The Resource Curse - What Have We Learned from Two Decades of Intensive Research

Öz

There has been increasing interest in the so-called ‘resource curse’, that is the tendency of resource-rich countries to underperform in several development outcomes. This has generated a mountain of (often contradictory) evidence leaving many floundering in the flood of information. This special issue compiles eight papers from some of the most prominent contributors to this literature, combining original research with critical reflection on the current stock of knowledge. The studies collectively emphasise the complexities and conditionalities of the ‘curse’ – its presence/intensity is largely context-specific, depending on the type of resources, sociopolitical institutions and linkages with the rest of the economy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Resource curse
• Natural resources
• Dutch disease

Kaynak Talihsizliği - Son 20 Yılda Yapılan Yoğun Araştırmalardan Neler Öğrendik

Öz

‘Kaynak talihsizliği’ -kaynak zengini ekonomilerin belirli kalkınma göstergeleri bakımından beklenenden daha düşük performans göstermesi- hakkında artan bir ilgi söz konusudur. Bu ilgi artışı beraberinde bilgi kirliliğini de içerebilen ve genellikle çelişkili olan birçok bulgu türetmiştir. Bu çalışma, ilgili literatürün en önemli yazarlarından bazılarının sekiz önemli makalesini derleyerek, orijinal araştırma alanını mevcut bilgi birikimi ile eleştirel bir bakış çerçevesinde birleştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Çalışmalar toplu olarak ‘talihsizliğin’ karmaşıklığını ve koşullarını vurgulamakta – talihsizliğin varlığı/yoğunluğu büyük oranda durum-spesifik olup, kaynakların türlerine, sosyopolitik kurumlara ve ekonominin geri kalanıyla olan ilişkisine bağlıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kaynak talihsizliği
• Doğal kaynaklar
• Hollanda hastalığı

Kaynakça

1. Aizenman, J., & Lee, J. (2010). Real exchange rate, mercantilism and the learning by doing externality. Pacific Economic Review, 15, 324–335. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0106.2010.00505.x
2. Angrist, J. D., & Kugler, A. D. (2008). Rural windfall or a new resource curse? Coca, income, and civil conflict in Colombia. Review of Economics and Statistics, 90, 191–215. doi:10.1162/rest.90.2.191
3. Arellano-Yanguas, J. (2011). Aggravating the resource curse: Decentralisation, mining and conflict in Peru. Journal of Development Studies, 47, 617–638. doi:10.1080/00220381003706478
4. Arezki, R., & Brückner, M. (2010). International commodity price shocks, democracy, and external debt (IMF Working Paper No10/53). Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
5. Arezki, R., & Brückner, M. (2012). Resource windfalls and emerging market sovereign bond spreads: The role of political institutions. The World Bank Economic Review, 26, 78–99. doi:10.1093/wber/lhr015
6. Atkinson, G., & Hamilton, K. (2003). Savings, growth and the resource curse hypothesis. World Development, 31, 1793–1807. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.05.001
7. Auty, R. M. (1993). Sustaining development in mineral economies: The resource curse thesis. London: Routledge.
8. Auty, R. M. (1994). Industrial policy reform in six large newly industrializing countries: The resource curse thesis. World Development, 22, 11–26. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(94)90165-1

9. Auty, R. M. (in press). Natural resources and small island economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago. Journal of Development Studies. doi:10.1080/00220388.2016.1160063
10. Auty, R. M., & Pontara, N. (2008). A dual-track strategy for managing Mauritania’s projected oil rent. Development Policy Review, 26, 59–77. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2008.00398.x
11. Bainton, N. (2008). The genesis and the escalation of desire and antipathy in the Lihir Islands, Papua New Guinea. The Journal of Pacific History, 43, 289–312. doi:10.1080/00223340802499609
12. Banks, G. (2007). Mining, social change and corporate social responsibility: Drawing lines in the Papua New Guinea mud. In S. Firth (Ed.), Globalisation and governance in the Pacific Islands (ss. 259–274). Canberra: Australian National University Press.
13. Banks, G. (2009). Activities of TNCs in extractive industries in Asia and the Pacific: Implications for development. Transnational Corporations, 18, 43–59.
14. Benson, P., & Kirsch, S. (2010). Capitalism and the politics of resignation. Current Anthropology, 51, 459–486. doi:10.1086/ 653091
15. Birdsall, N., Pinckney, T., & Sabot, R. (2001). Natural resources, human capital and growth. In R. Auty (Ed.), Resource abundance and economic development (ss. 57–75). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Boschini, A. D., Pettersson, J., & Roine, J. (2007). Resource curse or not: A question of appropriability. Scandinavian Journal of Economics., 109, 593–617. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2007.00509.x
17. Brunnschweiler, C. N., & Bulte, E. (2008). The resource curse revisited and revised: A tale of paradoxes and red herrings. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 55, 248–264. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2007.08.004
18. Buccellato, T., & Mickiewicz, T. (2009). Oil and gas: A blessing for the few. Hydrocarbons and inequality within regions in Russia. Europe-Asia Studies, 61, 385–407. doi:10.1080/09668130902753275
19. Bulte, E., Damania, R., & Deacon, R. (2005). Resource intensity, institutions, and development. World Development, 33, 1029–1044. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.04.004
20. Cavalcanti, T. V., Mohaddes, K., & Raissi, M. (2011). Growth, development and natural resources: New evidence using a heterogeneous panel analysis. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 51, 305–318. doi:10.1016/j. qref.2011.07.007
21. Collier, P. (in press). The institutional and psychological foundations of natural resource policies. Journal of Development Studies. doi:10.1080/00220388.2016.1160067
22. Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2005). Resource rents, governance and conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49, 625–633. doi:10.1177/0022002705277551
23. Corden, M. W. (1984). Booming sector and Dutch disease economics: Survey and consolidation. Oxford Economic Papers, 36, 359–380.
24. Corden, W. M., & Neary, J. P. (1982). Booming sector and de-industrialisation in a small open economy. The Economic Journal, 92, 825–848. doi:10.2307/2232670
25. Crook, T. (2007). Machine-thinking: Changing social and bodily divisions around the Ok Tedi mining project. In S. Bamford (Ed.), Embodying modernity and postmodernity: Ritual, praxis, and social change in Melanesia (ss. 69–104). Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
26. Daniele, V. (2011). Natural resources and the ‘quality’ of economic development. Journal of Development Studies, 47, 545–573. doi:10.1080/00220388.2010.506915
27. Dietz, S., Neumayer, E., & de Soysa, I. (2007). Corruption, the resource curse and genuine saving. Environment and Development Economics, 12, 33–53. doi:10.1017/S1355770X06003378
28. El Anshasy, A. A., & Katsaiti, M.-S. (2013). Natural resources and fiscal performance: Does good governance matter? Journal of Macroeconomics, 37(September 2013), 285–298. doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.05.006
29. Frankel, J. A. (2010). The natural resource curse: A survey (NBER Working Paper No. 15836). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
30. Gilberthorpe, E. (2013). In the shadow of industry: A study of culturization in Papua New Guinea. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 19, 261–278. doi:10.1111/1467-9655.12032
31. Gilberthorpe, E. (2014). Community development and mining in Papua New Guinea: The role of anthropology in the extractive industries. Journal of Community Development, 48, 466–483. doi:10.1093/cdj/bst028
32. Gilberthorpe, E., & Banks, G. (2012). Development on whose terms?: CSR discourse and social realities in Papua New Guinea’s extractive industries sector. Resources Policy, 37, 185–193. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2011.09.005
33. Gilberthorpe, E., & Papyrakis, E. (2015). The extractive industries and development: The resource curse at the micro, meso and macro levels. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2, 381–390. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2015.02.008.
34. Gilberthorpe, E., & Rajak, D. (in press). The anthropology of extraction: Critical perspectives on the resource curse. Journal of Development Studies. doi:10.1080/00220388.2016.1160064
35. Golub, A. (2007). Ironies of organization: Landowners, land registration, and Papua New Guinea’s mining and petroleum industry. Human Organization, 66, 38–48. doi:10.17730/humo.66.1.157563342241q348
36. Gylfason, T. (2001). Natural resources, education, and economic development. European Economic Review, 45, 847–859. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00127-1
37. Harvey, D. I., Kellard, N. M., Madsen, J. B., & Wohar, M. E. (2010). The Prebisch-Singer hypothesis: Four centuries of evidence. Review of Economics and Statistics, 92, 367–377. doi:10.1162/rest.2010.12184
38. Hilson, G. (2006). Championing the rhetoric? “Corporate social responsibility” in Ghana’s mining sector. Greener Management International, 53(1), 43–56. doi:10.9774/GLEAF.3062.2006.sp.00005
39. Hilson, G. (2010). ‘Once a miner, always a miner’: Poverty and livelihood diversification in Akwatia, Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 26, 296–307. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2010.01.002
40. Hilson, G. (2012). Poverty traps in small-scale mining communities: The case of sub-Saharan Africa. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 33, 180–197. doi:10.1080/02255189.2012.687352
41. Hilson, G., & Laing, T. J. (in press). Guyana Gold: A Unique Resource Curse? Journal of Development Studies. doi:10.1080/ 00220388.2016.1160066
42. Isham, J., Woodcock, M., Pritchett, L., & Busby, G. (2005). The varieties of resource experience: Natural resource export structures and the political economy of economic growth. The World Bank Economic Review, 19, 141–174. doi:10.1093/ wber/lhi010
43. Jensen, N., & Wantchekon, L. (2004). Resource wealth and political regimes in Africa. Comparative Political Studies, 37, 816– 841. doi:10.1177/0010414004266867
44. Krugman, P. R. (1987). The narrow moving band, the Dutch disease, and the competitive consequences of Mrs. Thatcher. Journal of Development Economics, 27, 41–55. doi:10.1016/0304-3878(87)90005-8
45. Lederman, D., & Maloney, W. F. (2007). In search of the missing resource curse. Economía, 9(1), 1–57. doi:10.1353/eco.0.0012
46. Leite, C., & Weidmann, J. (2002). Does mother nature corrupt? Natural resources, transparency and economic growth (ss. 156-169). In G. Abed & S. Gupta (Eds.), Governance, transparency, and economic performance. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
47. Lujala, P. (2010). The spoils of nature: Armed civil conflict and rebel access to natural resources. Journal of Peace Research, 47, 15–28. doi:10.1177/0022343309350015
48. Macintyre, M. (2003). Petztorme women: Responding to change in Lihir, Papua New Guinea. Oceania, 74, 120–134. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.2003.tb02839.x
49. Manzano, O., & Rigobon, R. (2001). Resource curse or debt overhang (NBER Working paper No 8390). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
50. Matsuyama, K. (1992). Agricultural productivity, comparative advantage, and economic growth. Journal of Economic Theory, 58, 317–334. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(92)90057-O
51. Mehlum, H., Moene, K., & Torvik, R. (2006). Institutions and the resource curse. Economic Journal, 116, 1–20. doi:10.1111/ j.1468-0297.2006.01045.x
52. Murshed, S. M., & Serino, L. A. (2011). The pattern of specialization and economic growth: The resource curse hypothesis revisited. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 22(2), 151–161. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2010.12.004
53. Norman, C. S. (2009). Rule of law and the resource curse: Abundance versus intensity. Environmental and Resource Economics, 43, 183–207. doi:10.1007/s10640-008-9231-y
54. Olsson, O. (2007). Conflict diamonds. Journal of Development Economics, 82, 267–286. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2005.07.004
55. Papyrakis, E., & Gerlagh, R. (2004). The resource curse hypothesis and its transmission channels. Journal of Comparative Economics, 32, 181–193. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2003.11.002
56. Papyrakis, E., & Gerlagh, R. (2007). Resource abundance and economic growth in the United States. European Economic Review, 51, 1011–1039. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2006.04.001
57. Papyrakis, E., & Raveh, O. (2014). An empirical analysis of a regional Dutch disease: The case of Canada. Environmental and Resource Economics, 58, 179–198. doi:10.1007/s10640-013-9698-z
58. Papyrakis, E., Rieger, M., & Gilberthorpe, E. (in press). Corruption and the extractive industries transparency initiative. Journal of Development Studies. (this special issue).
59. Porter, D., & Watts, M. (in press). Righting the resource curse: Institutional politics and state capabilities in Edo state, Nigeria. Journal of Development Studies. (this special issue).
60. Prebisch, R. (1950). The economic development of Latin America and its principal problems. Economic Bulletin for Latin America, 7, 1–12.
61. Ross, M. (2001). Does oil hinder democracy? World Politics, 53, 325–361. doi:10.1353/wp.2001.0011
62. Ross, M. (2009). Oil and democracy revisited (mimeo). Los Angeles, CA: University of California.
63. Ross, M. (2014). What have we learned about the resource curse? (mimeo). Los Angeles: University of California.
64. Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. M. (1995). Natural resource abundance and economic growth (NBER Working Paper No 5398). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
65. Sarmidi, T., Law, S. H., & Jafari, Y. (2014). Resource curse: New evidence on the role of institutions. International Economic Journal, 28, 191–206. doi:10.1080/10168737.2013.787110
66. Sarr, M., Bulte, E., Meisner, C., & Swanson, T. (2011). Resource curse and sovereign debt. In R. Kolb (Ed.), Sovereign debt: From safety to default (ss. 51–62). London: Wiley.
67. Shao, S., & Qi, Z. (2009). Energy exploitation and economic growth in Western China: An empirical analysis based on the resource curse hypothesis. Frontiers of Economics in China, 4, 125–152. doi:10.1007/s11459-009-0008-1
68. Singer, H. (1950). Comments to the terms of trade and economic development. Review of Economics and Statistics, 40, 84–89. doi:10.2307/1926250
69. Stijns, J.-P. C. (2005). Natural resource abundance and economic growth revisited. Resources Policy, 30, 107–130. doi:10.1016/j. resourpol.2005.05.001
70. Stijns, J.-P. C. (2006). Natural resource abundance and human capital accumulation. World Development, 34, 1060–1083. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.005
71. Tsui, K. K. (2011). More oil, less democracy: Evidence from worldwide crude oil discoveries. The Economic Journal, 121, 89–115. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02327.x
72. van der Ploeg, F., & Poelhekke, S. (2009). Volatility and the natural resource curse. Oxford Economic Papers, 61, 727–760. doi:10.1093/oep/gpp027
73. van der Ploeg, F., & Poelhekke, S. (2010). The pungent smell of “red herrings”: Subsoil assets, rents, volatility, and the resource curse. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 60, 44–55. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2010.03.003
74. van der Ploeg, F., & Poelhekke, S. (in press). The impact of natural resources: Survey of recent quantitative evidence. Journal of Development Studies. (this special issue).
75. Voors, M., Bulte, E., Papaioannou, K. J., & van der Windt, P. (in press). Resources and governance in Sierra Leone’s civil war. Journal of Development Studies. (this special issue).
76. Watts, M. (2001). Petro-violence: Community, extraction, and political ecology of a mythic commodity. In N. L. Peluso & M. Watts (Eds.), Violent environments (ss. 189–212). London: Cornell University Press.
77. Welsch, H. (2008). Resource abundance and internal armed conflict: Types of natural resources and the incidence of ‘new wars’. Ecological Economics, 67, 503–513. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.01.004
78. Wick, K., & Bulte, E. (2006). Contesting resources – rent seeking, conflict and the natural resource curse. Public Choice, 128, 457–476. doi:10.1007/s11127-005-9010-z
79. Zhang, X., Xing, L., Fan, S., & Luo, X. (2008). Resource abundance and regional development in China. Economics of Transition, 16, 7–29. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0351.2007.00318.x