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Dini Tutum, Paranormal İnanç ve Eleştirel Düşünme Eğilimi İlişkisi: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 914 - 934, 15.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1521799

Öz

Bu araştırmada dini tutum, paranormal inanç ve eleştirel düşünme eğilimi arasındaki ilişkiler incelenerek bu ilişkiler arasındaki değişkenler anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma nicel desenli ve ilişkisel tarama yöntemi ile hazırlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi ve Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi’nin ilahiyat, eğitim ve sağlık bilimleri/tıp fakültelerinde öğrenim gören 626 gönüllü katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Veriler, katılımcıların demografik özelliklerine ilişkin kişisel bilgi formu ile Ok-Dini Tutum Ölçeği, Paranormal İnanç Ölçeği ve Eleştirel Düşünme Eğilimi Ölçeği kullanılarak sahada anket yöntemi vasıtasıyla toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizleri yapmak için IBM SPSS Statistics-26 kullanılmış; değişkenler arası ilişkileri belirlemek maksadıyla korelasyon ve basit doğrusal regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada dini tutum ile paranormal inanç arasında pozitif yönde (r=0.418; p=0.000) anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiş olup bununla birlikte dini tutumun paranormal inançtaki değişimin yaklaşık %17’sini (Düzeltilmiş R2=0,173) açıkladığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular, dini tutumun paranormal inancı destekleyen önemli bir faktör olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Dini tutum ile eleştirel düşünme eğilimi arasındaki ilişkide anlamlı bir ilişki olmayıp dini tutum eleştirel düşünme eğilimindeki değişimin yaklaşık %1’ini (Düzeltilmiş R2=0,003) açıkladığı görülmektedir. Eleştirel düşünme eğilimi ile paranormal inanç ilişkisinde düşük düzeyde negatif ilişkilerin olduğu saptanmıştır (r=-0.111, p<0,05). Eleştirel düşünme eğilimi paranormal inançtaki değişimin yaklaşık %1’ini (Düzeltilmiş R2=0,009) açıklamaktadır. Literatür incelendiğinde dini tutum ile paranormal inanç arasında pozitif bir sonuç beklenmektedir. Bu bağlamda sonuçların literatüre uygun olduğu söylenebilir. Araştırma verilerine dayanarak dini tutum ile paranormal inancın benzer insan deneyimlerinden kaynaklı tıpkı dini tecrübeler gibi addedildiği bu sebeple aralarında yüksek korelasyon olduğu ifade edilebilir. Eleştirel düşünme eğiliminin paranormal inançla olan negatif ilişkisi eleştirel düşünme eğilimine sahip bireylerin şüpheci yaklaşıma sahip olmasıyla ilgili olabilecekken bu oranın oldukça düşük düzeyde olması ise düşündürücüdür. Ancak literatürde üniversite öğrencilerinin bu tür paranormal fenomenlere olan eğiliminin yüksek çıkması sonuçların literatüre uygunluk gösterdiğine işaret etmektedir. Son olarak bu ilişkiler Batı toplum yapısı ile Doğu arasındaki ayrımlardan kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Zira Uzak doğu örneklerinde din ve paranormal iç içe geçmiştir ancak Batıda bu ikisi arasında keskin ayrımlar söz konusudur. Benzer şekilde Türk toplumunda dini tutuma sahip olmak eleştirel düşünebilmenin önünde bir engel teşkil etmiyor olabilir. Ancak çalışmalardaki çeşitlilik ve farklı sonuçların ortaya çıkması yeni çalışmaların yapılmasına olan ihtiyacı ortaya koymaktadır. Farklı örneklemler ve değişkenlerle yapılacak sonuçlar bu ilişkilerin nedenleri ve sonuçlarına yönelik daha doğru yaklaşımları ortaya koyacaktır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma Doç. Dr. Sema Yılmaz danışmanlığında 10 Ağustos 2023 tarihinde tamamlanan “Dindarlık Paranormal İnanç İlişkisinde Eleştirel Düşünmenin Rolü” başlıklı doktora tezi esas alınarak hazırlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

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  • Arslan, Mustafa. “Paranormal İnanç Ölçeğinin Türkçe Versiyonunun Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1/2 (2010), 23-40.
  • Arslan, Mustafa. Paranormalizm ve Din. İstanbul: Bilsam Yayınları, 2011.
  • Bader, Christopher D. vd. “Countervailing Forces: Religiosity and Paranormal Belief in Italy”. Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion 51/4 (2012), 705-720. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01674.x
  • Bahçekapili, Hasan G. - Yilmaz, Onurcan. “The Relation between Different Types of Religiosity and Analytic Cognitive Style”. Personality and Individual Differences 117 (2017), 267-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.013
  • Bassham, Gregory. Critical Thinking A Student’s Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
  • Beck, R. - Miller, J.P. “Erosion of belief and disbelief: Effects of religiosity and negative affect on beliefs in the paranormal and supernatural”. The Journal of Social Psychology Query date: 2022-11-29 01:35:23 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600551
  • Blackmoore, Susan J. “A Postal Survey of OBEs and Other Experiences”. The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 52/796 (1984), 225-244.
  • Blackmore, Susan - Trościanko, Tom. “Belief in the paranormal: Probability judgements, illusory control, and the ‘chance baseline shift’”. British Journal of Psychology 76 (1985), 459-468.
  • Braude, Stephen E. “On the Meaning of ‘Paranormal’”. Philosophy and Parapsychology. ed. Jan Ludwig. New York: Prometheus Books, 1978.
  • Clarke, Dave. “Experience and other reasons given for belief and disbelief in paranormal and religious phenomena.” Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 60/541 (1995), 371-384.
  • Clobert, Magali - Saroglou, Vassilis. “Religion, Paranormal Beliefs, and Distrust in Science: Comparing East versus West”. Archive for the Psychology of Religion 37/2 (2015), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1163/15736121- 12341302
  • Cohen, Cohen. Critical Thinking Skills for Dummies. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2015.
  • Demircioğlu, Ebru. Eleştirel Düşünme Eğilimi Ölçeginin Uyarlama Çalısması ve Faktör Yapısının Farklı Degişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi. Bolu: Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2012.
  • Duran, M. Emrullah. “Eleştirel Düşünme ve Dindarlık: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Nicel Bir Araştırma”. Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 23/43 (2021), 54-79.
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  • Evans, Evelyn - Lane, Jonathan D. “Contradictory or Complementary? Creationist and Evolutionist Explanations of the Origin(s) of Species”. Human Development 54 (2011), 144-159. https://doi.org/10.1159/000329130
  • Facione, Peter A. Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Purposes of Educational Assessment and Instruction. Millbrae: CA: California Academic Press, 1990.
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  • Finley, Anna J. vd. “Revisiting the Relationship between Individual Differences in Analytic Thinking and Religious Belief: Evidence That Measurement Order Moderates Their Inverse Correlation”. Plos One 10/9 (2015), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138922
  • FioRito, Taylor A. vd. “Religion, Paranormal Beliefs, and Meaning in Life”. Brain & Behavior, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2020.1824938
  • Garrett, Bernard M. - Cutting, Roger L. “Magical Beliefsand Discriminating Science from Pseudosciencein Undergraduate Professional Students”. Heliyon 3/11 (2017), 2-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017. e00433
  • Gervais, Will M. - Norenzayan, Ara. “Analytic Thinking Promotes Religious Disbelief”. Science 336/6080 (2012), 493-496. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215647
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  • Haraldsson, Erlendur - Houtkooper, Joop M. “Traditional Christian Beliefs, Spiritualism, and the Paranormal: An Icelandic–American Comparison”. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 6/1 (1996), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0601_6
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The Relations Between Religious Attitudes, Paranormal Beliefs And Critical Thinking Disposition: A Study Among Undergraduate Students

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 914 - 934, 15.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1521799

Öz

In this study, the relationships between religious attitudes, paranormal beliefs and critical thinking tendency were examined and the variables between these relationships were tried to be understood. The study was prepared with quantitative design and relational survey method. The sample of the study consisted of 626 volunteer participants studying at the faculties of theology, education and health sciences/medicine of Sivas Cumhuriyet University and Dokuz Eylül University. The data were collected through a personal information form regarding the demographic characteristics of the participants and a field survey method using the Ok-Religious Attitude Scale, Paranormal Belief Scale and Critical Thinking Disposition Scale. IBM SPSS Statistics-26 was used to analyze the data obtained; correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis were applied to determine the direction and degree of relationships between variables. In the study, a significant positive relationship was found between religious attitude and paranormal belief (r=0.418; p=0.000), and it was determined that religious attitude explained approximately 17% of the change in paranormal belief (Adjusted R2=0.173). These findings reveal that religious attitude is an important factor supporting paranormal belief. There was no significant relationship between religious attitude and critical thinking disposition, and religious attitude explained approximately 1% (Adjusted R2=0.003) of the change in critical thinking disposition. There was a low level negative relationship between critical thinking disposition and paranormal belief (r=-0.111, p<0.05). Critical thinking disposition explains approximately 1% of the change in paranormal belief (Adjusted R2=0.009). When the literature is examined, a positive result is expected between religious attitude and paranormal belief. In this context, it can be said that the results are in line with the literature. Based on the research data, it can be stated that religious attitude and paranormal beliefs are considered to be just like religious experiences due to similar human experiences, so there is a high correlation between them. While the negative relationship between critical thinking tendency and paranormal beliefs may be related to the fact that individuals with critical thinking tendency have a skeptical approach, the fact that this rate is quite low is thought-provoking. However, the high tendency of university students towards such paranormal phenomena in the literature indicates that the results are in line with the literature. Finally, these relationships may be due to the differences between the Western social structure and the East. In the Far East, religion and the paranormal are intertwined, but in the West, there are sharp distinctions between these two. Similarly, having a religious attitude in Turkish society may not be an obstacle to critical thinking. However, the diversity in the studies and the emergence of different results reveal the need for new studies. Results with different samples and variables will reveal more accurate approaches to the causes and consequences of these relationships.

Kaynakça

  • Aarnio, Kia - Lindeman, Marjaana. “Religious People and Paranormal Believers: Alike or Different?” Journal of Individual Differences 28/1 (2007), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.28.1.1
  • Alcock, James E. - Otis, Laura P. “Critical Thinking and Belief in The Paranormal”. Psychological Reports 46/2 (1980), 479-482. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1980.46.2.479
  • Arslan, Mustafa. “Paranormal İnanç Ölçeğinin Türkçe Versiyonunun Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1/2 (2010), 23-40.
  • Arslan, Mustafa. Paranormalizm ve Din. İstanbul: Bilsam Yayınları, 2011.
  • Bader, Christopher D. vd. “Countervailing Forces: Religiosity and Paranormal Belief in Italy”. Journal for The Scientific Study of Religion 51/4 (2012), 705-720. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01674.x
  • Bahçekapili, Hasan G. - Yilmaz, Onurcan. “The Relation between Different Types of Religiosity and Analytic Cognitive Style”. Personality and Individual Differences 117 (2017), 267-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.013
  • Bassham, Gregory. Critical Thinking A Student’s Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
  • Beck, R. - Miller, J.P. “Erosion of belief and disbelief: Effects of religiosity and negative affect on beliefs in the paranormal and supernatural”. The Journal of Social Psychology Query date: 2022-11-29 01:35:23 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600551
  • Blackmoore, Susan J. “A Postal Survey of OBEs and Other Experiences”. The Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 52/796 (1984), 225-244.
  • Blackmore, Susan - Trościanko, Tom. “Belief in the paranormal: Probability judgements, illusory control, and the ‘chance baseline shift’”. British Journal of Psychology 76 (1985), 459-468.
  • Braude, Stephen E. “On the Meaning of ‘Paranormal’”. Philosophy and Parapsychology. ed. Jan Ludwig. New York: Prometheus Books, 1978.
  • Clarke, Dave. “Experience and other reasons given for belief and disbelief in paranormal and religious phenomena.” Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 60/541 (1995), 371-384.
  • Clobert, Magali - Saroglou, Vassilis. “Religion, Paranormal Beliefs, and Distrust in Science: Comparing East versus West”. Archive for the Psychology of Religion 37/2 (2015), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1163/15736121- 12341302
  • Cohen, Cohen. Critical Thinking Skills for Dummies. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2015.
  • Demircioğlu, Ebru. Eleştirel Düşünme Eğilimi Ölçeginin Uyarlama Çalısması ve Faktör Yapısının Farklı Degişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi. Bolu: Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2012.
  • Duran, M. Emrullah. “Eleştirel Düşünme ve Dindarlık: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Nicel Bir Araştırma”. Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 23/43 (2021), 54-79.
  • Durkheim, Emile. The Division of Labour in Society. New York: Free Press, 1964.
  • Evans, Evelyn - Lane, Jonathan D. “Contradictory or Complementary? Creationist and Evolutionist Explanations of the Origin(s) of Species”. Human Development 54 (2011), 144-159. https://doi.org/10.1159/000329130
  • Facione, Peter A. Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Purposes of Educational Assessment and Instruction. Millbrae: CA: California Academic Press, 1990.
  • Factor, Robert M. - Meyer, Richard. “Supernatural Beliefs of Graduate Students”. Nature 234/362 (1971), 278- 279.
  • Finley, Anna J. vd. “Revisiting the Relationship between Individual Differences in Analytic Thinking and Religious Belief: Evidence That Measurement Order Moderates Their Inverse Correlation”. Plos One 10/9 (2015), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138922
  • FioRito, Taylor A. vd. “Religion, Paranormal Beliefs, and Meaning in Life”. Brain & Behavior, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2020.1824938
  • Garrett, Bernard M. - Cutting, Roger L. “Magical Beliefsand Discriminating Science from Pseudosciencein Undergraduate Professional Students”. Heliyon 3/11 (2017), 2-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017. e00433
  • Gervais, Will M. - Norenzayan, Ara. “Analytic Thinking Promotes Religious Disbelief”. Science 336/6080 (2012), 493-496. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215647
  • Gilovich, Thomas. How we know what isn’t so: The fallibility of human reason in everyday life. New York: Free Press, 1991.
  • Giménez, Marta - Harris, Paul L. “Children’s Acceptance of Conflicting Testimony: The Case of Death”. Journal of Cognition and Culture 5/1-2 (2005), 143-164. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568537054068606
  • Haraldsson, Erlendur - Houtkooper, Joop M. “Traditional Christian Beliefs, Spiritualism, and the Paranormal: An Icelandic–American Comparison”. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 6/1 (1996), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0601_6
  • Hill, Peter C. vd. “Din ve Maneviyatı Kavramlaştırma: Birleşme ve Ayrılma Noktaları”. çev. Nurten Kımter. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 3 (2013), 85-118.
  • Irwin, Harvey J. “Belief in the Paranormal: A Review of the Empirical Literature”. The Journal of the American Scoiety for Psychical Research 87 (1993), 1-39.
  • Irwin, Harvey J. vd. “Neuro-Cognitive Factors Contributing to The Role of Doublethink And Other Coping Processes in Paranormal and Related Beliefs”. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 79.2/919 (2015), 80-97.
  • Irwin, Harvey J. The Psychology of Paranormal Belief A Researcher’s Handbook. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press, 2009.
  • Irwin, Harvey J. “Thinking Style and the Making of a Paranormal Disbelief”. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 79/3 (2015), 129-139.
  • İnci, Ayhan - Yarar, Ferhat. “Batıl İnançların Psikolojisi”. Pivolka 4/17 (2015), 15-19.
  • Karasar, Niyazi. Bilimsel Araştırema Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, 34. Basım., 2019.
  • Köse, Ali - Ayten, Ali. “Bâtıl İnanç Ve Davranışlar Üzerine Psikososyolojik Bir Analiz”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi IX/3 (2009), 45-70.
  • Ku, Kelly Y. - Ho, İrene T. “Metacognitive Strategies That Enhance Critical Thinking”. Metacognition and Learning 5/3 (2010), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-010-9060-6
  • Kumar, Pradeep vd. “Personality and Paranormal Belief: A Study among University Students”. Journal of Psychosocial Research 15/2 (2020), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.32381/JPR.2020.15.02.14
  • Kurtz, Paul. A Skeptic’s Handbook of Parapsychology. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus, 1985.
  • Lai, Y. K. “Assessing Students’ Critical Thinking Performance: Urging for Measurements Using Multi-Response Format”. Thinking Skills and Creativity 4/1 (2009), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2009.02.001
  • Malinowski, Bronislaw. Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1954.
  • Marks, David. The Psychology of the Psychic. New York: Prometheus, 2000.
  • Mason, Mark. Critical Thinking and Learning. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
  • Mauss, Marcel. A General Theory of Magic. London: Routledge, 2nd Edition., 2001.
  • Moon, Jennifer. Imagining the Impossible: Magical, Scientific, and Religious Thinking in Children. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
  • Ok, Üzeyir. “Dini Tutum Ölçeği: Ölçek Geliştirme ve Geçerlik Çalışması”. Uluslarası İslami İlimler Dergisi 8/2 (2011), 528-549.
  • Orenstein, Alan. “Religion and Paranormal Belief”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41/2 (2002), 301- 311. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00118
  • Otis, Laura P. - Alcock, James E. “Factors Affecting Extraordinary Belief”. The Journal of Social Psychology 118/1 (1982), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1982.9924420
  • Palmer, John. “A Community Mail Survey of Psychic Experiences”. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 73/3 (1979), 221-251.
  • Paloutzian, Raymond F. - Park, Crystal L. Din ve Maneviyat Psikolojisi: Temel Yaklaşımlar ve İlgi Alanları. çev. İhsan Çapçıoğlu - Ali Ayten. Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi, 2013.
  • Pargament, Kennet I. “The Bitter and The Sweet: An Evaluation of The Costs and Benefits of Religiousness”. Psychological Inquiry 13 (2002), 168-181.
  • Pasachoff, J. M. vd. “Belief in the supernatural among Harvard and West African university students”. Nature 227/5261 (1970), 971-972.
  • Pennycook, Gordon vd. “Cognitive style and religiosity: The role of conflict detection”. Psychonomic Society 42/1 (2014), 1-10.
  • Possamai, A. vd. “Conventional and unconventional forms of religiosity: identifying predictive factors and wellbeing outcomes”. … for the Study of Spirituality. https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2020.1817249
  • Rice, Tom W. “Believe It Or Not: Religious and Other Paranormal Beliefs in the United States”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42/1 (2003), 95-106.
  • Rogers, P. vd. “Belief in the paranormal, coping and emotional intelligence”. Personality and Individual Differences, 41/6 (2006), 1089-1105.
  • Rosengren, Karl S. - Gutierrez, Isabel T. “Searching for Coherence in a Complex World: Introduction to the Special Issue on Explanatory Coexistence”. Human Development 54/3 (2011), 123-125. https://doi.org/10.1159/000329126
  • Salter, Charles A. - Routledge, Lewis M. “Supernatural Beliefs among Graduate Students at the University of Pennsylvania”. Nature 232 (1971), 278-279.
  • Seferoğlu, Sadi S. - Akbıyık, Cenk. “Eleştirel Düşünme ve Ögretimi”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 30 (2006), 193-200.
  • Shermer, Michael. Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time. New York: W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co, 1997.
  • Shiah, Yung-Jong vd. “Paranormal Beliefs and Religiosity: Chinese Version of the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale”. Psychological Reports 107/2 (2010), 367-382. https://doi.org/10.2466/08.09.17.PR0.107.5.367-382
  • Sjöberg, Lennart - Wåhlberg, Anders af. “Risk Perception and New Age Beliefs”. Risk Analysis 22/4 (2002), 751- 764. https://doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.00066
  • Şahin, Meryem vd. “Dindarlık ve Biliş: İçsel Dini Motivasyon ile Eleştirel Düşünme ve İkili Düşünme Arasındaki İlişkiler”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 27/1 (2023), 281-296. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1238218
  • Thalbourne, Michael A. A Glossary of Terms Used in Parapsychology. London: Heinemann, 1982.
  • Tishman, Shari vd. “Teaching thinking dispositions: From transmission to enculturation”. Theory into Practic 32/3 (1993), 147-153.
  • Tobacyk, Jerome J. vd. “Paranormal Beliefs and Locus of Control: A Multidimensional Examination”. Journal of Personality Assessment 52/2 (1988), 241-246.
  • Tobacyk, Jerome J. - Milford, Gary. “Belief in Paranormal Phenomena: Assessment Instrument Development and Implications for Personality Functioning”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1029-1037.
  • Tobacyk, Jerome J. - Milford, Gary. “Criterion Validity for Ellis’ Irratıonal Beliefs : Dogmatism and Uncritical Inferences”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 38/3 (1982), 605-607.
  • Vyse, Stuart. Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Willard, Aiyana K. - Norenzayan, Ara. “Cognitive Biases Explain Religious Belief, Paranormal Belief, and Belief in Life’s Purpose”. Cognition 129/2 (2013), 379-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.07.016
  • Wilson, J. A. “Reducing Pseudoscientific and Paranormal Beliefs in University Students through A Course in Science and Critical Thinking”. Science & Education. Springer, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-018-9956-0
  • Wilson, Marc Stewart vd. “Differences and Similarities in Religious and Paranormal Beliefs: A Typology of Distinct Faith Signatures”. Religion, Brain & Behavior 4/2 (2014), 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2013.779934
  • Yonker, Julie E. vd. “Primed Analytic Thought and Religiosity: The Importance of Individual Characteristics”. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 8/4 (2016), 298-308. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000095
  • Yüksel, A. vd. “Eleştirel Düşünme Eğiliminin Dindarlık Üzerine Etkisi: İlahiyat Fakültesi Öğrencileri Örneği” 6/3 (2021), 1086-1132. https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.970684
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Psikolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Halit Kalli 0000-0001-8052-1209

Sema Yılmaz 0000-0001-5076-1500

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 4 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Kalli, Halit - Yılmaz, Sema. “Dini Tutum, Paranormal İnanç Ve Eleştirel Düşünme Eğilimi İlişkisi: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 28/2 (Aralık 2024), 914-934. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1521799.

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