Accurate Frequency Control of Energy Storage Systems with a Symbolic Game Theory Approach

Öz

The increasing influence of renewable energy sources leads to reduced system inertia, making power grids highly vulnerable to frequency deviations and stochastic disturbances. Traditional control methods rely on linearized models and cannot mathematically guarantee safety constraints under extreme conditions, potentially leading to battery saturation and system interruptions. In this paper, a correct-by-construction control framework for Energy Storage Systems is proposed using Symbolic Discrete Controller Synthesis. A controller that strictly enforces hard constraints on both grid frequency and battery State of Charge (SoC) is synthesised by modeling the frequency regulation problem as a safety game on a finite state abstraction. Comparative benchmarks demonstrate that while standard dead-band and droop control cause battery overcharge and service unavailability during worst-case volatility events, the symbolic controller guarantees 100% safety and continuous operation by maintaining the system strictly within designated bounds (i.e., 0.2 ≤SoC ≤0.9) without requiring complex runtime optimization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Frequency Regulation
• Energy Storage System
• Symbolic Control
• Low Inertia Power Ssytems
• Formal Methods

Sembolik Oyun Teorisi Yaklaşımı ile Enerji Depolama Sistemlerinin Doğru Frekans Kontrolü

Öz

Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının artan etkisi, sistem ataletinin azalmasına yol açarak güç şebekelerini frekans sapmalarına ve stokastik bozulmalara karşı oldukça savunmasız hale getirmektedir. Geleneksel kontrol yöntemleri doğrusallaştırılmış modellere dayanmaktadır; bu yöntemler aşırı koşullar altında güvenlik kısıtlarını matematiksel olarak garanti edemez, bu da potansiyel olarak batarya doygunluğuna ve sistem kesintilerine yol açabilir. Bu makalede, Enerji Depolama Sistemleri için Sembolik Ayrık Kontrolör Sentezi kullanılarak yapılandırma itibarıyla doğru bir kontrol çerçevesi önerilmektedir. Frekans düzenleme problemini sonlu durum soyutlaması üzerinde bir güvenlik oyunu olarak modelleyerek, hem şebeke frekansı hem de batarya Şarj Durumu (SoC) üzerinde sert kısıtları kesin olarak uygulayan bir kontrolör sentezlenmiştir. Karşılaştırmalı kıyaslamalar; standart ölü bant ve droop kontrolünün en kötü durum volatalite olayları sırasında bataryanın aşırı şarj olmasına ve hizmet dışı kalmasına neden olduğunu, buna karşın sembolik kontrolörün sistemi kesin olarak belirlenmiş sınırlar içinde (yani 0.2 ≤SoC ≤0.9) tutarak karmaşık çalışma zamanı optimizasyonuna gerek duymadan %100 güvenlik ve kesintisiz çalışma sağladığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Frekans Düzenlemesi
• Enerji Depolama Sistemleri
• Sembolik Kontrol
• Düşük Ataletli Güç Sistemleri
• Biçimsel Yöntemler

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