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Türkiye’de Kamu Hastanelerinin İl Bazlı Verimlilik Analizi: Veri Zarflama Analizi ve Öz-Düzenleyen Haritalar (SOMDEA) Yaklaşımı

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 253 - 269, 25.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.1741485
https://izlik.org/JA73SA85BJ

Öz

Günümüz Türkiye’sinde sağlık sektörü, toplumun birçok yönünü etkileyen hayati bir konumda yer almaktadır. Yatırım kapasitesini ve mevcut kaynaklarını en verimli şekilde kullanması gereken temel birimlerin başında gelen hastaneler, sağlık sisteminin merkezî hizmet sağlayıcılarıdır. Pek çok paydaşı içeren bu sektörde, iller düzeyinde hastane performansının Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile değerlendirilmesi, kamu sektöründe verimliliğin artırılması açısından önemli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, kamu hastanelerinin operasyonel etkinliğini analiz etmeyi ve onları optimum performans düzeylerine yönlendirmeyi amaçlamakta; böylece ulusal refaha ve yaşam kalitesinin sürdürülebilirliğine katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Önceki çalışmalardan farklı olarak, bu araştırma yalnızca VZA ile iller düzeyinde verimlilik analizi yapmakla kalmayıp, yapay sinir ağlarının denetimsiz öğrenme yöntemlerinden biri olan Özdüzenleyici Haritalar (SOM) yöntemini de sürece dâhil ederek, verimlilikteki farklılıkları etkileyen temel faktörleri ortaya koymayı ve açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. SOMDEA olarak adlandırılan bu bütünleşik yaklaşım, iller arasındaki performans farklılıklarının daha anlaşılır ve kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization, (2020). Health and the economy: A vital relationship. https://www.who.int /teams/ health-financing-and-economics/economic-analysis/health-and-wealth
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Province-Level Efficiency Analysis of Public Hospitals in Turkey: A Data Envelopment Analysis and Self-Organizing Maps (SOMDEA) Approach

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 253 - 269, 25.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.1741485
https://izlik.org/JA73SA85BJ

Öz

In today’s Turkey, the healthcare sector holds a critically important position, as it affects numerous aspects of society. Among the key units that must utilize their investment capacity and available resources most efficiently, hospitals serve as the central service providers within the healthcare system. In a sector involving a wide range of stakeholders, evaluating hospital performance at the provincial level through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) offers significant advantages in promoting efficiency within the public sector. This study aims to analyze the operational effectiveness of public hospitals and guide them toward optimal performance levels, thereby contributing to national welfare and the sustainability of quality of life. Unlike previous studies, this research not only employs DEA for provincial-level efficiency analysis but also incorporates Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), an unsupervised learning method from artificial neural networks, to identify and explain the underlying factors contributing to variations in efficiency. This combined approach has named SOMDEA, enables a more interpretable and comprehensive understanding of performance differences among provinces.

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization, (2020). Health and the economy: A vital relationship. https://www.who.int /teams/ health-financing-and-economics/economic-analysis/health-and-wealth
  • 2. Tatar, M., Mollahaliloğlu, S., Şahin, B., Aydın, S., Maresso, A. & Hernández-Quevedo, C. (2011). Turkey: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 13(6), 1-186.
  • 3. O’Neill, L., Rauner, M., Heidenberger, K. & Kraus, M. (2008). A cross-national comparison and taxonomy of DEA-based hospital efficiency studies. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 42(3), 158-189.
  • 4. Chilingerian, J. A. & Sherman, H. D. (2011). Health-care applications: From hospitals to physicians, from productive efficiency to quality frontiers. In W. W. Cooper, L. M. Seiford, & J. Zhu (Eds.), Handbook on data envelopment analysis (2nd ed., 164, 445-493). Springer.
  • 5. Özcan, Y.A. (2014). Health care benchmarking and performance evaluation: An assessment using data envelopment analysis (DEA) (2nd ed.). Springer.
  • 6. Manavgat, G. & Demirci, A. (2020). Decentralization matter of healthcare and effect on regional healthcare efficiency: Evidence from Turkey. Sosyoekonomi, 28(44), 261-281.
  • 7. Küçük, A., Özsoy, V.S. & Balkan, D. (2019). Assessment of technical efficiency of public hospitals in Turkey. European Journal of Public Health, 29(Suppl. 4), ckz143.
  • 8. Emrouznejad, A. & Yang, G.L. (2018). A survey and analysis of the first 40 years of scholarly literature in DEA: 1978-2016. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 61, 4-8.
  • 9. Kohonen, T. (1982). Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biological Cybernetics, 43(1), 59-69.
  • 10. Vesanto, J. & Alhoniemi, E. (2000). Clustering of the self-organizing map. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 11(3), 586-600.
  • 11. Hayami, Y. & Ruttan, V.W. (1970). Agricultural productivity differences among countries. American Economic Review, 60(5), 895-911.
  • 12. Capobianco, H.M.P. & Fernandes, E. (2004). Capital structure in the world airline industry. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 38(6), 421-434.
  • 13. Luh, Y.H., Chang, C.C. & Huang, F.M. (2008). Efficiency change and productivity growth in agriculture: A comparative analysis for selected East Asian economies. Journal of Asian Economics, 19(4), 312-324.
  • 14. Fulginiti, L.E. & Perrin, R.K. (1997). LDC agriculture: Nonparametric Malmquist productivity indexes. Journal of Development Economics, 53(2), 373-390.
  • 15. Stepanyan, V. (2014). Financial performance assessment of U.S. airline companies: A ratio analysis approach (2007-2012). International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4(1), 49-58.
  • 16. Dao, P. (2016). Performance evaluation based on financial ratios: Case of Finnair and Scandinavian Airlines. Master’s thesis. Metropolia University of Applied Sciences.
  • 17. Teker, S., Teker, D. & Güner, A. (2016). Financial performance of the top 20 airlines. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235, 603-610.
  • 18. Rosini, M. & Gunawan, F. (2018). Multi-method approach to financial performance measurement in the airline industry: Ratio analysis, TOPSIS, DEA, and correlation analysis. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 52(2), 205-221.
  • 19. Ray, S.C., & Kim, H.J. (1995). Cost efficiency in the US steel industry: A nonparametric analysis using data envelopment analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 80(3), 654-671.
  • 20. Yolalan, R. (1995). Türk bankacılık sektörü için göreli mali performans ölçümü. TBB Bankacılar Dergisi, 19, 35-40.
  • 21. Çingi, H. ve Tarım, M. (2000). Türkiye’de ticari bankaların verimliliğinin veri zarflama analizi ile ölçülmesi: 1989-1990 dönemi analizi. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 15(174), 25-38.
  • 22. Bayrak, A., Özcan, A.İ., Anıl, N.K. ve Emre, F. (2013). İstanbul ilinden seçilmiş tekstil sektörüne ait firmaların veri zarflama analizi ile etkinliklerinin ölçülmesi. Review of Social, Economic & Business Studies, 3(4), 161-177.
  • 23. Doğan, N.Ö. ve Tanç, A. (2008). Konaklama işletmelerinde veri zarflama analizi yöntemiyle faaliyet denetimi: Kapadokya örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(1), 239-259.
  • 24. Ayan, T.Y. & Perçin, S. (2008). Measuring efficiency of Turkish automotive firms with the fuzzy DEA model. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 26(1), 99-119.
  • 25. Saranga, H. (2009). The Indian auto component industry: Estimation of operational efficiency and its determinants using DEA. European Journal of Operational Research, 196(2), 707-718.
  • 26. Apearing, S. & Thollander, P. (2013). Barriers and drivers to industrial energy efficiency improvements: A literature review. Energy Policy, 62, 657-664.
  • 27. Debnath, A.K. & Sebastian, J. (2014). Efficiency analysis of Indian iron and steel industry using data envelopment analysis. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 290-309.
  • 28. Özcan, A.İ. ve Anıl, N.K. (2017). İlk 500 arasında yer alan demir-çelik sektörüne ait firmaların VZA ve Malmquist yöntemleriyle verimliliklerinin ölçümü. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 112-120.
  • 29. Şengül, Ü. (2020). BIST 100’de yer alan ana metal sanayi firmalarının veri zarflama analizi ile performans ölçümü. Journal of Life Economics, 7(2), 161-176.
  • 30. Mukherjee, A., Nath, P. & Pal, M. (2003). Resource, service quality, and performance triad: A framework for measuring efficiency of banking services. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 54, 723-735.
  • 31. Kayalıdere, A. ve Kargın, S. (2004). İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası’nda işlem gören tekstil ve çimento sektöründeki şirketlerin teknik verimlilik analizi: 2002 yılı verileriyle DEA uygulaması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(2), 57-76.
  • 32. Önal, Y. & Sevimeser, A. (2006). Efficiency analysis of Turkish banks: A DEA approach using balance sheet data (1980–2004). Banks Association of Turkey.
  • 33. Lo, S.F. & Lu, W.M. (2006). Does size matter? Finding the profitability and marketability benchmark of financial holding companies. Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research, 23(2), 229-246.
  • 34. Kula, V. & Özdemir, A. (2007). Input-oriented DEA approach for measuring the efficiency of cement industry companies: An application in Istanbul Stock Exchange. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 107(2), 177-193.
  • 35. Ertuğrul, İ. ve Işık, A.T. (2008). İşletmelerin VZA ile mali tablolarına dayalı etkinlik ölçümü: Metal ana sanayiinde bir uygulama. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 10(1), 201-217.
  • 36. Behdioğlu, S. ve Özcan, A.G.G. (2009). Veri zarflama analizi ve bankacılık sektöründe bir uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 14(3), 301-326.
  • 37. Erik, A. ve Kuvvetli, Y. (2021). Üretim işletmelerinin Endüstri 4.0 entegrasyonunun veri zarflama analizi ile değerlendirilmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(3), 637-647.
  • 38. Kirigia, J.M., Emrouznejad, A., Sambo, L.G., Munguti N. & Liambila, W. (2004). Using data envelopment analysis to measure the technical efficiency of public health centers in Kenya. Journal of Medical Systems, 28, 155-166.
  • 39. Steinmann, L., Dittrich, G., Karmann, A. & Zweifel, P. (2004). Measuring and comparing the inefficiency of German and Swiss hospitals. European Journal of Health Economics, 5(3), 216-226.
  • 40. Spinks, J. & Hollingsworth, B. (2005). Cross-country comparisons of technical efficiency of health production. Health Economics, 18(2), 109-122.
  • 41. Nayar, P. & Özcan, Y.A. (2008). Data envelopment analysis comparison of hospital efficiency with inclusion of quality measures. Journal of Medical Systems, 32(3), 193-199.
  • 42. Ayanoğlu, Y., Atan, M. ve Beylik, U. (2010). Hastanelerde veri zarflama analizi yöntemiyle finansal performans ölçümü ve değerlendirilmesi. Sağlıkta Performans ve Kalite Dergisi, 2(2), 40-62.
  • 43. Yiğit, V. (2016). Hastanelerde teknik verimlilik analizi: Kamu hastane birliklerinde bir uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 9-16.
  • 44. Bardakçı, S. ve Filiz, M. (2020). Veri zarflama analizi ile kamu hastaneleri için etkinlik ölçümü: Artvin ilinde örnek bir uygulama. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 8(2), 445-460.
  • 45. Asandului, L., Roman, M. & Fatulescu, P. (2014). The efficiency of healthcare systems in Europe: A data envelopment analysis approach. Procedia Economics and Finance, 10, 261-268.
  • 46. Cetin, V.R. & Bahce, S. ( 2016). Measuring the efficiency of health systems of OECD countries by data envelopment analysis. Applied Economics, 48(37), 3497-3507.
  • 47. Kılıç, T. (2016). Digital hospital: An example of best practice. International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 1(2), 52-58.
  • 48. Tüfekçi, N., Yorulmaz, R. ve Cansever, İ.H. (2017). Dijital hastane. Journal of Current Researches on Health Sector, 7(2), 143-156.
  • 49. Bayer, E., Kuyrukçu, A.N. ve Akbaş, S. (2019). Dijital hastane uygulamalarının hastane çalışanlarının ve yöneticilerinin perspektifinden değerlendirilmesi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 11(21), 335-360.
  • 50. Güçlü, A. (1999). Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri hastanelerinde teknik verimlilik ölçümü: Veri zarflama analizi uygulaması. Master’s thesis. Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi.
  • 51. Özdemir, A. (2015). Hizmet sektörü etkinliğinin makro düzeyde incelenmesi: Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Teşkilatı üyesi ülkelerin sağlık sektörü üzerine bir analiz. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 33, 189-205.
  • 52. Şenol, O. ve Gençtürk, M. (2017). Veri zarflama analiziyle kamu hastaneleri birliklerinde verimlilik analizi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29, 265-286.
  • 53. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health. (2025). Health Statistics Yearbook 2023. General Directorate of Health Information Systems, Ankara. https://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Ekutuphane/kitaplar/ S%C4%B0Y2023_%C4%B0ngilizce%2831.01.2025%29.pdf
  • 54. Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W. & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444.
  • 55. Özden, Ü. (2008). Veri zarflama analizi ile Türkiye’deki vakıf üniversitelerinin etkinliğinin ölçülmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 167-185.
  • 56. Dinc, M. & Haynes, K.E. (1999). Sources of regional inefficiency: An integrated shift-share, data envelopment analysis and input-output approach. Annals of Regional Science, 33, 469-489.
  • 57. McKinney, W. (2010). Data structures for statistical computing in Python. Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference, 51-56.
  • 58. Harris, C.R., Millman, K.J., van der Walt, S.J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N.J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M.H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J.F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., Gérard-Marchant, P., Sheppard, K., Reddy, T., Weckesser, W., Abbasi, H., Gohlke, C. & Oliphant, T.E. (2020). Array programming with NumPy. Nature, 585(7825), 357-362.
  • 59. Virtanen, P., Gommers, R., Oliphant, T.E., Haberland, M., Reddy, T., Cournapeau, D., Burovski, E., Peterson, P., Weckesser, W., Bright, J., van der Walt, S.J., Brett, M., Wilson, J., Millman, K.J., Mayorov, N., Nelson, A.R.J., Jones, E., Kern, R., Larson, E., Carey, C.J., Polat, İ., Feng, Y., Moore, E. W., VanderPlas, J., Laxalde, D., Perktold, J., Cimrman, R., Henriksen, I., Quintero, E.A., Harris, C.R., Archibald, A.M., Ribeiro, A.H., Pedregosa, F. & van Mulbregt, P. (2020). SciPy 1.0: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nature Methods, 17(3), 261-272.
  • 60. Pedregosa, F., Varoquaux, G., Gramfort, A., Michel, V., Thirion, B., Grisel, O., Blondel, M., Prettenhofer, P., Weiss, R., Dubourg, V., Vanderplas, J., Passos, A., Cournapeau, D., Brucher, M., Perrot, M. & Duchesnay, É. (2011). Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2825-2830.
  • 61. Vettigli, G. (2018). MiniSom: Minimalistic implementation of self-organizing maps.
  • 62. Simar, L. & Wilson, P.W. (2000). A general methodology for bootstrapping in nonparametric frontier models. Journal of Applied Statistics, 27(6), 779-802.
  • 63. Andersen, P. & Petersen, N.C. (1993). A procedure for ranking efficient units in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 39(10), 1261-1264.
  • 64. Kohonen, T. (2001). Self-organizing maps (3rd ed.). Springer.
  • 65. Kaski, S. & Lagus, K. (1996). Comparing self-organizing maps. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, 809-814. Springer.
  • 66. Costa, A., Silva, M. & Pereira, J. (2024). Characterizing air quality stations using self-organizing maps. Environmental Monitoring Journal, 15(1), 45-59.
  • 67. Wandeto, J. & Dresp-Langley, B. (2024). Explainable self-organizing map frameworks for landscape–demographic correlation analysis. Journal of Spatial Analytics, 8(2), 110-127.
  • 68. Guérin, M., Lefèvre, S. & Moreau, P. (2024). Advances in self-organizing map methodologies for socio-economic data modeling: A review. Journal of Computational Social Science, 10(1), 25-48.
  • 69. Statista, (2024). Health expenditure in Turkey as a percentage of GDP in 2024. https://www.statista. com/statistics/893497/turkey-health-expenditure-as-share-of-gdp/
  • 70. TechSci Research, (2024). Turkey healthcare market outlook 2024. https://www.techsciresearch.com /report/turkey-hospital-market/15177.html, Access date: 01 Haziran 2025
  • 71. Köse, M., Yılmaz, E. & Arslan, F. (2024). Impact of telecardiology systems on patient costs and carbon emissions in Istanbul hospitals. Journal of Digital Health Innovations, 3(1), 12-25.
  • 72. FMI Blog, (2024). Medical tourism in Turkey: Market trends and future outlook. https://www.fmi.com/ blog/medical-tourism-turkey-2024,
  • 73. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (2025). TÜİK 2024 sağlık harcamaları verileri. https://ohsad.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/TUIK-2024-Saglik-Harcamalari-Verileri.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 01 Haziran 2025)
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veri Madenciliği ve Bilgi Keşfi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Metin Özşahin 0000-0001-9989-526X

Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 18 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.1741485
IZ https://izlik.org/JA73SA85BJ
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özşahin, M. (2026). Türkiye’de Kamu Hastanelerinin İl Bazlı Verimlilik Analizi: Veri Zarflama Analizi ve Öz-Düzenleyen Haritalar (SOMDEA) Yaklaşımı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 253-269. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.1741485