Araştırma Makalesi
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PANDEMIC UNCERTAINTY: A COMMON TREND IN BALKAN COUNTRIES

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 50 - 60, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.51945/cuiibfd.1826211

Öz

This study examines the levels of pandemic-related uncertainty experienced by eight countries located in close geographical proximity within the Balkan region—namely Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Slovenia, and Turkey. Pandemic uncertainty indices covering the period from the first quarter of 2020 to the last quarter of 2023 were utilized, and these indicators were summarized under a single composite index using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. The main purpose of the study is to consolidate the common regional effects of the pandemic into a single indicator, thereby enabling a clearer examination of phenomena such as synchronized economic fragility, clustering dynamics, and coordinated policy actions. The analysis results indicate strong and positive correlations among the countries, suggesting that pandemic-related uncertainties moved in similar directions across the region. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) value (0.793) and Bartlett’s test results confirmed that the dataset was suitable for factor analysis. The PCA results show that the first principal component explains 90.1% of the total variance, with all factor loadings exceeding 0.90, indicating a high explanatory power of the composite index. The composite pandemic uncertainty index reached its peak in the second quarter of 2020 and gradually declined thereafter, turning negative by 2023. Overall, the findings reveal that pandemic-induced uncertainty significantly decreased after 2020 and that the Balkan countries entered a common normalization process at the regional level.

Kaynakça

  • Ahir, H., Bloom, N., & Furceri, D. (2018). The World Uncertainty Index. Stanford University & International Monetary Fund Working Paper Series. https://worlduncertaintyindex.com
  • Al-Thaqeb, S. A., & Algharabali, N. A. (2020). Economic policy uncertainty: A literature review. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 22, e00168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2020.e00168
  • Altig, D., Baker, S. R., Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Chen, S., Davis, S. J., Leather, J., Meyer, B., Mihaylov, E., Mizen, P., Parker, N., Renault, T., Smietanka, P., & Thwaites, G. (2020). Economic uncertainty before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Economics, 191, 104274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104274
  • Athari, S. A., Kirikkaleli, D., & Adebayo, T. S. (2023). World pandemic uncertainty and German stock market: Evidence from Markov Regime-Switching and Fourier-Based approaches. Quality & Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-022-01435-4
  • Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2016). Measuring economic policy uncertainty. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1593–1636. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw024
  • Brandt, R. (2021). Economic Policy Uncertainty Index: Extension and optimization of Scott R. Baker, Nicholas Bloom and Steven J. Davis’s search term (No. 5). DoCMA Working Paper.
  • Cao, Q., Li, L., & Zhang, W. (2022). The dynamic relationship between pandemic uncertainty and commodity prices in China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 894673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.894673
  • Davis, S. J. (2016). An index of global economic policy uncertainty (NBER Working Paper No. 22740). https://www.nber.org/papers/w22740
  • Fred. (2021). World Pandemic Uncertainty Index. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https://fred.stlouisfed.org
  • Ho, L. T., & Gan, C. (2021). Pandemic uncertainty and foreign direct investment: A panel data analysis of 142 countries. Economic Analysis and Policy, 72, 678–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.10.008
  • Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (2007). Applied multivariate statistical analysis (6th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • McKibbin, W., & Fernando, R. (2020). The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios (CAMA Working Paper 19/2020). Australian National University. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3547729
  • Salisu, A. A., & Akanni, L. O. (2020). Constructing a global fear index for the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 56(10), 2310–2331. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2020.1785424
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Global research on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Geneva: WHO.
  • Zhang, L., Liu, J., & Wang, S. (2021). Pandemic uncertainty and corporate investment decisions. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 31, 100541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2021.100541

PANDEMİ BELİRSİZLİĞİ: BALKAN ÜLKELERİNDE ORTAK BİR EĞİLİM

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 50 - 60, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.51945/cuiibfd.1826211

Öz

Bu çalışmada, coğrafi olarak birbirine yakın konumda bulunan ve büyük ölçüde Balkan coğrafyasını kapsayan sekiz ülkenin (Arnavutluk, Bosna-Hersek, Bulgaristan, Hırvatistan, Yunanistan, Kuzey Makedonya, Slovenya ve Türkiye) pandemi sürecinde yaşadığı belirsizlik düzeyleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmada 2020 yılının ilk çeyreğinden 2023 yılının son çeyreğine kadar olan döneme ait pandemi belirsizlik endeksleri kullanılmış ve bu göstergeler Temel Bileşenler Analizi (TBA) yöntemiyle tek bir bileşik endeks altında özetlenmiştir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, pandeminin ortak bölgesel etkilerini tek bir göstergede toplayarak eşzamanlı ekonomik kırılganlık, kümeleşme ve ortak politika hareketleri gibi olguların daha net incelenmesine olanak tanımaktır. Analiz sonuçları, ülkeler arasında güçlü ve pozitif korelasyon ilişkileri bulunduğunu, dolayısıyla pandemik belirsizliklerin bölgesel ölçekte benzer dinamiklerle hareket ettiğini göstermektedir. Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin örneklem yeterliliği ölçüsü (KMO) değeri (0.793) ve Bartlett küresellik testi sonuçları, verilerin faktör analizine uygun olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. TBA sonucunda elde edilen tek temel bileşen toplam varyansın %90,1’ini açıklamış ve faktör yüklerinin tamamı 0.90’ın üzerinde bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular, oluşturulan bileşik endeksin yüksek temsil gücüne sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Elde edilen bileşik pandemi belirsizlik endeksi, 2020 yılının ikinci çeyreğinde en yüksek düzeye ulaşmış, sonrasında ise kademeli bir düşüş sergileyerek 2023 yılı itibarıyla negatif değerlere gerilemiştir. Sonuç olarak, pandemi kaynaklı belirsizliğin Balkan ülkelerinde 2020 sonrasında hızla azaldığı ve bölgesel düzeyde ortak bir normalleşme sürecine girildiği tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahir, H., Bloom, N., & Furceri, D. (2018). The World Uncertainty Index. Stanford University & International Monetary Fund Working Paper Series. https://worlduncertaintyindex.com
  • Al-Thaqeb, S. A., & Algharabali, N. A. (2020). Economic policy uncertainty: A literature review. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 22, e00168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2020.e00168
  • Altig, D., Baker, S. R., Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Chen, S., Davis, S. J., Leather, J., Meyer, B., Mihaylov, E., Mizen, P., Parker, N., Renault, T., Smietanka, P., & Thwaites, G. (2020). Economic uncertainty before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Economics, 191, 104274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104274
  • Athari, S. A., Kirikkaleli, D., & Adebayo, T. S. (2023). World pandemic uncertainty and German stock market: Evidence from Markov Regime-Switching and Fourier-Based approaches. Quality & Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-022-01435-4
  • Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2016). Measuring economic policy uncertainty. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1593–1636. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw024
  • Brandt, R. (2021). Economic Policy Uncertainty Index: Extension and optimization of Scott R. Baker, Nicholas Bloom and Steven J. Davis’s search term (No. 5). DoCMA Working Paper.
  • Cao, Q., Li, L., & Zhang, W. (2022). The dynamic relationship between pandemic uncertainty and commodity prices in China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 894673. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.894673
  • Davis, S. J. (2016). An index of global economic policy uncertainty (NBER Working Paper No. 22740). https://www.nber.org/papers/w22740
  • Fred. (2021). World Pandemic Uncertainty Index. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. https://fred.stlouisfed.org
  • Ho, L. T., & Gan, C. (2021). Pandemic uncertainty and foreign direct investment: A panel data analysis of 142 countries. Economic Analysis and Policy, 72, 678–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.10.008
  • Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (2007). Applied multivariate statistical analysis (6th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • McKibbin, W., & Fernando, R. (2020). The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios (CAMA Working Paper 19/2020). Australian National University. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3547729
  • Salisu, A. A., & Akanni, L. O. (2020). Constructing a global fear index for the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging Markets Finance & Trade, 56(10), 2310–2331. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2020.1785424
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Global research on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Geneva: WHO.
  • Zhang, L., Liu, J., & Wang, S. (2021). Pandemic uncertainty and corporate investment decisions. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 31, 100541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2021.100541
Toplam 15 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi Teorisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fulya Gezer 0000-0002-4885-1213

Gökçen Altun 0000-0003-4311-6508

Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gezer, F., & Altun, G. (2025). PANDEMİ BELİRSİZLİĞİ: BALKAN ÜLKELERİNDE ORTAK BİR EĞİLİM. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(2), 50-60. https://doi.org/10.51945/cuiibfd.1826211