü noktasında inisiyatif alma girişimlerinin doğal bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Nitekim sanayileşmenin ete kemiğe büründüğü 18. yüzyıl sonu ve 19. yüzyıl başlarında İngiltere merkez olmak üzere Batı dünyasının genelinde sanayileşmeyle beraber sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve büyümenin temelleri atılmış; sermaye birikimine, rekabete, özel mülkiyete ve serbest piyasa ekonomisine dayalı yeni bir iktisadi anlayış kendini göstermiştir. Ancak sanayileşme beraberinde sınıf sorunlarını da gündeme taşımış, yaklaşık iki buçuk asırdır işçi sınıfı ile işveren arasındaki ilişkinin işveren lehine ve işçi sınıfı aleyhine temerküz etmesi ya da Marx’ın ifadesiyle “zengin azınlık” lehine; “yoksul çoğunluk” aleyhine evrimi yeni tartışmaların fitilini ateşlemiştir. O nedenle, işçi ve işveren arasındaki mücadele retorik olmanın ötesine geçmiş; edebi yapıtlar başta olmak üzere film endüstrisini de etkileyebilecek boyutlara ulaşmıştır. Çalışmada söylev analizi ve göstergebilimsel analiz yöntemiyle Türk sinemasının duayen filmleri arasında yer alan “Karanlıkta Uyananlar” 1965 , “Diyet” 1974 , “Güneşli Bataklık” 1977 ve “Demiryol” 1980 filmleri analiz edilmiştir. Söz konusu filmlerin analizinde endüstri ilişkilerinin temelini teşkil eden ‘sendikacılık’, ‘toplu pazarlık’, ‘toplu iş sözleşmesi’, ‘grev’ ve ‘lokavt’ parametreleri kullanılmıştır

Kaynakça

  • 1982 Anayasası.
  • 1983 tarih ve 2822 sayılı Toplu Pazarlık, Grev ve Lokavt Kanunu.
  • 2012 tarih ve 6356 sayılı Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanunu.
  • Alexander Ivashkin. (2014). Who's Afraid of Socialist Realism? The Slavonic and East European Review, 92(3), 430-448.
  • Almond, P. (2004). Industrial Relations as a Discipline and Field in France and the UK. Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations, 59(2), 321-344.
  • Bailey, J., Townsend, K., & Luck, E. (2009). WorkChoices, ImageChoices and the Marketing of New Industrial Relations Legislation. Work, Employment & Society, 23(2), 285-304.
  • Baker, C. N. (2014). An Intersectional Analysis of Sex Trafficking Films. Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism, 12(1), 208-226.
  • Barton, E. (2002). Resources for Discourse Analysis in Composition Studies. Style, 36(4), 575-594.
  • Ben-Ghiat, R. (2001). The Italian Cinema and the Italian Working Class. International Labor and Working-Class History, (59), 36-51.
  • Bezemer, J (2008). “Writing in Multimodal Texts, A Social Semiotic Account of Designs For Learning”, Written Communication, 25(2), 66-19.
  • Blommaert, J., & Bulcaen, C. (2000). Critical Discourse Analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology, 29, 447-466.
  • Blyton, P. and Turnbull, P. (1994), The Dynamics of Employee Relations, Macmillan, London.
  • Brett, D. (1983). On the Possibility of Social Realism. Circa, (13), 15-19.
  • Byrne, R. (2013). A Nod to Ned Ludd. The Baffler, (23), 120-128.
  • Carroll, N. (1985). The Power of Movies. Daedalus, 114(4), 79-103.
  • Couldry, N. (2004), “Theorising media as practice”, Social Semiotics, Vol. 14 No. 2, 115-132.
  • Davignon, P. (2013). The Effects of R-Rated Movies on Adolescent and Young Adult Religiosity: Media as Self-Socialization. Review of Religious Research, 55(4), 615-628.
  • De Saussure, L. (2011). Discourse Analysis, Cognition and Evidentials. Discourse Studies, 13(6), 781-788.
  • Demiryol, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2019).
  • Demiryol, 1980.
  • Diyet, 1974.
  • Donnelly, F. (1986). Luddites Past and Present. Labour / Le Travail, 18, 217-221.
  • Engert, S., & Spencer, A. (2009). International Relations at the Movies: Teaching and Learning about International Politics through Film. Perspectives, 17(1), 83-103.
  • Entman, R.M. (1993), “Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm”, Journal of Communication, Vol. 43 No. 4, 51-58.
  • Ezzedeen, S. R. (2015). Portrayals of Career Women in Hollywood Films: Implications for the Glass Ceiling’s Persistence. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 30(3), 239-264.
  • Fairclough, N, and Ruth, W. (1996). "Critical Discourse Analysis." Discourse as Social Interaction. Ed. Teun van Dijk. London: Sage, Print, 271-280.
  • Fashoyin, T. (2010). Changing International Industrial Relations: A Summary. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 45(4), 513-521.
  • Flores, P. (2013). Social Realism: The Turns of a Term in the Philippines. Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry, (34), 62-75.
  • Généreux, A., & Thompson, W. (2008). Lights, Camera, Reflection! Digital Movies: A Tool for Reflective Learning. Journal of College Science Teaching, 37(6), 21-25.
  • Godfried, N. (2014). Labor-Sponsored Film and Working-Class History: The Inheritance (1964). Film History, 26(4), 84-119.
  • Grieveson, L. (2012). The Work of Film in the Age of Fordist Mechanization. Cinema Journal, 51(3), 25-51.
  • Güneşli Bataklık, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2019).
  • Güneşli Bataklık, 1977.
  • Güven, S. (1995). Sosyal Politikanın Temelleri. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Hatzfeld, N., & Wittmeier, M. (2013). Filmed Images of Women Factory Workers: Work, Gender and Dignity, Variations on a Classic Trilogy (1962-2011). Clio (English Edition), (38), 76-94.
  • Hennebelle, G., & Blomquist, T. (1980). The Adventures of Political Cinema. Cinéaste, 10(2), 20-24.
  • Hepkon Z., & Aydın O. Ş. (2010). Türk Sinemasının Görünmeyen Öznesi: İşçiler, Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 12, 79-103.
  • Hodges, B., Kuper, A., & Reeves, S. (2008). Qualitative Research: Discourse Analysis. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 337(7669), 570-572.
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  • http://www.sinematurk.com/film/3002-diyet/ (Erişim Tarihi: 09.05.2019).
  • http://www.sinematurk.com/film/4457-karanlikta-uyananlar/(ErişimTarihi: 09.05.2019).
  • Huckin, T., Andrus, J., & Clary-Lemon, J. (2012). Critical Discourse Analysis and Rhetoric and Composition. College Composition and Communication, 64(1), 107- 129.
  • Hull, G. A. & Mark E. N. (2005). “Locating The Semitoic Power of Multimodality”, Written Communication, 22, 224-261.
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The Position and the Significance of Cinema within the Discipline of Industrial Relations 1965-1980

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 69, 1005 - 1048, 01.01.2021

Öz

The objective of this study is to focus on the correlation between industrial relations as a scientific discipline, which includes tripartite relationships like employee, employer, and state, and which was developed in parallel to the parameters in labor life ‘wage’ at first and ‘unionism’, ‘collective bargaining’, ‘collective labor contract’, ‘strike’, and ‘lock out’. As a scientific field, industrial relations improved in the aftermath of industrialization in particular and gained a momentum through ‘working class’ that converted into a massive scale. That’s why, industrial relations, on the basis of which employee or in other words labor and their problems are available, appeared as a natural result of focusing on workers’ problems in work place and taking initiatives to solve those sorts of problems. At the end of 18thcentury and commencement of 19th century on which industrialization came to fore in England particularly and in the West generally, sustainable development and growth was based in line with industrialization; new economic model also arose that depended upon capital accumulation, competition, private property, and free market economy. However, industrialization brought about class problems and it ignited new discussions that have lasted for two hundred and fifty years which resulted from the fact that the relevancy between employee and employer turned into the advantage of employer or as Marx stated its evolution from the advantage of “prosperous minority”; to the disadvantage of “poor majority”. That’s why, the competition between employee and employer went far beyond its rhetoric; and it reached its dimension to affect literary works fundamentally and film industry as well. In the study, through discourse analysis and semiotics method, four movies were analyzed such as “Those Waking up Early in the Morning”, 1965 , “Cost”, 1974 , “Sunny Marsh”, 1977 , and “Railway”, 1980 , all of which were among the cognoscenti of Turkish cinema. In the analysis of these named films, the parameters such as ‘unionism’, ‘collective bargaining’, ‘collective labor contract’, ‘strike’, and ‘lock out’, all of which are the basic components of industrial relations, were used

Kaynakça

  • 1982 Anayasası.
  • 1983 tarih ve 2822 sayılı Toplu Pazarlık, Grev ve Lokavt Kanunu.
  • 2012 tarih ve 6356 sayılı Sendikalar ve Toplu İş Sözleşmesi Kanunu.
  • Alexander Ivashkin. (2014). Who's Afraid of Socialist Realism? The Slavonic and East European Review, 92(3), 430-448.
  • Almond, P. (2004). Industrial Relations as a Discipline and Field in France and the UK. Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations, 59(2), 321-344.
  • Bailey, J., Townsend, K., & Luck, E. (2009). WorkChoices, ImageChoices and the Marketing of New Industrial Relations Legislation. Work, Employment & Society, 23(2), 285-304.
  • Baker, C. N. (2014). An Intersectional Analysis of Sex Trafficking Films. Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism, 12(1), 208-226.
  • Barton, E. (2002). Resources for Discourse Analysis in Composition Studies. Style, 36(4), 575-594.
  • Ben-Ghiat, R. (2001). The Italian Cinema and the Italian Working Class. International Labor and Working-Class History, (59), 36-51.
  • Bezemer, J (2008). “Writing in Multimodal Texts, A Social Semiotic Account of Designs For Learning”, Written Communication, 25(2), 66-19.
  • Blommaert, J., & Bulcaen, C. (2000). Critical Discourse Analysis. Annual Review of Anthropology, 29, 447-466.
  • Blyton, P. and Turnbull, P. (1994), The Dynamics of Employee Relations, Macmillan, London.
  • Brett, D. (1983). On the Possibility of Social Realism. Circa, (13), 15-19.
  • Byrne, R. (2013). A Nod to Ned Ludd. The Baffler, (23), 120-128.
  • Carroll, N. (1985). The Power of Movies. Daedalus, 114(4), 79-103.
  • Couldry, N. (2004), “Theorising media as practice”, Social Semiotics, Vol. 14 No. 2, 115-132.
  • Davignon, P. (2013). The Effects of R-Rated Movies on Adolescent and Young Adult Religiosity: Media as Self-Socialization. Review of Religious Research, 55(4), 615-628.
  • De Saussure, L. (2011). Discourse Analysis, Cognition and Evidentials. Discourse Studies, 13(6), 781-788.
  • Demiryol, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2019).
  • Demiryol, 1980.
  • Diyet, 1974.
  • Donnelly, F. (1986). Luddites Past and Present. Labour / Le Travail, 18, 217-221.
  • Engert, S., & Spencer, A. (2009). International Relations at the Movies: Teaching and Learning about International Politics through Film. Perspectives, 17(1), 83-103.
  • Entman, R.M. (1993), “Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm”, Journal of Communication, Vol. 43 No. 4, 51-58.
  • Ezzedeen, S. R. (2015). Portrayals of Career Women in Hollywood Films: Implications for the Glass Ceiling’s Persistence. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 30(3), 239-264.
  • Fairclough, N, and Ruth, W. (1996). "Critical Discourse Analysis." Discourse as Social Interaction. Ed. Teun van Dijk. London: Sage, Print, 271-280.
  • Fashoyin, T. (2010). Changing International Industrial Relations: A Summary. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 45(4), 513-521.
  • Flores, P. (2013). Social Realism: The Turns of a Term in the Philippines. Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry, (34), 62-75.
  • Généreux, A., & Thompson, W. (2008). Lights, Camera, Reflection! Digital Movies: A Tool for Reflective Learning. Journal of College Science Teaching, 37(6), 21-25.
  • Godfried, N. (2014). Labor-Sponsored Film and Working-Class History: The Inheritance (1964). Film History, 26(4), 84-119.
  • Grieveson, L. (2012). The Work of Film in the Age of Fordist Mechanization. Cinema Journal, 51(3), 25-51.
  • Güneşli Bataklık, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2019).
  • Güneşli Bataklık, 1977.
  • Güven, S. (1995). Sosyal Politikanın Temelleri. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Hatzfeld, N., & Wittmeier, M. (2013). Filmed Images of Women Factory Workers: Work, Gender and Dignity, Variations on a Classic Trilogy (1962-2011). Clio (English Edition), (38), 76-94.
  • Hennebelle, G., & Blomquist, T. (1980). The Adventures of Political Cinema. Cinéaste, 10(2), 20-24.
  • Hepkon Z., & Aydın O. Ş. (2010). Türk Sinemasının Görünmeyen Öznesi: İşçiler, Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 12, 79-103.
  • Hodges, B., Kuper, A., & Reeves, S. (2008). Qualitative Research: Discourse Analysis. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 337(7669), 570-572.
  • http://www.sinematurk.com/film/1260-gunesli-bataklik/ (Erişim Tarihi 10.05.2019).
  • http://www.sinematurk.com/film/2913-demiryol/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2019).
  • http://www.sinematurk.com/film/3002-diyet/ (Erişim Tarihi: 09.05.2019).
  • http://www.sinematurk.com/film/4457-karanlikta-uyananlar/(ErişimTarihi: 09.05.2019).
  • Huckin, T., Andrus, J., & Clary-Lemon, J. (2012). Critical Discourse Analysis and Rhetoric and Composition. College Composition and Communication, 64(1), 107- 129.
  • Hull, G. A. & Mark E. N. (2005). “Locating The Semitoic Power of Multimodality”, Written Communication, 22, 224-261.
  • Hurwitz, L. (1975). One Man's Voyage: Ideas and Films in the 1930's. Cinema Journal, 15(1), 1-15.
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  • Lorence, J. J. (1999). The Suppression of Salt of the Earth: How Hollywood, Big Labor, and Politicians Blacklisted a Movie in Cold War America. UNM Press.
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  • Moitra, S. (2009). “Reality Is There, but It’s Manipulated”: West German Trade Unions and Film after 1945. In Hediger V. & Vonderau P. (Eds.), Films that Work: Industrial Film and the Productivity of Media, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 329-346.
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  • Musser, C. (2009). Carl Marzani and Union Films: Making Left-Wing Documentaries during the Cold War, 1946–53. The Moving Image: The Journal of the Association of Moving Image Archivists, 9(1), 104-160.
  • Navickas, K. (2005). The Search for 'General Ludd': The Mythology of Luddism. Social History, 30(3), 281-295.
  • Nehru, S. (2009). Industrial Relations in Co-operative Printing Presses in Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 45(2), 302-308.
  • Nielsen, M. (1988). Labor Power and Organization in the Early U.S. Motion Picture Industry. Film History, 2(2), 121-131.
  • Nöth, W. (1995). Handbook of Semiotics, USA: Indiana University of Press.
  • Onaran, A. Ş. (1994). Türk Sineması, I. Cilt, Ankara: Kitle Yayınları.
  • O'Shaughnessy, M. (2012). French Film and Work: The Work Done by WorkCentered Films. Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media, 53(1), 155-171.
  • Ökten, Ş. (2009). Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve İktidar: Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Düzeni. Journal of International Social Research, 2(8), 302-312.
  • Özonur. D. (2016).”Bir Sinema Filminde Sınıfların Temsili ve Politik Duruş: Kış Uykusu”, İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi 43, 98-117.
  • Patterson, A. (1948). Luddism, Hampden Clubs, and Trade Unions in Leicestershire, 1816-17. The English Historical Review, 63(247), 170-188.
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  • Pionke, A. (2004). Reframing the Luddites: Materialist and Idealist Models of Self in Charlotte Brontë's Shirley. Victorian Review, 30(2), 81-102.
  • Puette, W. J. (1992). Through laundiced Eyes: How the Media View Organized Labor, Ithaca.
  • Pusey, A., Marrs, T., Capers, B., Dedman, J., Banner, A., Gardiner, M., Rawles, L.,
  • Meyer, P. (2014). 12 Movies with Pivotal Lessons Featuring Lawyers. ABA Journal, 100(8), 40-51.
  • Raju, B. (2015). Industrial Relations as a Strategy for Enhancing Organizational Productivity & Performance. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 51(1), 162-170.
  • Randall, A. (1986). The Philosophy of Luddism: The Case of the West of England Woolen Workers, ca. 1790-1809. Technology and Culture, 27(1), 1-17.
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  • Richardson, A., & Smith, G. (1947). Movies vs. Reading. The Clearing House, 22(1), 15-19.
  • Rieser, M. (1957). The Aesthetic Theory of Social Realism. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 16(2), 237-248.
  • Rogowski, R. (2000). Industrial Relations as a Social System. Industrielle Beziehungen / The German Journal of Industrial Relations, 7(1), 97-126.
  • Rosenzweig, R. (1980). Working-Class Struggles in the Great Depression: The Film Record. Film Library Quarterly, 13(8), 5–14.
  • Rosenzweig, R. (1983). “United Action Means Victory”;: Militant Americanism on film. Labor History, 24(2), 274-288.
  • Ross, S. (2001). American Workers, American Movies: Historiography and Methodology. International Labor and Working-Class History, (59), 81-105.
  • Sancar S., Acuner, S., Üstün İ. ve Bora, A. (2006). “Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği Bir Kadın Sorunu Değil Toplumun Sorunudur”, UNDP-Kalkınma ve Demokratikleşme Projelerinde Cinsiyet Eşitliği Hedefinin Gözetilmesi Eğitimi, 2005-2006, UNDP, İstanbul.
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  • Seltzer, L. (1980). Documenting the Depression of the 1930s: The Work of the Film and Photo League. Film Library Quarterly, 13, 15-22.
  • Shaw, J. (2001). The Future of Australian Industrial Relations. AQ: Australian Quarterly, 73(6), 11-14.
  • Singh, A. (2000). Industrial Relations in Japan: Trends, Challenges and Future Prospects. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 35(3), 362-380.
  • Smith, C. (2018). Industrial Landscapes of Socialist Realism. In Franceschini I. & Loubere N. (Eds.), Gilded Age (pp. 219-223). Australia: ANU Press.
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  • Sweet, F., Rosow, E., Francovich, A., & Brandon, T. (1973). Pioneers: An Interview with Tom Brandon. Film Quarterly, 27(1), ss. 12-24.
  • Szczelkun, S. (2000). The Value of Home Movies. Oral History, 28(2), 94-98.
  • Testa, C. (2012). The Working Class Goes to Hell: Economic Issues in Post-World War II Italian Cinema. Annali D'Italianistica, 30, 343-354.
  • Tokol A. (2011). Endüstri İlişkileri ve Yeni Gelişmeler. Bursa: Dora Yayınları.
  • Tokol, A. (2014). “Sosyal Politikanın Tarafları”, Ed. Yusuf Alper ve Aysen Tokol, Sosyal Politika, 5. Baskı, Bursa: Dora Yayıncılık, 75-117.
  • Trif, A. (2004). Overview of industrial relations in Romania. SEER: Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, 7(2), 43-64.
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  • V. Janardhan. (2003). Arguing for 'Industrial Relations': Journey to a Lost World. Economic and Political Weekly, 38(31), 3254-3260.
  • Van Dijk, T. (1993). Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249-283.
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  • William A. (1981), Film on the Left: American Documentary Film from 1931 to 1942 (Prince-ton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
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  • Zaim, S. (1997). Çalışma Ekonomisi, Yenilenmiş ve Genişletilmiş 10. Baskı, İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi.
  • Zlotnick, S. (1991). Luddism, Medievalism and Women's History in "Shirley": Charlotte Brontë's Revisionist Tactics. NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction, 24(3), 282-295.
Toplam 118 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hasan Yüksel Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 69

Kaynak Göster

APA Yüksel, H. (2021). Endüstri İlişkiler Disiplininde Sinemanın Yeri ve Önemi 1965-1980. Çalışma Ve Toplum, 2(69), 1005-1048. https://doi.org/10.54752/ct.1155064
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