Influence of Spousal Support, Sibling Relationships, Peer Relationships and Parental Self-Efficacy on the Parent-Adolescent Relationship

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 51 Sayı: 2, 1012 - 1042, 31.08.2022

Emine Feyza Aktaş , İbrahim Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.955694

Cited By: 2

Öz

In the present study we aim to develop a model that focuses on identifying factors which influence the parent-adolescent relationship. We use the structural equation model to test this model. In the study, among the variables affecting parent-adolescent relationship spousal support, sibling relations, peer relationships, and parental self-efficacy variables are discussed on the basis of an ecological approach. The sample consisted of 391 adolescents aged between 14-17 years and their parents (n=782). The results show that spousal support, peer relationships, and sibling relationships have a positive effect on the parent-adolescent relationship, while parental self-efficacy has a negative effect on the parent-adolescent relationship. Furthermore, parental self-efficacy affects the parent-adolescent relationship with the mediating role of sibling relationships. As a result of these findings, it can be stated that variables that were determined on the basis of the ecological system approach have both direct and indirect effects on the parent-adolescent relationship. We suggest that these variables may be used at intervention programs on relationship in further research, and parents’ and adolescents’ opinions about their relationships may be further examined by way of qualitative methods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Parent-Adolescent Relationship, Parental Self-Efficacy, Peer Relationship, Sibling Relationship, Spousal Support

Eş Desteği, Kardeş İlişkisi, Akran İlişkisi ve Ebeveyn Öz-Yetkinliğinin Ebeveyn-Ergen İlişkisine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada ebeveyn-ergen ilişkisini etkileyen faktörleri belirlemeye odaklanan bir model geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu faktörlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada ekolojik yaklaşım temelinde ebeveyn-ergen ilişkisini etkileyen değişkenlerden eş desteği, kardeş ilişkileri, akran ilişkileri ve ebeveyn öz-yetkinliği değişkenleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışma grubu 14-17 yaşları arasında 391 ergen ve ebeveynlerinden oluşmaktadır (n=782). Model testi sonuçları, eş desteği, akran ilişkisi ve kardeş ilişkisinin ebeveyn-ergen ilişkisi üzerinde olumlu, ebeveyn öz-yetkinliğinin ise ebeveyn-ergen ilişkisi üzerinde olumsuz etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca ebeveyn öz-yetkinliği, kardeş ilişkisi aracılığıyla ebeveyn-ergen ilişkisini etkilemiştir. Bu bulgular sonucunda ekolojik sistem yaklaşımı temelinde belirlenen değişkenlerin söz konusu ilişkinin niteliği üzerinde doğrudan ve dolaylı etkilerinin olduğu görülmektedir. İleride yapılacak araştırmalarda bu değişkenlerin ebeveyn-ergen ilişkisine yönelik müdahale programlarında ele alınması ve bu ilişkinin diğer yönlerinin ortaya çıkarılması için nitel yöntemlerle incelenmesi önerilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ebeveyn-Ergen İlişkisi, Ebeveyn Öz-Yetkinliği, Akran İlişkisi, Kardeş İlişkisi, Eş Desteği

Kaynakça

• Aslan, A. S. ve İzci, E. (2017). Ortaokul İngilizce öğretim programının öğretmen görüşlerine göre bağlam, girdi, süreç ve ürün (CIPP) modeli ile değerlendirilmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18 (2), 33-44.
• Ardelt, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2001). Effects of mothers' parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth. Journal of Family Issues, 22 (8), 944-972.https://doi.org/10.1177/019251301022008001
• Barber, J. G., & Delfabbro, P. (2000). Predictors of adolescent adjustment: Parent-peer relationships and parent-child conflict. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 17 (4), 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007546023135
• Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Multivariate Software, Inc.
• Bogenschneider, K., Small, S. A., & Tsay, J. C. (1997). Child, parent, and contextual influences on perceived parenting competence among parents of adolescents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59 (2), 345-362. https://doi.org/10.2307/353475
• Brody, G. H., Stoneman, Z., & McCoy, J. K. (1994). Contributions of family relationships and child temperaments to longitudinal variations in sibling relationship quality and sibling relationship styles. Journal of Family Psychology, 8 (3), 274-286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.8.3.274
• Buehler, C., & Gerard, J. M. (2002). Marital conflict, ineffective parenting, and children's and adolescents' maladjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64 (1), 78-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00078.x
• Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre- and early adolescence: the development and psychometric properties of the Friendship Qualities Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11 (3), 471-484. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407594113011
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. (2. bs.). Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
• Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Greenberg, M. T., & Nix, R. L. (2010). Changing parent’s mindfulness, child management skills and relationship quality with their youth: Results from a randomized pilot intervention trial. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19 (2), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9304-8
• Colarossi, L. G., & Eccles, J. S. (2000). A prospective study of adolescents' peer support: Gender differences and the influence of parental relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29 (6), 661-678. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026403922442
• Coleman, P. K. & Karraker, K. H. (1997). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18, 47-85. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1997.0448
• Collins, W. A., & Madsen, S. D. (2003). Developmental change in parenting interactions. In L. Kuczynski (Ed.), Handbook of dynamics in parent-child relations (pp. 49-66). Sage Publication.
• Crouter, A. C., Bumpus, M. F., Head, M. R., & McHale, S. M. (2001). Implications of overwork and overload for the quality of men’s family relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 404-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00404.x
• Darling, N. (2007). Ecological systems theory: The person in the center of the circles. Research in Human Development, 4 (3-4), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427600701663023
• De Goede, I. H., Branje, S. J., & Meeus, W. H. (2009). Developmental changes in adolescents’ perceptions of relationships with their parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38 (1), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9286-7
• Dekovic, M. (1999). Parent-adolescent conflict: Possible determinants and consequences. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23 (4), 977-1000. https://doi.org/10.1080/016502599383630
• Dekovic, M., & Meeus, W. (1997). Peer relations in adolescence: Effects of parenting and adolescents' self-concept. Journal of Adolescence, 20 (2), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1996.0074
• Denton, M. L. (2006). Relationship quality between parents and adolescents: Understanding the role of religion[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of North Carolina.
• Derkman, M. M., Engels, R. C., Kuntsche, E., van der Vorst, H., & Scholte, R. H. (2011). Bidirectional associations between sibling relationships and parental support during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40 (4), 490-501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9576-8
• Downing, S. M. (2004). Reliability: On the reproducibility of assessment data. Medical Education, 38 (9), 1006-1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2004.01932.x
• Dumka, L. E., Gonzales, N. A., Wheeler, L. A., & Millsap, R. E. (2010). Parenting self-efficacy and parenting practices over time in Mexican American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 24 (5), 522-531. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020833
• Engels, R. C., Finkenauer, C., Meeus, W., & Deković, M. (2001). Parental attachment and adolescents' emotional adjustment: The associations with social skills and relational competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48 (4), 428-439. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.48.4.428
• Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 118 (1), 108-132. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.108
• Erkan Atik, Z., Çok, F., Esen Çoban, A., Doğan, T., & Güney Karaman, N. (2014). Akran İlişkileri Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14 (2), 433-446. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.22014.2.1778
• Eryüksel, G. N., & Akün, E. (2003). Depresyonu olan ergenler ile ana-babalarının aile ilişkilerinin ve bilişsel çarpıtmalarının incelenmesi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 18 (51), 59-73.
• Faber, A. J., Edwards, A. E., Bauer, K. S., & Wetchler, J. L. (2003). Family structure: Its effects on adolescent attachment and identity formation. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 31 (4), 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180390201945
• Fanti, K. A., Henrich, C. C., Brookmeyer, K. A., & Kuperminc, G. P. (2008). Toward a transactional model of parent-adolescent relationship quality and adolescent psychological adjustment. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 28 (2), 252-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431607312766
• Farrell, A. D., & White, K. S. (1998). Peer influences and drug use among urban adolescents: Family structure and parent–adolescent relationship as protective factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66 (2), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.248
• Field, T., Diego, M., & Sanders, C. (2002). Adolescents' parent and peer relationships. Adolescence, 37 (145), 121-130.
• Furman, W., Simon, V. A., Shaffer, L., & Bouchey, H. A. (2002). Adolescents’ working models and styles for relationships with parents, friends, and romantic partners. Child Development, 73 (1), 241-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00403
• Galambos, N. L., Barker, E. T., & Almeida, D. M. (2003). Parents do matter: Trajectories of change in externalizing and internalizing problems in early adolescence. Child Development, 74 (2), 578-594. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.7402017
• Goldstein, S. E., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Eccles, J. S. (2005). Parents, peers, and problem behavior: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of relationship perceptions and characteristics on the development of adolescent problem behavior. Developmental Psychology, 41 (2), 401-413. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.2.401
• Hair, E. C., Moore, K. A., Garrett, S. B., Ling, T., & Cleveland, K. (2008). The continued importance of quality parent–adolescent relationships during late adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18 (1), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00556.x
• Hair, E. C., Moore, K. A., Hadley, A. M., Kaye, K., Day, R. D., & Orthner, D. K. (2009). Parent marital quality and the parent–adolescent relationship: Profiles of relationship quality. Marriage & Family Review, 45 (2-3), 189-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494920902733500
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2007). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education Inc.
• Head, M. R. (2004). Profiling parent-adolescent relationships: A pattern-analytic approach o relationship quality[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The Pennsylvania State University.
• Howard, S. A. (2016). Marital quality, parent-adolescent relations, and adolescent depressive symptoms among military families[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Florida State University.
• Izzo, C., Weiss, L., Shanahan, T., & Rodriguez-Brown, F. (2000). Parental self-efficacy and social support as predictors of parenting practices and children's socioemotional adjustment in Mexican immigrant families. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 20 (1-2), 197-213. https://doi.org/10.1300/J005v20n01_13
• Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25 (3), 341-363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004
• Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Family, self, and human development across cultures, theory and applications. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Kaner, S., Şekercioğlu, G., & Yellice-Yüksel, B. (2007). Öğretmenlerin ve ana-babaların öz-yetkinlik inançları, tükenmişlik algıları ve çocukların problem davranışları. Yayınlanmamış araştırma projesi. Proje Numarası: 2006 09 04 009.
• Kennedy, P. (2008). A guide to econometrics. Blackwell Publishing
• Kim, J. Y., McHale, S. M., Wayne Osgood, D., & Crouter, A. C. (2006). Longitudinal course and family correlates of sibling relationships from childhood through adolescence. Child Development, 77 (6), 1746-1761. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00971.x
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
• Koç, N. (2010). Orta öğretim öğrencilerinin ebeveynleriyle olan ilişkilerine bakışları[Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi.
• Korfal, A. (2016). Algılanan ekonomik güçlük ve eşler arasındaki çatışma ile problem davranışlar arasındaki bağlantıda, ebeveyn-ergen ilişkilerinin aracı rolü[Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi.
• Kouros, C. D., Papp, L. M., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2014). Spillover between marital quality and parent–child relationship quality: Parental depressive symptoms as moderators. Journal of Family Psychology, 28 (3), 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036804
• Krishnakumar, A., & Buehler, C. (2000). Interparental conflict and parenting behaviors: A meta‐analytic review. Family Relations, 49 (1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00025.x
• Leahy-Warren, P., McCarthy, G., & Corcoran, P. (2012). First-time mothers: Social support, maternal parental self-efficacy and postnatal depression. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21 (3-4), 388-397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03701.x
• Lieberman, M., Doyle, A. B., & Markiewicz, D. (1999). Developmental patterns in security of attachment to mother and father in late childhood and early adolescence: Associations with peer relations. Child Development, 70 (1), 202-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00015
• Luster, T., & Okagaki, L. (2005). Parenting: An ecological perspective. (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers.
• Markiewicz, D., Doyle, A. B., & Brendgen, M. (2001). The quality of adolescents' friendships: Associations with mothers' interpersonal relationships, attachments to parents and friends, and prosocial behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 24 (4), 429-445. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0374
• Matza, L. S., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Glenn, D. M. (2001). Adolescents’ perceptions and standards of their relationships with their parents as a function of sociometric status. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11 (3), 245-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.00012
• McGue, M., Elkins, I., Walden, B., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Perceptions of the parent-adolescent relationship: A longitudinal investigation. Developmental Psychology, 41(6), 971-984. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.41.6.971
• McKinney, C., & Renk, K. (2011). A multivariate model of parent–adolescent relationship variables in early adolescence. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 42 (4), 442-462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0228-3
• Meunier, J. C., Roskam, I., Stievenart, M., De Moortele, G. V., Browne, D. T., & Wade, M. (2012). Parental differential treatment, child’s externalizing behavior and sibling relationships: Bridging links with child’s perception of favoritism and personality, and parents’ self-efficacy. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29 (5), 612-638. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512443419
• Meyers, S. A., Varkey, S., & Aguirre, A. M. (2002) Ecological correlates of family functioning, American Journal of Family Therapy, 30 (3), 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/019261802753577575
• Miller, B. C., Benson, B., & Galbraith, K. A. (2001). Family relationships and adolescent pregnancy risk: A research synthesis. Developmental Review, 21 (1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.2000.0513
• Noller, P., Feeney, J. A., Sheehan, G., & Peterson, C. (2000). Marital conflict patterns: Links with family conflict and family members’ perceptions of one another. Personal Relationships, 7 (1), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00005.x
• Oh, W., Volling, B. L., & Gonzales, R. (2015). Trajectories of children’s social interactions with their infant sibling in the first year: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(1), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000051
• Oyserman, D., Bybee, D., Mowbray, C., & Kahng, S. K. (2004). Parenting self‐construals of mothers with a serious mental illness: Efficacy, burden, and personal growth. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34 (12), 2503-2523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01989.x
• Parker, J. S., & Benson, M. J. (2004). Parent-adolescent relations and adolescent functioning: Self-esteem, substance abuse, and delinquency. Adolescence, 39 (155), 519-530.
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40 (3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
• Rinaldi, C. M., & Howe, N. (2003). Perceptions of constructive and destructive conflict within and across family subsystems. Infant and Child Development, 12 (5), 441-459. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.324
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8 (2), 23-74.
• Schneider, B. H., & Younger, A. J. (1996). Adolescent-parent attachment and adolescents' relations with their peers: A closer look. Youth & Society, 28 (1), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X96028001004
• Seginer, R. (1998). Adolescents' perceptions of relationships with older sibling in the context of other close relationships. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8 (3), 287-308. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0803_1
• Shek, D. T. L. (2000). Parental marital quality and well-being, parent-child relationship quality, and Chinese adolescent adjustment. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 28 (2), 147-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/019261800261725
• Shomaker, L. B., & Furman, W. (2009). Parent-adolescent relationship qualities, internal working models, and styles as predictors of adolescents’ observed interactions with friends. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26 (5), 579-603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509354441
• Shumow, L., & Lomax, R. (2002). Parental efficacy: Predictor of parenting behavior and adolescent outcomes. Parenting, 2 (2), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327922PAR0202_03
• Silverberg, S. B., & Steinberg, L. (1987). Adolescent autonomy, parent-adolescent conflict, and parental well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16 (3), 293-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02139096
• Smetana, J. G. (2005). Adolescent–parent conflict: Resistance and subversion as developmental process. In L. Nucci (Ed.). Conflict, contradiction, and contrarian elements in moral development and education, (pp. 69 –91). Erlbaum.
• Smith, K. A., & Forehand, R. (1986). Parent-adolescent conflict: Comparison and prediction of the perceptions of mothers, fathers, and daughters. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 6 (4), 353-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431686064006
• South, S. C., Krueger, R. F., Johnson, W., & Iacono, W. G. (2008). Adolescent personality moderates genetic and environmental influences on relationships with parents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94 (5), 899-912. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.899
• Stanik, C. E., Riina, E. M., & McHale, S. M. (2013). Parent–adolescent relationship qualities and adolescent adjustment in two‐parent African American families. Family Relations, 62 (4), 597-608. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12020
• Steinberg, L. & Silk, J. S. (2002). Handbook of parenting volume 1 children and parenting. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.). Parenting adolescents, (pp. 103-134). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11,1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.00001
• Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk taking in adolescence: what changes, and why? Annuals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1308.005
• Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52 (1), 83-110. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83
• Stevenson, M. M., Fabricius, W. V., Cookston, J. T., Parke, R. D., Coltrane, S., Braver, S. L., & Saenz, D. S. (2014). Marital problems, maternal gatekeeping attitudes, and father–child relationships in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 50 (4), 1208-1218. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035327
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı. (Çev. Ed. M. Baloğlu). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık.
• Tonia, B. (1994). The effects of marital distress on parent-adolescent and sibling subsystems in nuclear families[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Pacific Graduate School of Psychology.
• Updegraff, K. A., Thayer, S. M., Whiteman, S. D., Denning, D. J., & McHale, S. M. (2005). Relational aggression in adolescents’ sibling relationships: Links to sibling and parent‐adolescent relationship quality. Family Relations, 54 (3), 373-385.
• Wainright, J. L., & Patterson, C. J. (2008). Peer relations among adolescents with female same-sex parents. Developmental Psychology, 44 (1), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.117
• Walker-Barnes, C. J., & Mason, C. A. (2004). Delinquency and substance use among gang‐involved youth: The moderating role of parenting practices. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34 (3-4), 235-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-004-7417-1
• Wang, B., Stanton, B., Li, X., Cottrell, L., Deveaux, L., & Kaljee, L. (2013). The influence of parental monitoring and parent-adolescent communication on Bahamian adolescent risk involvement: A three-year longitudinal examination. Social Science & Medicine, 97, 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.013
• Weston, R., & Gore, P. A. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34 (5), 719-751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286345
• Weymouth, B. B., Buehler, C., Zhou, N., & Henson, R. A. (2016). A meta-analysis of parent-adolescent conflict: Disagreement, hostility, and youth maladjustment. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 8, 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12126
• Whiteman, S. D., & Buchanan, C. M. (2002). Mothers' and children's expectations for adolescence: the impact of perceptions of an older sibling's experience. Journal of Family Psychology, 16 (2), 157-171. Yıldırım, İ. (2004). Eş Destek Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3 (22), 19-26.
• Zeiders, K. H., Roosa, M. W., & Tein, J. Y. (2011). Family structure and family processes in Mexican‐American families. Family Process, 50 (1), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2010.01347.x