Optogenetik ve tıptaki uygulama alanları

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 11 - 18, 30.06.2021

Kayra Baybora Özer Zehra Göksu Ulusoy Kübra Akıllıoğlu

Öz

Optogenetik; canlı hücre ve organizmalarda bilişsel, davranışsal ve moleküler olayları düzenleyen nöronları ışık ve genetik sayesinde modüle etmeye yarayan bir alandır. Genetik olarak ışığa duyarlı reseptör proteinler kullanılarak canlı doku ve hücrelerde belirli hücresel aktiviteleri izlemek için kullanılan optik ve moleküler stratejilerin sentezidir. Bu teknoloji belirli nöronların veya proteinlerin, canlıların sinirsel aktiviteleri üzerindeki rolünü esas alarak optik teknoloji ile birleştirilmesi sayesinde oluşmuştur. Optogenetik uygulamalar beynin çeşitli bölgelerindeki sinir yolaklarının işlevlerinde birtakım değişiklikler veya düzeltmeler yapmak için kullanılmaktadır. Nöromodülasyon çeşitli nörolojik rahatsızlıkların tedavisinde gelecek vaat eden bir teknik olarak kullanılmaktadır1. Son yıllarda ortaya çıkan bu optogenetik sinyal iletimi; gen ekspresyonu, hücre göçü, protein ve organellerle alakalı olayların ışık kullanılarak çeşitli moleküler ve hücresel süreçlerin değiştirilmesi ve düzenlenmesine imkan sağlamıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

optogenetik, tıp, uygulama

Optogenetics and application areas in medicine

Öz

Optogenetics is a field that modulates neurons, which regulate cognitive, behavioral and molecular events in living cells and organisms, by means of light and genetics. It is the synthesis of optical and molecular strategies used to monitor certain cellular activities in living tissues and cells using genetically photosensitive receptor proteins. This technology is formed by combining certain neurons or proteins with optical technology based on the role of certain neurons in the neural activities of living things. Optogenetic applications are used to make some changes or corrections in the functions of nerve pathways in various parts of the brain. Neuromodulation is used as a promising technique in the treatment of various neurological disorders. This optogenetic signal transduction, gene expression, cell migration, protein and organelle-related events that have emerged in recent years have enabled the modification and regulation of various molecular and cellular processes using light.

Anahtar Kelimeler

optogenetics, medicine, application

Kaynakça

• 1. Wykes RC, Kullmann DM, Pavlov I, Magloire V. Optogenetic approaches to treat epilepsy. J Neurosci Methods. 2016;260:215-20.
• 2. Liu Q, Tucker QC. Engineering genetically-encoded tools for optogenetic control of protein activity, Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2017;40:17–23.
• 3. Oesterhelt WS. Rhodopsin-like protein from the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. Nat New Biol. 1971;233:149-52.
• 4. Zemelman BV, Lee GA, Ng M, Miesenböck G. Selective photostimulation of genetically chARGed neurons. Neuron. 2002;33:15-22.
• 5. Zemelman BV, Nesnas N, Lee GA, Miesenbock G. Photochemical gating of heterologous ion channels: remote control over genetically designated populations of neurons.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:1352–7.
• 6. Arenkiel BR, Klein ME, Davison IG, Katz LC, Ehlers MD. Genetic control of neuronal activity in mice conditionally expressing TRPV1. Nat Methods. 2008;5:299–302.
• 7. Güler AD, Rainwater A, Parker JG, Jones GL, Argilli E, Arenkiel BR et al. Transient activation of specific neurons in mice by selective expression of the capsaicin receptor. Nat Comm. 2012;3:746.
• 8. Wang M, Perova Z, Arenkiel BR, Li B. Synaptic modifications in the medial prefrontal cortex in susceptibility and resilience to stress. J Neurosci. 2014;34:7485–92.
• 9. Nagel G, Szellas T, Huhn W, Kateriya S, Adeishvili N, Berthold P et al. Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:13940–5.
• 10. Shirai F, Hayashi-Takagi A. Optogenetics: Applications in psychiatric research. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;71:363-72.
• 11. Alp Mİ, Demir EA, Gergerlioğlu HS. Basics of Optogenetics. Eur J Basic Med Sci. 2014;4:37-43.
• 12. Kyoto Prize, Inamori Foundation". Kyoto Prize, Inamori Foundation. Retrieved 13 March2019. "karl-deisseroth-wins-kyoto-prize-for-optogenetics.html". "heineken-prize-for-medicine-2020-awarded-to-karl-deisseroth"
• 13. Zhang F, Vierock J, Yizhar O, Fenno LE, Tsunoda S, Kianianmomeni A et al. The microbial opsin family of optogenetic tools. Cell. 2011;147:1446–57.
• 14. Boyden ES, Zhang F, Bamberg E, Nagel G, Deisseroth K. Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:1263–8.
• 15. Li X, Gutierrez DV, Hanson MG, Han J, Mark MD, Chiel H et al. Fast noninvasive activation and inhibition of neural and network activity by vertebrate rhodopsin and green algae channelrhodopsin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:17816–21.
• 16. Schroll C, Riemensperger T, Bucher D, Ehmer J, Völler T, Erbguth K et al. Light-induced activation of distinct modulatory neurons triggers appetitive or aversive learning in Drosophila larvae. Curr Biol. 2006;16:1741-7.
• 17. Bi A, Cui J, Ma YP, Olshevskaya E, Pu M, Dizhoor AM et al. Ectopic expression of a microbial-type rhodopsin restores visual responses in mice with photoreceptor degeneration. Neuron. 2006;50:23–33.
• 18. Shizuka T, Kakuda M, Araki R, Yawo H. Kinetic evaluation of photosensitivity in genetically engineered neurons expressing green algae light-gated channels. Neurosci Res. 2006;54:85–94.
• 19. Jiang J, Cui H, Rahmouni K. Optogenetics and pharmacogenetics: principles and applications. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2017;313:R633-45.
• 20. Pedersen NP, Gross RE. Neuromodulation using optogenetics and related technologies. In Neuromodulation (Second Edition) (Eds ES Krames, PH Peckham, AR Rezai):487-500. Cambridge, MA, Academic Press, 2018
• 21. Natasha G, Tan A, Farhatnia Y, Rajadas J, Hamblin MR, Khaw PT et al. Channelrhodopsins: visual regeneration and neural activation by a light switch. N Biotechnol. 2013;30:461-74.
• 22. Boyden ES. A history of optogenetics: the development of tools for controlling brain circuits with light. F1000 Biol Rep. 2011;3:11.
• 23. Pama EA, Colzato LS, Hommel B. Optogenetics as a neuromodulation tool in cognitive neuroscience. Front Psychol. 2013;4:610.
• 24. Schneider-Warme F. The power of optogenetics: Potential in cardiac experimental and clinical electrophysiology. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. 2018;29:24-9.
• 25. Dike ö İ.Ü. Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Bölümü
• 26. Pama EA, Colzato LS, Hommel B. Optogenetics as a neuromodulation tool in cognitive neuroscience. Front Psychol. 2013;4:610..
• 27. Antkowiak M, Torres-Mapa ML, Witts EC, Miles GB, Dholakia K, Gunn-Moore FJ. Fast targeted gene transfection and optogenetic modification of single neurons using femtosecond laser irradiation. Sci Rep. 2013;3:3281.
• 28. Shirai F, Hayashi-Takagi A. Optogenetics: Applications in psychiatric research. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;71:363-72.
• 29. Berg L, Gerdey J, Masseck OA. Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity to Modulate Behavior in Freely Moving Mice. J Vis Exp. 2020 Oct 27;(164).
• 30. Sahel, JA., Boulanger-Scemama, E., Pagot, C. et al. Partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient after optogenetic therapy. Nat Med (2021).https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01351