Araştırma Makalesi

In the Late Ottoman State: Shiite Ulama and Their Organization in the Atabāt al-Āliyah Region

Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3 15 Aralık 2025
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In the Late Ottoman State: Shiite Ulama and Their Organization in the Atabāt al-Āliyah Region

Öz

This article examines the Shiite ulama's social and economic organization, which established its presence in the Atabāt region, its political and activist groups, and the factors that facilitated their emergence. The research investigates the perception of the Sunni state in the late Ottoman Empire and the reasons behind the spread of Shiism in southern Iraq, which became a dominant power in the region. In doing so, the focus was on the state's reactions to the spread of Shiism, which were analyzed from the Sunni state's perspective. The scope of the research focuses on the period between the Qajar Dynasty (1796) and the First World War. In the early days of the Ottoman Empire, people of different religions and sects lived in the border regions. With the opening of madrasahs and the rise of the ulama, the state turned to a more madrasah-based Islam. The socio-cultural divide between the center and the periphery widened as Sunni authoritarianism gained influence in the center. Some Anatolian Turkman communities became part of the Safavid State. In the eastern part of the empire, this situation was exploited to the advantage of the Safavid Dynasty (1501–1736). Early in the 16th century, the Safavids crystallized Ottoman Sunnism and established Shiism as the official state religion. Thus, the two states engaged in fierce battles as they sought to present themselves as global empires and the sole defenders of Islam. This process influenced the stability of sectarianism in both nations, the legitimacy discourses they employed, and their attitudes in forming their communities. The Safavids continued their theological conflict until 1722, when the Afghans decisively defeated them. The subsequent period saw extensive negotiations regarding the Sunni-Shia war between Mahmud I (1730–1754) and Nadir Shah (1736–1747). However, Shiism was not recognized as a Sunni sect. The conflict between Sunnis and Shiites, which had been absent from the agenda for a long time, entered a new era with the establishment of Shiite ulama as dawah (invitation) centers in Atabāt al-Āliyah (Najaf, Karbala, Kazmiyya, and Samarra) and the rise to power of the Qajar Dynasty (1796-1925) in Iran in the early 19th century. The sources for this research include Ottoman archival documents, British archival documents, and secondary literature on the topic. In the relevant archival documents, it is possible to observe the Ottoman state's Sunni reactions and the Iraqi Shiite ulama's emergence as a dominant force in the region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Abbas, Ziya. Irak’ta Şiî Merciliği’nin Siyasî Rolü. İstanbul: Önsöz Yayıncılık, 2013.
  2. Algar, Hamid. “Abdullah b. İsmail Bihbehânî”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 6/142. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1992.
  3. Algar, Hamid. “Atâbat”. Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. Accessed 8 July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6046
  4. Algar, Hamid. “Mâzenderânî”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 28/190-192. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2003.
  5. Algar, Hamid. “Merci-i Taklîd”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 29/172-174. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2004.
  6. Algar, Hamid. “Muhammed Bakır Bihbehânî”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 6/143. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1992.
  7. Algar, Hamid. Religion and State in Iran 1785-1906: The Role of the Ulama in the Qajar Period. Los Angeles: University of Colifornia Press, 1980.
  8. Arjomand, Said Amir. The Shadow of God and the Hidden İmam: Religion, Political Order, and Societal Change in Shi’ite Iran from the Beginning to 1890. London: Chicago Press, 1984.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Tarihsel Çalışmalar (Diğer), İslam Mezhepleri, İslam Araştırmaları (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

15 Aralık 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

24 Ocak 2025

Kabul Tarihi

16 Mayıs 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Ekinci, A., & Şenel, S. (2025). In the Late Ottoman State: Shiite Ulama and Their Organization in the Atabāt al-Āliyah Region. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi, 29(3), 33-58. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1626541
AMA
1.Ekinci A, Şenel S. In the Late Ottoman State: Shiite Ulama and Their Organization in the Atabāt al-Āliyah Region. CUID. 2025;29(3):33-58. doi:10.18505/cuid.1626541
Chicago
Ekinci, Abdullah, ve Serkan Şenel. 2025. “In the Late Ottoman State: Shiite Ulama and Their Organization in the Atabāt al-Āliyah Region”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 29 (3): 33-58. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1626541.
EndNote
Ekinci A, Şenel S (01 Aralık 2025) In the Late Ottoman State: Shiite Ulama and Their Organization in the Atabāt al-Āliyah Region. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 29 3 33–58.
IEEE
[1]A. Ekinci ve S. Şenel, “In the Late Ottoman State: Shiite Ulama and Their Organization in the Atabāt al-Āliyah Region”, CUID, c. 29, sy 3, ss. 33–58, Ara. 2025, doi: 10.18505/cuid.1626541.
ISNAD
Ekinci, Abdullah - Şenel, Serkan. “In the Late Ottoman State: Shiite Ulama and Their Organization in the Atabāt al-Āliyah Region”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 29/3 (01 Aralık 2025): 33-58. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1626541.
JAMA
1.Ekinci A, Şenel S. In the Late Ottoman State: Shiite Ulama and Their Organization in the Atabāt al-Āliyah Region. CUID. 2025;29:33–58.
MLA
Ekinci, Abdullah, ve Serkan Şenel. “In the Late Ottoman State: Shiite Ulama and Their Organization in the Atabāt al-Āliyah Region”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi, c. 29, sy 3, Aralık 2025, ss. 33-58, doi:10.18505/cuid.1626541.
Vancouver
1.Abdullah Ekinci, Serkan Şenel. In the Late Ottoman State: Shiite Ulama and Their Organization in the Atabāt al-Āliyah Region. CUID. 01 Aralık 2025;29(3):33-58. doi:10.18505/cuid.1626541

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