Dört Noktadan Bükülme Altında Paslanmaz Çelik ve CFRP Kemik Plakalarının Eğilme Performansının Karşılaştırmalı Deneysel Analizi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 4, 915 - 925, 29.12.2025

Ahmet Çetin

https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.1772159

https://izlik.org/JA42ML87KK

Öz

Metalik kemik plakaları, kırık sabitlemesi için en yaygın klinik uygulamalardan biridir, ancak rijitlik-ağırlık oranının optimizasyonunu göz ardı edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, aynı geometriye sahip 316L paslanmaz çelik ve hafif yapılı karbon fiber takviyeli polimer (CFRP) plakaların karşılaştırılmasına odaklanılmıştır. Plakalar hem kısa hem de uzun konfigürasyonlarda dört noktalı eğilme standardı altında test edilmiştir. Rijitlik ve eğilme momenti parametreleri yük-sehim eğrilerinden elde edilmiş, ayrıca özgül moment ve özgül rijitlik de belirlenmiştir. CFRP plakalar daha yüksek özgül eğilme rijitliği gösterirken, çelik daha yüksek mutlak rijitlik sergilemiştir. Kısa CFRP plaka ise, deliğin yakınındaki net kesit kaybına bağlı olarak daha düşük rijitlik göstermiştir. Mekanik bulgular, CFRP'nin, özellikle bağlantı elemanı bölgesi birincil tasarım özelliği olarak kabul edildiğinde, rijitlik-kütle performansını önceliklendiren tasarımlar için, özellikle uzun plakalarda uygun bir malzeme olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CFRP kemik plakaları , 316L paslanmaz çelik kemik plakaları , Dört noktadan bükülme , Sertlik-ağırlık oranı.

A Comparative Experimental Analysis of Flexural Performance of Stainless Steel and CFRP Bone Plates under Four-Point Bending

https://izlik.org/JA42ML87KK

Öz

Metal bone plates are one of the most common clinical applications for fracture fixation; however, optimization of the stiffness-to-weight ratio is often overlooked. This study compared 316L stainless steel plates and lightweight carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates of identical geometry. The plates were tested using the standard four-point bending test in both short and long configurations. Stiffness and bending moment parameters were obtained from load-displacement curves, and specific stiffness and specific moment were also determined. CFRP plates demonstrated higher specific bending stiffness, while steel exhibited higher absolute stiffness. The short CFRP plate exhibited reduced stiffness attributable to a net loss of cross-sectional area near the hole. The mechanical findings suggest that CFRP is a suitable material for designs that prioritize stiffness-to-mass performance, particularly in elongated plates when the connection-element region is considered a primary design feature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CFRP bone plates , 316L stainless steel bone plates , Four-point bending , Stiffness-to-weight ratio

Kaynakça

• 1. Mulinari-Santos, G., Paino Santana, A., Botacin, P.R. & Okamoto, R. (2024). Addressing the challenges in pediatric facial fractures: A narrative review of innovations in diagnosis and treatment. Surgeries, 5(4), 1130-1146.
• 2. Çetin, A. (2025). Use of sandwich structures in biomedical applications: an innovative design for external ring fixators. Biomedical Materials, 20(2), 025040.
• 3. Sen, D. (2022). Principles and overview of external fixators. In: Banerjee, A., Biberthaler, P., Shanmugasundaram, S. (eds) Handbook of Orthopaedic Trauma Implantology. Springer, Singapore.
• 4. Brouwer de Koning, S.G., de Winter, N., Moosabeiki, V., Mirzaali, M.J., Berenschot, A., Witbreuk, M.M.E.H. & Lagerburg, V. (2023). Design considerations for patient-specific bone fixation plates. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 61(12), 3233-3252.
• 5. Augat, P. & von Rüden, C. (2018). Evolution of fracture treatment with bone plates. Injury, 49(1), 2-7.
• 6. Haase, K. (2009). Finite element analysis of orthopaedic plates and screws and the effects of stress shielding. University of Ottawa, Canada.
• 7. Zhang, S., Patel, D., Brady, M., Gambill, S., Theivendran, K., Deshmukh, S., Swadener, G., Junaid, S. & Leslie, L. (2022). Experimental testing of fracture fixation plates – a review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 236(9), 1253-1272.
• 8. Galea, G.L. & Price, J.S. (2014). Four-point bending protocols to study the effects of dynamic strain. In: Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, Springer, 117-130.
• 9. Grassi, L. & Isaksson, H. (2015). Extracting accurate strain measurements in bone mechanics: A critical review of current methods. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 50, 43-54.
• 10. Adanty, K. & Bhagavathula, K.B., Tronchin, O., Li, D.X., Nelson, K.N. (2023). The mechanical characterization and comparison of male and female calvaria under four-point bending impacts. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 145(5), 051009.
• 11. ASTM International, (2024). Standard specification and test method for metallic bone plates (ASTM F382-24). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
• 12. Strom, A.M., Garcia, T.C., Jandrey, K., Huber, M.L. & Stover, S.M. (2010). In vitro mechanical comparison of 2.0 and 2.4 limited-contact dynamic compression plates and 2.0 dynamic compression plates of different thicknesses. Veterinary Surgery, 39(7), 824-828.
• 13. Mariolani, J.R. & Belangero, W.D. (2013). Comparing the in vitro stiffness of straight-DCP, wave-DCP, and LCP bone plates for femoral osteosynthesis. ISRN Orthopedics, 308753.
• 14. Benli, S., Aksoy, S., Havıtcıoğlu, H. & Kucuk, M. (2008). Evaluation of bone plate with low-stiffness material in terms of stress distribution. Journal of Biomechanics, 41(15), 3229-3235.
• 15. Evans, A., Glyde, M., Day, R.E. & Hosgood, G. (2024). Effect of plate-bone distance and working length on 2.0-mm locking construct stiffness and plate strain in a diaphyseal fracture gap model: A biomechanical study. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 37(1), 1-7.
• 16. Mori, Y., Kamimura, M., Ito, K., Koguchi, M., Tanaka, H., Kurishima, H., Koyama, T., Mori, N., Masahashi, N. & Aizawa, T. (2024). A review of the impacts of implant stiffness on fracture healing. Applied Sciences, 14, 2259.
• 17. Ganesh, V.K., Ramakrishna, K. & Ghista, D.N. (2005). Biomechanics of bone-fracture fixation by stiffness-graded plates in comparison with stainless-steel plates. BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 4, 46.
• 18. Abdudeen, A., Abu Qudeiri, J.E., Kareem, A. & Valappil, A.K. (2022). Latest developments and insights of orthopedic implants in biomaterials using additive manufacturing technologies. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 6(6), 162.
• 19. Eliaz, N. (2019). Corrosion of metallic biomaterials: A review. Materials, 12(3), 407.
• 20. Antunes, R.A. & de Oliveira, M.C.L. (2012). Corrosion fatigue of biomedical metallic alloys: Mechanisms and mitigation. Acta Biomaterialia, 8(3), 937-962.
• 21. Høl, P.J., Mølster, A. & Gjerdet, N.R. (2008). Should the galvanic combination of titanium and stainless steel surgical implants be avoided? Injury, 39(2), 161-169.
• 22. Geetha, M., Singh, A.K, Asokamani, R. & Gogia, A.K. (2009). Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants – A review. Progress in Materials Science, 54(3), 397-425.
• 23. Radzi, S., Cowin, G., Robinson, M., Pratap, J., Volp, A., Schuetz, M.A. & Schmutz, B. (2014). Metal artifacts from titanium and steel screws in CT, 1.5T and 3T MR images of the tibial Pilon: a quantitative assessment in 3D. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery, 4(3), 163-172.
• 24. Oğuz, Z.A. (2025). Assessment of the change in hardness of particulated intraply carbon/aramid reinforced composites after UV aging. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(1), 219-226.
• 25. Yıldırım, S., Beylergil, B., Ergin, C.K. (2024). Investigation of the flexural performance of hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with nanosilica/sansevieria trifasciata (snake plant) natural fiber. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(4), 1103-1112.
• 26. Bukvić, M., Milojević, S., Gajević, S., Đorđević, M. & Stojanović, B. (2025). Production technologies and application of polymer composites in engineering: A review. Polymers, 17(16), 2187.
• 27. Georgantzinos, S.K., Giannopoulos, G.I., Stamoulis, K. & Markolefas, S. (2023). Composites in aerospace and mechanical engineering. Materials, 16(22), 7230.
• 28. Uzay, Ç. (2022). Mechanical and thermal characterization of laminar carbon/epoxy composites modified with magnesium oxide microparticles. Polymer Composites, 43(1), 299-310.
• 29. Acer, D.C. & Geren, N. (2025). Stainless steel wire mesh hybridization for improved bending fatigue performance in fiber reinforced polymer sandwich structures. Polymer Composites, 46(3), 923-942.
• 30. Geren, N., Acer, D.C., Uzay, C. & Bayramoğlu, M. (2021). The effect of boron carbide additive on the low-velocity impact properties of low-density foam core composite sandwich structures. Polymer Composites, 42(4), 2037-2049.
• 31. Karaçor, B. & Özcanlı, M. (2021). Effect of various matrix materials on mechanical properties of basalt/jute/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(4), 941-954.
• 32. Kurtz, S.M. & Devine, J.N. (2007). PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants. Biomaterials, 28(32), 4845-4869.
• 33. Chua, C.Y.X., Liu, H.C., Di Trani, N., Susnjar, A., Ho, J., Scorrano, G., Rhudy, J., Sizovs, A., Lolli, G., Hernandez, N., Nucci, M.C., Cicalo, R., Ferrari, M. & Grattoni, A. (2021). Carbon fiber reinforced polymers for implantable medical devices. Biomaterials, 271, 120719.
• 34. Arevalo, S., Arthurs, C., Echeverria Molina, M.I., Pruitt, L. & Roy, A. (2023). An overview of the tribological and mechanical properties of PEEK and CFR-PEEK for use in total joint replacements. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 145, 105974.
• 35. Shiers-Gelalis, F., Giannoudis, V., Rodham, P. & Giannoudis, P.V. (2024). Surgeons’ perspective on the use of carbon fibre plates for extremity fracture fixation. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 35(1), 26.
• 36. Giannoudis, V.P., Rodham, P., Antypas, A., Mofori, N., Chloros, G. & Giannoudis, P.V. (2023). Patient perspective on the use of carbon fibre plates for extremity fracture fixation. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, 33(6), 2573-2577.
• 37. Rijs, Z., Weekhout, A., Daniel, S., Schoones, J. W., Groot, O.Q., Lozano-Calderon, S.A. & van de Sande, M.A.J. (2023). Carbon-fibre plates for traumatic and (impending) pathological fracture fixation: Where do we stand? A systematic review. Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 24(1), 42.
• 38. de Jong, J.J.A., Lataster, A., van Rietbergen, B., Arts, J.J., Geusens, P.P., van den Bergh, J.P.W. & Willems, P.C. (2017). Distal radius plate of CFR-PEEK has minimal effect compared to titanium plates on bone parameters in high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography: A pilot study. BMC Medical Imaging, 17(1), 18.
• 39. ASTM International, (2024). ASTM F382-24: Standard specification and test method for metallic bone plates. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
• 40. Shin, D.H., Seong, K.W., Nakajima, H.H., Puria, S. & Cho, J.H. (2020). A piezoelectric bellows round-window driver (PBRD) for middle-ear implants. IEEE Access, 8, 137947-137954.