Metacognition in Creative Problem-Solving Scale: Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Form
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 55 Sayı: 1
,
250
-
274
,
30.04.2026
Havvanur Akyol
,
Fatma Betül Karalı
,
Müge Yukay Yüksel
Öz
This study aims to adapt the Metacognition in Creative Problem-Solving Scale (MCPS) into Turkish and to examine the its validity and reliability. The study group consists of 357 university students. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to test the construct validity of the scale, and it was seen that all the fit indices related to the original single-factor model were at an acceptable level. The factor loadings of the items in the scale ranged between .421 and .748. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (α= .895), McDonald omega (ω= .896), and Composite Reliability (CR= .918) values were calculated to determine the internal consistency of the scale, and it was seen that the scale was reliable. The Average Variance Extracted (AVE= .508) value, which was examined for convergent validity, is within the acceptable limit and shows that the factor adequately explains the construct it measures. Metacognition in Creative Problem-Solving Scale (MCPS) is positively and significantly correlated with the Marmara Creative Thinking Dispositions Scale and the Metacognitive Strategies subscale of the Motivation Strategies for Learning Scale. This finding indicates that the scale has criterion-related validity. As a result of the research, it was seen that the Turkish version of the Metacognition in Creative Problem-Solving Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.
Kaynakça
-
Aslan A. E. (2001). Torrance Yaratıcı Düşünce Testi Türkçe versiyonu. M. Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 14, 19–40.
-
Baran-Bulut, D., İpek, A. S., & Aygün, B. (2018). Yaratıcı Problem Çözme Özellikleri Envanteri'ni Türkçe'ye uyarlama çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(3),1360–1377. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.39790-430909
-
Büyüköztürk, S., Akgün, Ö. E., Özkahveci, Ö., & Demirel, F. (2004). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 4(2), 231-237.
-
Cropley, A. (2006). In praise of convergent thinking. Creativity research journal, 18(3), 391–404. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1803_13
-
Çam, S., & Tümkaya, S. (2007). Kişilerarası Problem Çözme Envanteri’nin (KPÇE) Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(28), 95–111.
-
Chung, J. E., & Elliott, S. (2015). Adults, Computers and Problem Solving:" What's the Problem?" OECD Skills Studies. OECD Publishing. 2, rue Andre Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264236844-en
-
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th Ed.). Pearson.
-
Çelik, E. (2017). Problem Çözme Sürecinde Üstbilişsel Özdüzenleme Ölçeği (ÜÖÖ): Türkçe formu için geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 37(1), 53–71.
-
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2023). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (7. Bs.). Pegem akademi.
-
Davidson, J. E., Deuser, R., & Sternberg, R. J. (1994). The role of metacognition in problem solving. In J. Metcalfe, & A. P. Shimamura (Eds.), Metacognition: Knowing about knowing (pp. 207–226). The MIT Press.
-
Ekşi, H., & Turan, N. (2023, July). Independent-Interdependent Problem-Solving Style Scale: Adaptation to Turkish [Paper Presentation]. 2st International Congress of Educational Sciences and Linguists, Warsaw, Poland.
-
Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American psychologist, 34(10), 906–911. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.906
-
Fırat-Durdukoca, Ş., & Arıbaş, S. (2019). Öğretmen Adaylarına Yönelik Üstbilişsel Farkındalık Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(72), 1541–1557. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.474601
-
Gagne, R. M. (1980). Learnable aspects of problem solving. Educational Psychologist, 15(2), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461528009529218
-
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
-
Gökmen, A., & Çapan, A. S. (2019). 60-84 aylık çocuklarda yaratıcı problem çözme becerilerinin incelenmesi. International Primary Education Research Journal, 3(1), 1–9.
-
Güzel, M. A., & Başokçu, T. O. (2023). Eğitimde Üstbilişsel Düzenleme Envanteri: Öğretmen Versiyonu’nun (EÜDE: Öğretmen-Kendi ve Öğretmen-Sınıf) geliştirilme çalışması. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.1224757
-
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis. Cengage Learning.
-
Howard, B. C., McGee, S., Shia, R., & Hong, N. S. (2001, April). The influence of metacognitive self-regulation and ability levels on problem solving [Paper Presentation]. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Seattle.
-
Isaksen, S. G. (1995). CPS: Linking creativity and problem solving. In G. Kaufmann, T. Helstrup, & K. H. Teigen, (Eds), Problem solving and cognitive processes: A festschrift in honour of Kjell Raaheim (pp. 145–181). Bergen- Sandviken, Norway.
-
Isaksen, S. G., Dorval, K. B., & Treffinger, D. J. (2010). Creative approaches to problem solving: A framework for innovation and change. SAGE publications.
-
Kuhn, D., & Dean, Jr, D. (2004). Metacognition: A bridge between cognitive psychology and educational practice. Theory into practice, 43(4), 268–273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4304_4
-
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
-
Masal, E., Takunyacı, M., & Agaç, G. (2013). Adaptation of Student Thinking About Problem Solving Scale (STAPSS) to Turkish. The Journal of SAU Education Faculty, 25, 134–146.
-
Meijer, J., Veenman, M. V., & van Hout-Wolters, B. H. (2006). Metacognitive activities in text-studying and problem-solving: Development of a taxonomy. Educational Research and Evaluation, 12(3), 209–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803610500479991
-
Naglieri, J. A. (1999). How valid is the PASS theory and CAS?. School Psychology Review, 28(1), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.1999.12085953
-
Nietfeld, J. L., Cao, L., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Metacognitive monitoring accuracy and student performance in the postsecondary classroom. The Journal of Experimental Education, 74(1), 7–28.
-
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2024). Do adults have the skills they need to thrive in a changing world? OECD.https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2024/12/do-adults-have-the-skills-they-need-to-thrive-in-a-changing-world_4396f1f1.html
-
Özgenel, M., & Çetin, M. (2017). Marmara Yaratıcı Düşünme Eğilimleri Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 46(46), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.335087
-
Panaoura, A., & Philippou, G. (2003). The Construct Validity of an Inventory for the Measurement of Young Pupils' Metacognitive Abilities in Mathematics. International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education Conference, 3, 437–444.
-
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Duncan, T., & McKeachie, W. J. (1991). A manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED), Washington.
-
Pintrich, P. R. (2002). The role of metacognitive knowledge in learning, teaching, and assessing. Theory into Practice, 41(4), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104_3
-
Puccio, G. J., Klarman, B., & Szalay, P. A. (2022) Creative problem-solving. In Glăveanu, V. P. (Ed.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of the Possible (pp. 298–313). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90913-0_41
-
Schraw, G., & Dennison, R. S. (1994). Assessing metacognitive awareness. Contemporary educational psychology, 19(4), 460–475. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1994.1033
-
Schraw, G., & Moshman, D. (1995). Metacognitive theories. Educational psychology review, 7, 351–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02212307
-
Schraw, G., Crippen, K. J., & Hartley, K. (2006). Promoting self-regulation in science education: Metacognition as part of a broader perspective on learning. Research in Science Education, 36, 111–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-005-3917-8
-
Snyder, L. G., & Snyder, M. J. (2008). Teaching critical thinking and problem solving skills. The Journal of Research in Business Education, 50(2), 90–99.
-
Treffinger, D. J., Selby, E. C., & Isaksen, S. G. (2008). Understanding individual problem-solving style: A key to learning and applying creative problem solving. Learning and individual Differences, 18(4), 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2007.11.007
-
Urban, K., & Urban, M. (2023). How can we measure metacognition in creative problem-solving? Standardization of the MCPS scale. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 49, 101345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101345
-
Urban, M., & Urban, K. (2025). Does metacognition matter in creative problem-solving? A mixed-methods analysis of writing. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 59(1), e630 https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.630
-
Van Hooijdonk, M., Mainhard, T., Kroesbergen, E. H., & Van Tartwijk, J. (2023). Creative problem solving in primary school students. Learning and Instruction, 88, 101823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2023.101823
-
Wilson, J., & Clarke, D. (2004). Towards the modelling of mathematical metacognition. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 16(2), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03217394
-
Zielińska, A., & Karwowski, M. (2022). Living with uncertainty in the creative process: A self-regulatory perspective. In R. A. Beghetto & G.J. Jaeger (Eds.), Uncertainty: A catalyst for creativity, learning and development (pp. 81–102). Springer International Publishing.
Yaratıcı Problem Çözmede Üst-Biliş Ölçeği: Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 55 Sayı: 1
,
250
-
274
,
30.04.2026
Havvanur Akyol
,
Fatma Betül Karalı
,
Müge Yukay Yüksel
Öz
Bu araştırmanın amacı Yaratıcı Problem Çözmede Üst Biliş Ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve ölçeğin geçerlik güvenirliğini incelemektir. Çalışma grubu 357 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini test etmek amacıyla doğrulayıcı faktör analizi gerçekleştirilmiş olup; orijinal tek faktörlü modele ilişkin uyum değerlerinin tamamının kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Ölçekteki maddelerin faktör yükleri .421 ile .748 arasında değişmektedir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlığını belirlemek amacıyla Cronbach Alfa katsayısı (α= .895), McDonald Omega (ω= .896) ve bileşik güvenirlik (CR= .918) değerleri hesaplanmış ve ölçeğin güvenilir olduğu görülmüştür. Yakınsak geçerlik için incelenmiş olan Çıkarılan Ortalama Varyans (AVE = .508) değeri kabul edilebilir sınırda olup, faktörün ölçtüğü yapıyı yeterli düzeyde açıkladığını göstermektedir. Marmara Yaratıcı Düşünme Eğilimleri Ölçeği ve Güdülenme ve Öğrenme Stratejileri Ölçeğinin Meta bilişsel Stratejiler Alt boyutu ile Yaratıcı Problem Çözmede Üst Biliş Ölçeği arasındaki pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler, ölçeğin ölçüt bağıntılı geçerliğe sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, Yaratıcı Problem Çözmede Üst Biliş Ölçeğinin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu görülmüştür.
Kaynakça
-
Aslan A. E. (2001). Torrance Yaratıcı Düşünce Testi Türkçe versiyonu. M. Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 14, 19–40.
-
Baran-Bulut, D., İpek, A. S., & Aygün, B. (2018). Yaratıcı Problem Çözme Özellikleri Envanteri'ni Türkçe'ye uyarlama çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(3),1360–1377. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.39790-430909
-
Büyüköztürk, S., Akgün, Ö. E., Özkahveci, Ö., & Demirel, F. (2004). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 4(2), 231-237.
-
Cropley, A. (2006). In praise of convergent thinking. Creativity research journal, 18(3), 391–404. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1803_13
-
Çam, S., & Tümkaya, S. (2007). Kişilerarası Problem Çözme Envanteri’nin (KPÇE) Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(28), 95–111.
-
Chung, J. E., & Elliott, S. (2015). Adults, Computers and Problem Solving:" What's the Problem?" OECD Skills Studies. OECD Publishing. 2, rue Andre Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264236844-en
-
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th Ed.). Pearson.
-
Çelik, E. (2017). Problem Çözme Sürecinde Üstbilişsel Özdüzenleme Ölçeği (ÜÖÖ): Türkçe formu için geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 37(1), 53–71.
-
Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2023). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (7. Bs.). Pegem akademi.
-
Davidson, J. E., Deuser, R., & Sternberg, R. J. (1994). The role of metacognition in problem solving. In J. Metcalfe, & A. P. Shimamura (Eds.), Metacognition: Knowing about knowing (pp. 207–226). The MIT Press.
-
Ekşi, H., & Turan, N. (2023, July). Independent-Interdependent Problem-Solving Style Scale: Adaptation to Turkish [Paper Presentation]. 2st International Congress of Educational Sciences and Linguists, Warsaw, Poland.
-
Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American psychologist, 34(10), 906–911. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.906
-
Fırat-Durdukoca, Ş., & Arıbaş, S. (2019). Öğretmen Adaylarına Yönelik Üstbilişsel Farkındalık Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(72), 1541–1557. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.474601
-
Gagne, R. M. (1980). Learnable aspects of problem solving. Educational Psychologist, 15(2), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461528009529218
-
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
-
Gökmen, A., & Çapan, A. S. (2019). 60-84 aylık çocuklarda yaratıcı problem çözme becerilerinin incelenmesi. International Primary Education Research Journal, 3(1), 1–9.
-
Güzel, M. A., & Başokçu, T. O. (2023). Eğitimde Üstbilişsel Düzenleme Envanteri: Öğretmen Versiyonu’nun (EÜDE: Öğretmen-Kendi ve Öğretmen-Sınıf) geliştirilme çalışması. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.1224757
-
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis. Cengage Learning.
-
Howard, B. C., McGee, S., Shia, R., & Hong, N. S. (2001, April). The influence of metacognitive self-regulation and ability levels on problem solving [Paper Presentation]. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Seattle.
-
Isaksen, S. G. (1995). CPS: Linking creativity and problem solving. In G. Kaufmann, T. Helstrup, & K. H. Teigen, (Eds), Problem solving and cognitive processes: A festschrift in honour of Kjell Raaheim (pp. 145–181). Bergen- Sandviken, Norway.
-
Isaksen, S. G., Dorval, K. B., & Treffinger, D. J. (2010). Creative approaches to problem solving: A framework for innovation and change. SAGE publications.
-
Kuhn, D., & Dean, Jr, D. (2004). Metacognition: A bridge between cognitive psychology and educational practice. Theory into practice, 43(4), 268–273. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4304_4
-
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
-
Masal, E., Takunyacı, M., & Agaç, G. (2013). Adaptation of Student Thinking About Problem Solving Scale (STAPSS) to Turkish. The Journal of SAU Education Faculty, 25, 134–146.
-
Meijer, J., Veenman, M. V., & van Hout-Wolters, B. H. (2006). Metacognitive activities in text-studying and problem-solving: Development of a taxonomy. Educational Research and Evaluation, 12(3), 209–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803610500479991
-
Naglieri, J. A. (1999). How valid is the PASS theory and CAS?. School Psychology Review, 28(1), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.1999.12085953
-
Nietfeld, J. L., Cao, L., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Metacognitive monitoring accuracy and student performance in the postsecondary classroom. The Journal of Experimental Education, 74(1), 7–28.
-
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2024). Do adults have the skills they need to thrive in a changing world? OECD.https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2024/12/do-adults-have-the-skills-they-need-to-thrive-in-a-changing-world_4396f1f1.html
-
Özgenel, M., & Çetin, M. (2017). Marmara Yaratıcı Düşünme Eğilimleri Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 46(46), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.335087
-
Panaoura, A., & Philippou, G. (2003). The Construct Validity of an Inventory for the Measurement of Young Pupils' Metacognitive Abilities in Mathematics. International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education Conference, 3, 437–444.
-
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Duncan, T., & McKeachie, W. J. (1991). A manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED), Washington.
-
Pintrich, P. R. (2002). The role of metacognitive knowledge in learning, teaching, and assessing. Theory into Practice, 41(4), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104_3
-
Puccio, G. J., Klarman, B., & Szalay, P. A. (2022) Creative problem-solving. In Glăveanu, V. P. (Ed.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of the Possible (pp. 298–313). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90913-0_41
-
Schraw, G., & Dennison, R. S. (1994). Assessing metacognitive awareness. Contemporary educational psychology, 19(4), 460–475. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1994.1033
-
Schraw, G., & Moshman, D. (1995). Metacognitive theories. Educational psychology review, 7, 351–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02212307
-
Schraw, G., Crippen, K. J., & Hartley, K. (2006). Promoting self-regulation in science education: Metacognition as part of a broader perspective on learning. Research in Science Education, 36, 111–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-005-3917-8
-
Snyder, L. G., & Snyder, M. J. (2008). Teaching critical thinking and problem solving skills. The Journal of Research in Business Education, 50(2), 90–99.
-
Treffinger, D. J., Selby, E. C., & Isaksen, S. G. (2008). Understanding individual problem-solving style: A key to learning and applying creative problem solving. Learning and individual Differences, 18(4), 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2007.11.007
-
Urban, K., & Urban, M. (2023). How can we measure metacognition in creative problem-solving? Standardization of the MCPS scale. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 49, 101345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101345
-
Urban, M., & Urban, K. (2025). Does metacognition matter in creative problem-solving? A mixed-methods analysis of writing. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 59(1), e630 https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.630
-
Van Hooijdonk, M., Mainhard, T., Kroesbergen, E. H., & Van Tartwijk, J. (2023). Creative problem solving in primary school students. Learning and Instruction, 88, 101823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2023.101823
-
Wilson, J., & Clarke, D. (2004). Towards the modelling of mathematical metacognition. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 16(2), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03217394
-
Zielińska, A., & Karwowski, M. (2022). Living with uncertainty in the creative process: A self-regulatory perspective. In R. A. Beghetto & G.J. Jaeger (Eds.), Uncertainty: A catalyst for creativity, learning and development (pp. 81–102). Springer International Publishing.