Benliğin Ayrımlaşması ile Öznel İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişkide Öz-Anlayış ve Bilişsel Esnekliğin Aracılık Rolü

Öz

Bu çalışmada, benliğin ayrımlaşması ile öznel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide öz-anlayış ve bilişsel esnekliğin aracılık rolü incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya toplam 587 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Katılımcılar, Benliğin Ayrımlaşması Ölçeği, Öz-Anlayış Ölçeği, Bilişsel Esneklik Envanteri, Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği’ni doldurmuştur. Benliğin ayrımlaşması ile öznel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamada öz-anlayış ve bilişsel esnekliğin rolü yol analizi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Araştırma bulguları benliğin ayrımlaşması ve öznel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide öz-anlayış ve bilişsel esnekliğin tam aracılık rolü olduğunu göstermiştir. Bulguları literatür ışığında tartışılmış ve öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Benliğin Ayrımlaşması
• Öz-Anlayış
• Bilişsel Esneklik
• Öznel İyi Oluş

The Mediating Role of Self-Compassion and Cognitive Flexibility in the Relationship Between Differentiation of Self and Subjective Well-Being

Öz

In this study, the mediating role of self-compassion and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between differentiation of self and subjective well-being was investigated. A total of 587 university students participated in the study. Participants completed the Differentiation of Self Scale, Self-Compassion Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Positive and Negative Emotion Scale, and Life Satisfaction Scale. The role of self-compassion and cognitive flexibility in explaining the relationship between differentiation of self and subjective well-being was examined using path analysis. Research findings showed that self-compassion and cognitive flexibility play a full mediating role in the relationship between differentiation of self and subjective well-being. The findings were discussed in the light of the literature and recommendations were presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Differentiation of Self
• Self-Compassion
• Cognitive Flexibilitiy
• Subjective Well-Being

Kaynakça

1. Akbıyık, M. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşam doyumlarının çeşitli değişkenler bağlamında incelenmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 51, 280–301. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.620972
2. Allen, A., B. & Leary, M. R. (2010). Self-compassion, stress and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00246.x
3. Baer, R. A., Lykins, E. L. B., & Peters, J. R. (2012). Mindfulness and selfcompassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 230–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.674548
4. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
5. Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2014). Mindfulness and self-compassion: Exploring pathways to adolescent emotional well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1298–1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9830-2
6. Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2015). The influence of self compassion on emotional well being among early and older adolescent males and females. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10, 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.93696
7. Booker, J. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2019). Testing direct and indirect ties of self‑compassion with subjective well‑being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20, 1563–1585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0011-2
8. Bowen, M. (1976). Theory in the practice of psychotherapy. In P. J. Guerin, Jr. (Ed.), Family therapy: Theory and practice (pp. 42–90). Garner Press.

9. Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Aronson.
10. Carr, A. (2016). Pozitif psikoloji (Ü. Şendilek, Çev.). Kaknüs Yayınları.
11. Chung, H., & Gale, J. (2006). Comparing self-differentiation and psychological well-being between Korean and European American students. Contemporary Family Therapy, 28, 367–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-006-9013-z
12. Chang, J. H., Huang, C. L., & Lin, Y. C. (2015). Mindfulness, basic psychological needs fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 1149–1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9551-2
13. Chun, Y. J., & Macdermid, S. M. (1997). Perceptions of family differentiation, individuation, and self-esteem among Korean adolescents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59(2), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.2307/353482
14. Cleary, M., Walter, G., & Jackson, D. (2011). “Not always smooth sailing”: mental health issues associated with the transition from high school to college. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32(4), 250–254. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2010.548906
15. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
16. Demirtaş, A. S. (2020). Cognitive flexibility and mental well-being in Turkish adolescents: The mediating role of academic, social and emotional self-efficacy. Anales De Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 36(1), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.336681
17. Deniz, M. E., Kesici Ş., & Sümer, A. S. (2008). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of self-compassion scale. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(9), 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.9.1151
18. Deniz, M. E., & Gündüz, M. (2021). Öz-anlayışın yordayıcıları olarak psikolojik katılık ve bilişsel esneklik. Kalem Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 75–94. https://doi.org/10.23863/kalem.2021.183
19. Deniz, M. E., Arslan, C., Özyeşil, Z., & İzmirli, M. (2012). Öz-anlayış, yaşam doyumu, negatif ve pozitif duygu: Türk ve diğer ülke üniversite öğrencileri arasında bir karşılaştırma. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(23), 428–446.
20. Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility ınventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(3), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
21. Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575.
22. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
23. Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
24. Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-006-9007-x
25. Dong, X., Du, X., & Qi, B. (2016). Conceptual knowledge ınfluences decision-making differently in ındividuals with high or low cognitive flexibility: An ERP study. PLoS ONE, 11(8) 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158875
26. Erdem, G., & Safy, O. A. (2018). The cultural lens approach to Bowen family systems theory: Contributions of family change theory. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(2), 469–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.1225
27. Erdem, Ş., & Kabasakal, Z. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde benliğin ayrımlaşması ve psikolojik iyi oluş. Turkish Studies-Social Sciences, 15(8), 3505–3519.
28. Farshchiyan Yazdi, M., Bagherzadeh Golmakani, Z., & Mansouri, A. (2021). Comparison of the effectiveness of emotionally focused therapy and self-compassion skills training on differentiation of self and sexual ıntimacy of women affected by marital ınfidelity. Razavi International Journal of Medicine, 9(3), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.22038/MJMS.2021.19340
29. Foye, A. R. (2017). The relationship between differentiation of self, self-compassion, moral ınjury and anxiety among military veterans [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Purdue University.
30. Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve negatif duygu ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19–26.
31. Ge, J., Wu, J., Li, K., & Zheng, Y. (2019). Self-compassion and subjective well-being mediates the impact of mindfulness on balanced time perspective in Chinese college students. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 367. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00367
32. Gubbins, C. A., Perosa, L. M., & Bartle-Haring, S. (2010). Relationships between married couples’ self-differentiation/individuation and Gottman’s model of marital interactions. Contemporary Family Therapy, 32(4), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-010-9132-4
33. Gülüm, I. V. & Dağ, İ. (2012). Tekrarlayıcı düşünme ölçeği ve bilişsel esneklik envanterinin türkçeye uyarlanması, geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 13(3), 216223.
34. Gizir, C. A. (2005). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi son sınıf öğrencilerinin problemleri üzerine bir çalışma. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 196–213.
35. Guendelman, S., Medeiros, S., & Rampes, H. (2017). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: Insights from neurobiological, psychological, and clinical studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00220
36. Grøtan, K., Sund, E. R., & Bjerkeset, O. (2019). Mental health, academic self-efficacy and study progress among college students-The SHoT study, Norway. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 45. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00045
37. Hamarta, E., Özyeşil, Z., Deniz, M. E., & Dilmaç, B. (2013). The prediction level of mindfulness and locus of control on subjective well-being. International Journal of Academic Research, 5(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-2/B.22
38. Hanımoğlu, E., & Akbaş, T. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinde aile fonksiyonları, benliğin ayrımlaşması, algılanan stres, kaygı ve depresyon arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27(2), 55–69.
39. Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes, and outcomes. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
40. Hocaoğlu, F. B., & Işık, E. (2021). The role of self-construal in the associations between differentiation of self and subjective well-being in emerging adults. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02527-4
41. Hollis-Walker, L., & Colosimo, K. (2011). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and happiness in non-meditators: a theoretical and empirical examination. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 222–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.033
42. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
43. Işık, E., & Bulduk, S. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Differentiation of Self Inventory- revised in Turkish adults. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 41(1), 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12022
44. İkiz, F. E. & Otlu, B. M. (2015). Üniversite yaşamına uyum sürecinde yaşanan sorunlar ve başa çıkma yolları. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(4), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbusos.93556
45. Jen, C.H., Chen, W.W., & Wu, C.W. (2019). Flexible mindset in the family: Filial piety, cognitive flexibility, and general mental health. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(6), 1715–1730. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518770912
46. Jenkins, S. M., Buboltz, W. C. J., Schwartz, J. P., & Johnson, P. (2005). Differentiation of self and psychosocial development. Contemporary Family Therapy, 27, 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-005-4042-6
47. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: The program of the stress reduction clinic at the university of massachusetts medical center. Delta Trade Paperbacks.
48. Kato, T. (2012). Development of the coping flexibility scale: Evidence for the coping flexibility hypothesis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 14(4), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027770
49. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context. Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959
50. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç, & Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and family change: A three-decade portrait from Turkey. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(3), 317–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00213.x
51. Karababa, A., Mert, A., & Çetiner, P. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik iyi olmanın bir yordayıcısı olarak benlik ayrımlaşması. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 1235–1248. https://doi.org/10.29299/kefad.2018.19.02.004
52. Kerr, M., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. Norton.
53. Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Publications.
54. Kluwer, E. S., Karremans, J. C., Riedijk, L., & Knee, C. R. (2020). Autonomy in relatedness: How need fulfillment ınteracts in close relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(4), 603–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219867964
55. Koesten, J., Schrodt, P., & Ford, D. J. (2009). Cognitive flexibility as a mediator of family communication environments and young adults' well-being. Health Communication, 24(1), 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410230802607024
56. Krycak, R. C., Murdock, N. L., & Marszalek, J. M. (2012). Differentiation of self, stress, and emotional support as predictors of psychological distress. Contemporary Family Therapy, 34, 495–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-012-9207-5
57. Lampis, J., Rodríguez-Gonzalez, M., Cataudella, S., Relvas, A. P., Neophytou, K., & Agus, M. (2019). Cross-cultural validity of bowen theory in southern european countries. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 40(4), 457–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1394
58. Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
59. MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. Erlbaum.
60. Manzi, C., Vignoles, V. L., Regalia, C., & Scabini, E. (2006). Cohesion and enmeshment revisited: Differentiation, identity, and well-being in two European cultures. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(3), 673–689. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00282.x
61. Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76, 623–626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
62. Martin, M. M., Anderson, C. M., & Thweatt, K. S. (1998). Aggressive communication traits and their relationship with the cognitive flexibility scale and the communication flexibility scale. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13(3), 34–45.
63. Martin, M. M., Staggers, S. M., & Anderson, C. M. (2011). The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency, and self-compassion. Communication Research Reports, 28(3), 275280. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2011.587555
64. Marsh, I. C., Chan, S. W. & MacBeth, A. (2018). Self-compassion and psychological distress in adolescents-a meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1011–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0850-7
65. Mert, A., & Çetiner, P. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin üniversite yaşamına uyum ile benlik ayrımlaşması arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 8(3), 190–204. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.407960
66. Murdock, N. L., & Gore, P. A. (2004). Stress, coping, and differentiation of self: A test of Bowen theory. Contemporary Family Therapy, 26(3), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:COFT.0000037918.53929.18
67. Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (1999-2012). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.).
68. Mohammadi, S., Soltanabadi, S., Adibi, M., & Noori, M. (2021). Invetigating the relationship attachment styles and and psychological well-being in orphan and parenting adolescents: The mediating role of self-compassion and self-differentiation. Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (RRJ), 10(6), 151–160.
69. Morsünbül, Ü. (2011). Ergenlikte özerkliğin ve kimlik biçimlenmesinin öznel iyi oluş üzerindeki etkisi [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
70. Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x
71. Nedregård, T., & Olsen, R. (2014). Studentenes Helse- Og Trivselsundersøkelse SHOT 2014. http://www.vtbergen.no/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/VT0614_6214_SHoT2014.pdf
72. Nedeljkovic, M., Wirtz, P. H., & Ausfeld-Hafter, B. (2012). Effects of Taiji practice on mindfulness and self-compassion in healthy participants—a randomized controlled trial. Mindfulness, 3, 200–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0092-7
73. Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude towards oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
74. Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1080/15298860309027
75. Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y., & Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4, 263–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317
76. Neff, K. D., Pisitsungkagarn, K., & Hsieh, Y. P. (2008). Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(3), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022108314544
77. Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139– 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004
78. Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal. of Personality, 77, 23–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x
79. Neff, K.D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x
80. Nikmanesh, Z., Parsa, K., & Janaabadi, H. (2020). The ımpact of meta-emotion on self-differentiation with the mediating role of self-compassion in students. Iranian Journal of Educational Society, 13(2), 114– 124. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijes.2021.242036
81. Jetha, Y. (2020). Untangling attachment–integrating schemas, self-compassion and differentiation of self into the holistic amıs-model [Unpublished master's thesis]. Paris Lodron University Salzburg.
82. Ortner, C. N. M., Kilner, S. J., & Zelazo, P. D. (2007). Mindfulness meditation andreduced emotional interference on a cognitive task. Motivation. and Emotion, 31, 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-007-9076-7
83. Özbay, Y., Palancı, M., Kandemir, M., & Çakır, O. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin, öznel iyi oluşlarının; duygusal düzenleme, mizah, sosyal öz-yeterlik ve stresle başa çıkma davranışları ile yordanması. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 325–345.
84. Özdemir, Y. (2012). Ergenlerin öznel iyi oluşlarının özerk, ilişkisel ve özerk-ilişkisel benlik kurguları açısından incelenmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(38), 188–198
85. Pavot‚ W. G.‚ Diener‚ E.‚ Colvin‚ C. R., & Sandvik‚ E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment‚ 57‚ 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_17
86. Peleg-Popko, O. (2002). Bowen theory: A study of differentiation of self, social anxiety, andphysiological symptoms. Contemporary Family Therapy, 24(2), 355–369. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015355509866
87. Peleg, O., & Yitzhak, M. (2011). Differentiation of self and separationanxiety: Is there a similarity between spouses? Contemporary Family Therapy, 33(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-010-9137-z
88. Peleg, O., & Grandi, M. (2019) Differentiation of self and trait anxiety: A cross-cultural perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 54(6), 816–827. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12535
89. Peleg, O. (2002). Bowen theory: A study of differentiation of self, social anxiety, and physiological symptoms. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 24(2), 355–369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015355509866
90. Peleg, O., & Zoabi, M. (2014). Social anxiety and differentiation of self: A comparison of Jewish and Arab college students. Personality & Individual Differences, 68, 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.032
91. Petersen, I., Louw, J., & Dumont, K. (2009). Adjustment to university and academic performance among disadvantaged students in South Africa. Educational Psychology, 29(1), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410802521066
92. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
93. Preacher, K. J., & Kelley, K. (2011). Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022658
94. Ross, A. S., & Murdock, N. L. (2014). Differentiation of self and well-being. The moderating effect of self-construal. Contemporary Family Therapy, 36, 485–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-014-9311-9
95. Sandage, S. J., & Jankowski, P. J. (2010). Forgiveness, spiritual instability, mental health symptoms, and well-being: Mediator effects of differentiation of self. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2(3), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019124
96. Skowron, E.A., & Friedlander, M., L. (1998). The differentiation of self inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 45(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.235
97. Skowron, E. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2003). Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI Fusion With Others subscale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29, 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2003.tb01201.x
98. Skowron, E. A., Stanley, K. L., & Shapiro, M. D. (2009). A longitudinal perspective on differentiation of self, interpersonal and psychological well-being in young adulthood. Contemporary Family Therapy, 31, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-008-9075-1
99. Skowron, E. A., Wester, S. R., & Azen, R. (2004). Differentiation of self mediates college stress and adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00287.x
100. Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237
101. Shapiro, S. L., Astin, J. A., Bishop, S. R., & Cordova, M. (2005). Mindfulnessbased stress reduction for health care professionals: Results from a randomized trial. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(2), 164–176. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.2.164
102. Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Ryan, R. M., Chirkov, V., Kim, Y., Wu, C., Demir, M., & Sun, Z. (1999). Self-concordance model and subjective well-being in four cultures. Journal of Cross-cultural psychology, 35(2), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103262245
103. Triandis, H. C. (2004). The many dimensions of culture. The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005), 18(1), 88–93.
104. Tuason, M. T., & Friedlander, M. L. (2000). Do parents’ differentiation levels predict those of their adult children? And other tests of Bowen theory in a Philippine sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0167.47.1.27
105. Vaziri, C., Ghanbaripanah, A., & Tajalli, P. (2021). Modeling the cognitive flexibility and academic engagement based on self-regulation, psychological hardiness and differentiation of self with mediation of family functioning in high school students. International Journal of Pediatrics, 9(3), 13281–13295. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJP.2020.50410.4011
106. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
107. Wu, C. W., Chen, W. W., & Jen, C. H., (2020). Emotional ıntelligence and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between parenting and subjective well‑being. Journal of Adult Development, 28, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-020-09357-x
108. Yetim, Ü. (2003). The impacts of individualism/collectivism, self-esteem and feeling of mastery on life satisfaction among the Turkish university students and academicians. Social Indicators Research, 61, 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021911504113
109. Yelpaze, İ. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik sağlamlığın yordayıcısı olarak bilişsel esneklik: Öz şefkatin aracılık rolü. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 535–549.
110. Yao, B., Han, W., Zeng, L. & Guo, X. (2013). Freshman year mental health symptoms and level of adaptation as predictors of Internet addiction: A retrospective nested case-control study of male Chinese college students. Psychiatry Research, 210(2), 541–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.023
111. Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7, 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051
112. Zhou, L., & Yu, S. K. (2006). Research on freshmen adaptation status. Chinese Journal of Special Education, 7, 89–91.