Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

HISTORY AND PROPAGANDA: THE EXAMPLE OF MORGENTHAU’S STORY AND BLUE BOOK

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 33, 135 - 161, 13.01.2017

Öz

During the 19th century, missionaries and their colleagues, who were affiliated

to one of the major educational institution American Board, were making propaganda on

protestantism and imbuing people with independency under the name of Armenian liberty,

were thought to have to be saved with priority, by the American diplomatigues. In the first

quarter of the 20th century, the jewish-rooted USA ambassador Morgenthau were promoting

the zionist movement in the presence of some appropriate enviroments and in where that he deem necessity. At the same time, he primarily took over both of the Protestant- Christian

people, especially againt the Russian and English ambassadors, and the Armenians. Since

Morgenthau was unknown to foreign languages other than his native language English, he

elected a clever young man named Hagop Andonyan, who was just graduated the Robert

College, as an his executive asistant. Baş tercümanı/Dragoman and his chief adviser was

named Arshag K. Şimovanyan, who was highly experienced in his works. His personal

letters and his all correspondence are written or translated by Andonyan. On he other hand,

Şimavonyan was at Morgentau’s service as his ear and tongue. The other main materials

office is Wellington House, under the direction of Foreign Office, Arnold Toynbee, collected,

edited, and outhored many propaganda publications spesyficaly aimed at the otoman Empire.

Among these materials, the publication titled the Treatment Armenians in the Otoman

Empire, known as Blue Book, written by Toynbee.

Kaynakça

  • UK Archives, WO 158/933, No. 5796, I, p.3.
  • Newyork Times
  • Radikal
  • Takvim-i Vekayi
  • Washington Post
  • BALIOZYAN, Ara, The Horrible Silence, Maral Pres, Pasadena, 1982.
  • BAYRAKDAR, Bayram, 20. Yüzyıl Dönemecinde Rus General Mayevski’nin Türkiye Gözlemleri, İnkılâp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2007.
  • BENSON, E.F., Crescent and Iron Cross, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1918, New York, Doran, 1918.
  • BENSON, E.F., Deutschland über Allah, London and New York, Hodder and Stoughton, 1917.
  • COHEN, Israel, The Turkish Persecution of the Jews, Passmore and Sons, 1918.
  • COOK, Edward, Britain and Turkey, London, Macmillan, 1914.
  • Delegates of the Red Cross, Turkish Prisoners in Egypt, Red Cross, London, 1917.
  • DÜNDAR, Fuat, İttihat ve Terakki’nin Müslümanları İskan Politikası, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2002.
  • DOMINIAN, Leon, The Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe, New York, Henry Holt, 1917.
  • FEIGL, Ercih, A Mith of Terror, Salzburg, 1986.
  • EL-GHUSEIN, Fa’iz, “Bedouin Notable of Damascus” [sic], Martyred Armenia, London, C. Arthur Pearson, 1917; New York, Doran, 1918.
  • GEORGEVITCH, S., Serbia and Kossovo [yayıncı bilinmiyor].
  • Germany, Turkey, and Armenia: Selections of Documentary Evidence relating to Armenian Atrocities, London, J.J. Keliher & Co., 1917.
  • GÜRÜN, Kamuran, Armenian File, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1983.
  • GRABILL, Joseph L., Protestant Diplomacy and The Near East, University of Minesota, 1991.
  • Great Britain, Palestine, and the Jews: Jewry’s Celebration of Its National Charter, London, The Zionist Organization, 1918; New York, Doran, 1918.
  • Great Britain, Palestine, and the Jews: A Survey of Christian Opinion, London, The Zionist Organization, 1918.
  • HALAÇOĞLU, Yusuf, Ermeni Tehciri, Bâbıâli Kültür Yayıncılığı, İstanbul, 2004.
  • HALAÇOĞLU, Yusuf, Ermenilerin Suriye’ye Nakli: Sürgün mü Soykırım mı? Belgeler, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayını, Ankara, 2005.
  • KAYA, Şükrü Esmer, Soykırım Tacirleri ve Gerçekler, Derin Yayınları, İstanbul, 2009.
  • LEWY, Guenter, The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 2005.
  • MACMILLAN, Margaret, Paris 1919, Random House Press, Newyork, 2001.
  • DE MALEVILLE, Georges, 1915 Ermeni Trajedisi, Çev., Necdet Bakkaloğlu, Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları, Ankara, 2003.
  • Mc CARTHY, Justin, Amerika’daki Türk İmgesi, Tarih ve Kuram, İstanbul, 2015.
  • NASSIBIAN, Akaby, Britain and Armenian Quest, Croom Helm-London, 1984.
  • ÖZDEMİR, Hikmet, Arnold Toynbee’nin Ermeni Sorununa Bakışı, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayını, Ankara, 2005.
  • PAPAZIAN, K. S., Patriotism Perverted, Boston, 1934.
  • PETERSON, H.C., British Influence On The American Press 1914-17, American Political Science Review, February 1937.
  • PRICE, Clair, The Rebirth of Turkey, Newyork, 1923.
  • SALT, Jeremy, Emperyalizm Evangelizm ve Osmanlı Ermenileri, Çev., Kadriye Göksel, Tarih ve Kuram Yayını, İstanbul, 2015.
  • SONYEL, Salahi, The Great War and the Tragedy of Anatolia, Turkish History Office, Ankara, 2001
  • ŞİMŞİR, Bilal, Ermeni Meselesi 1774-2005, Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara, 2007.
  • The Commercial Future of Baghdad, Complete Press, London, 1917.
  • TOYNBEE, Arnold, The Western Question in Greece and Turkey, Bombay-London 1922.
  • WALSH, Pat, Forgotten Aspects of Ireland’s Great War on Turkey:1914-1924/ Unutulan Yönleriyle İrlanda’nın Türkiye’ye karşı Büyük Savaşı: 1914-1924, Belfast, 2009.
  • ATUN, Ata, Misleads in the Book Titled Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story”, Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol.4, No.4, Lefkoşa, 2013.
  • ATUN, Ata, “Misleads in the Book Titled Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story”, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, June 2013, Vol. 3, No.6.
  • ÇELİK, Hacer, “Ermeni Tehciri ve Tehcirden Dönen Ermenilerin İskân Sorunu”, Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, VII/16-17, (2008/Bahar-Güz), ss.143-163.
  • General Sir Edmund Allenby’s Despatch of 10th December, 1917, on the Operations in Egypt and Palestine from 28th June, 1917, till the Capture of Jerusalem (11th December, 1917), reprint from The London Gazette of January 22, 1918, London, H.M. Stationery Office, 1918.
  • MARQUIS, A. G., “Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain and Germany During the First World War”, Journal of Current History, III, London 1978.
  • MORGENTHAU, Henry, “The Murder of a Nation”, Ambasador Morgenthau’s Story, American Ambassador to Turkey 1913-1916, Doubleday, Page and Co., Newyork, 1918.
  • MORGENTHAU; Henry, “The Turk Reverts to the Ancestral Type”, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story, Doubleday, Page&CO., New York, 1918.
  • SANDERS, M.L., “Wellington House and British Propaganda During The First World War”, The Historical Journal, XVIII, 1975, pp.119-146.
  • TİMUR, Taner, “Türkiye ve Ermeniler: 1915 ve Sonrası”, Küreselleşme ve Demokrasi Krizi, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul, 1996.
  • The “Clean-Fighting Turk,” a Spurious Claim. reprinted from The Times of February 20, 1917.
  • WILSON, Trevor, “ Lord Bryce’s Investigation into Alleged German Atrocities in Belgium, (1914-1915), Journal of Contemporary History 14, Sayı:3, Temmuz 1979, pp.369-383.
  • library.umac.mo/ebooks/b28042530.pdf
  • www.ttk.gov.tr/templates/resimler/File/01.pdf

TARİH VE PROPAGANDA: MORGENTHAU’NUN ÖYKÜSÜ VE MAVİ KİTAP ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 33, 135 - 161, 13.01.2017

Öz

19. yüzyıl boyunca Amerikan okullarının başlıca kurumlarından olan Amerikan
Board’a bağlı, Protestan propagandası yapan ve Ermenilere özgürlük adı altında bağımsızlık
fikrini aşılayan misyonerler ve yardımcıları, Amerikan diplomatlarının, öncelikli korunması
gerektiğini düşündükleri kişilerdi. 20. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Musevi kökenli ABD
Büyükelçisi Morgenthau, uygun gördükleri ve gerektiğini düşündükleri kimi ortamlarda
gelişme aşamasındaki Siyon hareketini de desteklemekteydi. Bununla birlikte öncelikli
olarak Protestan Hıristiyan halkın ve özellikle Rus ve İngiliz elçiliklerine karşın Ermenilerin
koruyuculuğunu üstlenmişti.
Morgenthau, anadili İngilizce dışında başka bir dil bilmediğinden Hagop Andonyan
adında Robert Koleji yeni bitirmiş zeki bir genci kendisine özel kalem olarak görevlendirdi.
Baş tercümanı/Dragoman ve danışmanı ise Arshag K. Şimovanyan adında yaptığı
işlerde oldukça deneyimli bir kişi idi. Kişisel mektupları ve tüm yazışmalarını Andonyan
yazmakta ve/veya çevirmekteydi. Şimavonyan ise aklı, kulağı ve dili olarak Morgentau’nun
hizmetindeydi. Bir diğer önemli propaganda bürosu ise ünlü Wellington House, İngiliz
Dışişleri Bakanlığının emrinde, propagandaya dayalı bilgi ve belge üretmekteydi. Arnold
Toynbee tarafından hazırlanan Mavi Kitap, Ermenilere yapılan mezalimi işleyen önemli bir
savaş propaganda aracıydı.

Kaynakça

  • UK Archives, WO 158/933, No. 5796, I, p.3.
  • Newyork Times
  • Radikal
  • Takvim-i Vekayi
  • Washington Post
  • BALIOZYAN, Ara, The Horrible Silence, Maral Pres, Pasadena, 1982.
  • BAYRAKDAR, Bayram, 20. Yüzyıl Dönemecinde Rus General Mayevski’nin Türkiye Gözlemleri, İnkılâp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2007.
  • BENSON, E.F., Crescent and Iron Cross, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1918, New York, Doran, 1918.
  • BENSON, E.F., Deutschland über Allah, London and New York, Hodder and Stoughton, 1917.
  • COHEN, Israel, The Turkish Persecution of the Jews, Passmore and Sons, 1918.
  • COOK, Edward, Britain and Turkey, London, Macmillan, 1914.
  • Delegates of the Red Cross, Turkish Prisoners in Egypt, Red Cross, London, 1917.
  • DÜNDAR, Fuat, İttihat ve Terakki’nin Müslümanları İskan Politikası, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2002.
  • DOMINIAN, Leon, The Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe, New York, Henry Holt, 1917.
  • FEIGL, Ercih, A Mith of Terror, Salzburg, 1986.
  • EL-GHUSEIN, Fa’iz, “Bedouin Notable of Damascus” [sic], Martyred Armenia, London, C. Arthur Pearson, 1917; New York, Doran, 1918.
  • GEORGEVITCH, S., Serbia and Kossovo [yayıncı bilinmiyor].
  • Germany, Turkey, and Armenia: Selections of Documentary Evidence relating to Armenian Atrocities, London, J.J. Keliher & Co., 1917.
  • GÜRÜN, Kamuran, Armenian File, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1983.
  • GRABILL, Joseph L., Protestant Diplomacy and The Near East, University of Minesota, 1991.
  • Great Britain, Palestine, and the Jews: Jewry’s Celebration of Its National Charter, London, The Zionist Organization, 1918; New York, Doran, 1918.
  • Great Britain, Palestine, and the Jews: A Survey of Christian Opinion, London, The Zionist Organization, 1918.
  • HALAÇOĞLU, Yusuf, Ermeni Tehciri, Bâbıâli Kültür Yayıncılığı, İstanbul, 2004.
  • HALAÇOĞLU, Yusuf, Ermenilerin Suriye’ye Nakli: Sürgün mü Soykırım mı? Belgeler, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayını, Ankara, 2005.
  • KAYA, Şükrü Esmer, Soykırım Tacirleri ve Gerçekler, Derin Yayınları, İstanbul, 2009.
  • LEWY, Guenter, The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 2005.
  • MACMILLAN, Margaret, Paris 1919, Random House Press, Newyork, 2001.
  • DE MALEVILLE, Georges, 1915 Ermeni Trajedisi, Çev., Necdet Bakkaloğlu, Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları, Ankara, 2003.
  • Mc CARTHY, Justin, Amerika’daki Türk İmgesi, Tarih ve Kuram, İstanbul, 2015.
  • NASSIBIAN, Akaby, Britain and Armenian Quest, Croom Helm-London, 1984.
  • ÖZDEMİR, Hikmet, Arnold Toynbee’nin Ermeni Sorununa Bakışı, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayını, Ankara, 2005.
  • PAPAZIAN, K. S., Patriotism Perverted, Boston, 1934.
  • PETERSON, H.C., British Influence On The American Press 1914-17, American Political Science Review, February 1937.
  • PRICE, Clair, The Rebirth of Turkey, Newyork, 1923.
  • SALT, Jeremy, Emperyalizm Evangelizm ve Osmanlı Ermenileri, Çev., Kadriye Göksel, Tarih ve Kuram Yayını, İstanbul, 2015.
  • SONYEL, Salahi, The Great War and the Tragedy of Anatolia, Turkish History Office, Ankara, 2001
  • ŞİMŞİR, Bilal, Ermeni Meselesi 1774-2005, Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara, 2007.
  • The Commercial Future of Baghdad, Complete Press, London, 1917.
  • TOYNBEE, Arnold, The Western Question in Greece and Turkey, Bombay-London 1922.
  • WALSH, Pat, Forgotten Aspects of Ireland’s Great War on Turkey:1914-1924/ Unutulan Yönleriyle İrlanda’nın Türkiye’ye karşı Büyük Savaşı: 1914-1924, Belfast, 2009.
  • ATUN, Ata, Misleads in the Book Titled Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story”, Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol.4, No.4, Lefkoşa, 2013.
  • ATUN, Ata, “Misleads in the Book Titled Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story”, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, June 2013, Vol. 3, No.6.
  • ÇELİK, Hacer, “Ermeni Tehciri ve Tehcirden Dönen Ermenilerin İskân Sorunu”, Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, VII/16-17, (2008/Bahar-Güz), ss.143-163.
  • General Sir Edmund Allenby’s Despatch of 10th December, 1917, on the Operations in Egypt and Palestine from 28th June, 1917, till the Capture of Jerusalem (11th December, 1917), reprint from The London Gazette of January 22, 1918, London, H.M. Stationery Office, 1918.
  • MARQUIS, A. G., “Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain and Germany During the First World War”, Journal of Current History, III, London 1978.
  • MORGENTHAU, Henry, “The Murder of a Nation”, Ambasador Morgenthau’s Story, American Ambassador to Turkey 1913-1916, Doubleday, Page and Co., Newyork, 1918.
  • MORGENTHAU; Henry, “The Turk Reverts to the Ancestral Type”, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story, Doubleday, Page&CO., New York, 1918.
  • SANDERS, M.L., “Wellington House and British Propaganda During The First World War”, The Historical Journal, XVIII, 1975, pp.119-146.
  • TİMUR, Taner, “Türkiye ve Ermeniler: 1915 ve Sonrası”, Küreselleşme ve Demokrasi Krizi, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul, 1996.
  • The “Clean-Fighting Turk,” a Spurious Claim. reprinted from The Times of February 20, 1917.
  • WILSON, Trevor, “ Lord Bryce’s Investigation into Alleged German Atrocities in Belgium, (1914-1915), Journal of Contemporary History 14, Sayı:3, Temmuz 1979, pp.369-383.
  • library.umac.mo/ebooks/b28042530.pdf
  • www.ttk.gov.tr/templates/resimler/File/01.pdf
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Bayram Bayrakdar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Ocak 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Haziran 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 33

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Bayrakdar, Bayram. “TARİH VE PROPAGANDA: MORGENTHAU’NUN ÖYKÜSÜ VE MAVİ KİTAP ÖRNEĞİ”. Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 16, sy. 33 (Ocak 2017): 135-61.