Araştırma Makalesi
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Preventive Role of Green Flat Roofs Against Rain Water Floods of Ġstanbul

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 2, 1 - 6, 15.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.310111

Öz

A rapid increase of the provincial population of Istanbul in the last half century has caused problems of housing and urbanization. Despite trying to resolve this problem with the rapid construction, it has led to many problems. The rain floods in the city are the most important ones. For this reason, floods occur in many parts of Istanbul after heavy rainfall. These floods, which is responsible of material and moral damages caused to the city, also creates from ecological point of view serious pollutions. One of the important factors that cause rain water floods is the proliferation of superficial rainwater. Because rain water cannot infiltrate into the soil due to impermeable constructions, it flows at the surface and the amount of surface rain water increases with increasing construction on the area. Rain water gathered at the lowest point of the town basin. Since an excessive load on the rain water networks occurs in these places, the surface water cannot be removed and causes floods. In this area, using systems called "Green roof terrace" in construction will contribute to the reduction of such flooding problems. This article describes how green roof could play a preventive function to the flood problems caused by rainwater in Istanbul province.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kaya, S., Curran, P.J., 2006. Monitoring Urban Growth on the European Side of the Istanbul Metropolitan area: A Case Study. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 8(1), 18-25.
  • 2. Kaya, S., 2007. Multi Temporal Analysis of Rapid Urban Growth in Istanbul Using Remotely Sensed Data. Environmental Engineering Science 24(2), 228-233.
  • 3. Geymen, A., Baz, I., 2008. Monitoring Urban Growth and Detecting Land-Cover Changes on the Istanbul Metropolitan Area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 136(1- 3), 449-459.
  • 4. TMMOB Çevre Mühendisler Odası İstanbul Şubesi. İstanbul Avrupa Yakası Su Havzaları Teknik Tespit Raporu, 27 Ekim 2014.
  • 5. Karaca, M.,Tayanç, M., Toros., M., 1995. Effects of Urbanization on Climate of Istanbul and Ankara. Atmospheric Environment 29(23), 3411-3421.
  • 6. Ezber, Y., Lutfi Sen, O., Kindap, T., Karaca, M., 2007. Climatic Effects of Urbanization in Istanbul: a Statistical and Modeling Analysis. International Journal of Climatology, 27(5), 667-679.
  • 7. Yalcin, T., Yetemen, O., 2009. Local Warming of Ground Waters Caused by the Urban Heat Island Effect in Istanbul, Turkey. Hydrogeology Journal, 17(5), 1247-1255.
  • 8. Bass, B.,Stull, R., Krayenjoff, S., Martilli, A., 2002. Modelling the Impact of Green Roof Infrastructure on the Urban Heat Island in Toronto. The Green Roof Infrastructure Monitor, 4, 2–3.
  • 9. Mentens, J., Raes, D., Hermy, M., 2006. Greenroofs as a tool for Solving the Rain Water Run off Problem in Theurbanized 21st Century? Landscapeand Urban Planning, 77, 217–226.
  • 10. Elbir, T., Müezzinoğlu, A., Bayram, A., 2000. Evaluation of Some Air Pollution Indicators in Turkey. Environment International, 26(1), 5-10.
  • 11. Akkoyunlu, A., Erturk, F., 2002. Evaluation of air Pollution Trends in Istanbul. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 18(4), 388-398.
  • 12. Onkal-Engin, G., Demir, I., Hiz, H., 2004. Assessment of Urban Air Quality in Istanbul Using Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation. Atmospheric Environment, 38(23), 3809-3815.
  • 13. Turoğlu, H., 2011. Flash Floods and Floods in Istanbul, İstanbul’daki Sel ve Taşkınlar. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, cilt1 sayı3:39-46.
  • 14. Celik, H.E., Aydin, A., Esin, I., Coskun, H.G., Alganci, U., Usta, G., Cigizoglu, H.K., 2009. The Causes of the Floods on the Streams Flowing to Bosphorus and the Precautions Needed: Kozdere Case Study. In Remote Sensing for a Changing Europe: Proceedings of the 28th Symposium of the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey, 2-5 June 2008 (p. 326). IOS Press.
  • 15. Monterusso, M.A., 2004. Runoff Water Quantity and Quality From Green Roof Systems. Acta Horticultirae, 639, 369–376.
  • 16. Van Woert, N.D., Rowe, D.B., Andresen, J.A., Rugh, C.L., Fernandez, R.T., Xiao, L., 2005. Green Roof Stormwater Retention. Journal of Environment Quality, 34, 1036–1044.
  • 17. Simmons, M.T., Gardiner, B., Windhager, S., Tinsley, J., 2008. Green Roofs are not Created Equal: the Hydrologic and Thermal Performance of Six Different Extensive Green Roofs and Reflective and Non-Reflective Roofs in a Sub-Tropical Climate. Urban Ecosyst. 11 (4), 339–348.
  • 18. Versini, P.A., Ramier, D., Berthier, E., de Gouvello, B., 2015. Assessment of the Hydrological Impacts of Green Roof: from Roof Scale to Basin Scale. Journal of Hydrology, 524, 562-575.
  • 19. Scholz-Barth, K., 2001. Green Roofs: Stormwater Management from the top down. Environmental Design & Construction, 4, 63–69.
  • 20. Yilmaz, D., Sabre, M., Lassabatere, L., Dal, M., Rodriguez, F., 2016. Storm Water Retention and Actual Evapotranspiration Performances of Experimental Green Roofs in French Oceanic Climate. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 20(3), 344-362.
  • 21. Palla, A., Gnecco, I., Lanza, L., 2010. Hydrologic Restoration in the Urban Environment using Green Roofs. Water, 2, 140–154.
  • 22. Ekşi, M., 2013. A Field Study to Evaluate the Runoff Quantity and Stormwater Retention of a Typical Extensive Green Roof in Bahçeköy, Istanbul. Environment Protection Engineering, 39(4),79-89.
  • 23. Czemiel Berndtsson, J., 2010. Green Roof Performance Towards Management of Runoff Water Quantity and Quality: A Review. Ecological Engineering, 36, 351–360.
  • 24. Santamouris, M., 2014. Cooling the Cities–a Review of Reflective and Green Roof Mitigation Technologies to Fight Heat Island and Improve Comfort in Urban Environments. Solar Energy, 103, 682-703.
  • 25. Castleton, H.F., Stovin, V., Beck, S.B.M., Davison, J.B., 2010. Green Roofs; Building Energy Savings and the Potential for Retrofit. Energy and Buildings, 42(10), 1582-1591.
  • 26. Dimoudi, A., Nikolopoulou, M., 2003. Vegetation in the Urban Environment: Microclimatic Analysis and Benefits. Energy and Buildings, 35, 69–76.
  • 27. Türkerı, N., Altun, M.C, Göçer, C., 2011. İstanbul’da Mevcut Çatı Sistemi ile Bitkilendirilmiş Çatı Sistemi Isıl Performanslarının Karşılaştırılmalı Değerlendirilmesi, Megaron 6(1), 21-29.
  • 28. Ekşi, M., Uzun, A., 2013. Investigation of Thermal Benefits of an Extensive Green Roof in Istanbul Climate. Scientific Research and Essays 8(3), 623-632.
  • 29. Akbari, H., Konopacki, S., 2005. Calculating Energy-Saving Potentials of Heat-Island Reduction Strategies. Energy Policy, 33, 721-756.
  • 30. Versini, P.A., Ramier, D., Berthier, E., De Gouvello, B., 2015. Assessment of the Hydrological Impacts of Green Roof: From Building Scale to Basin Scale. Journal of Hydrology, 524, 562-575.

İstanbul’un Yağmur Suyu Taşkınlarına Karşı Yeşil Teras Çatıların Önleyici Rolü

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 2, 1 - 6, 15.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.310111

Öz

İstanbul nüfusunun son yarı yüzyılda hızlı bir şekilde artması, konut ve kentleşmede sorunlara neden olmuştur. Sorunun hızlı yapılaşma yaklaşımıyla giderilmeye çalışılması da ayrıca farklı sorunları beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu sorunların en önemlilerinden biri kentteki yağmur suyu taşkınlarıdır. Bu nedenle her şiddetli yağmur sonrası İstanbul’un birçok yerinde taşkınlar oluşmaktadır. Kent için maddi ve manevi zarara neden olan bu taşkınlar, ekolojik açıdan da ciddi bir kirlilik yaratmaktadır. Yağmur suyu taşkınlarında, yüzey suyunun çoğalması önemli bir faktördür. Aşırı yapılaşma ile yaratılan geçirimsiz tabakadan dolayı toprak yüzeyi altına sızma imkânı bulamayan yağmur suyu, kaçınılmaz olarak yüzeyde akmakta ve artarak kentin en düşük noktalarında birikmektedir. Suyun aşırı şekilde biriktiği bu tür noktalarda şebekelerin yetersiz kalması, taşkınların meydana gelmesi kaçınılmaz olmaktadır. Bu noktada, yapılaşmada “Yeşil teras çatı” denilen sistemlerin yaygınlaştırılarak kullanılması, bu tür taşkın problemlerinin azaltılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu makalede İstanbul kentinde yağmur suyundan kaynaklanan taşkın problemlerine yeşil çatı sistemlerinin nasıl önleyici bir fonksiyon üstlenebileceği ele alınmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Kaya, S., Curran, P.J., 2006. Monitoring Urban Growth on the European Side of the Istanbul Metropolitan area: A Case Study. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 8(1), 18-25.
  • 2. Kaya, S., 2007. Multi Temporal Analysis of Rapid Urban Growth in Istanbul Using Remotely Sensed Data. Environmental Engineering Science 24(2), 228-233.
  • 3. Geymen, A., Baz, I., 2008. Monitoring Urban Growth and Detecting Land-Cover Changes on the Istanbul Metropolitan Area. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 136(1- 3), 449-459.
  • 4. TMMOB Çevre Mühendisler Odası İstanbul Şubesi. İstanbul Avrupa Yakası Su Havzaları Teknik Tespit Raporu, 27 Ekim 2014.
  • 5. Karaca, M.,Tayanç, M., Toros., M., 1995. Effects of Urbanization on Climate of Istanbul and Ankara. Atmospheric Environment 29(23), 3411-3421.
  • 6. Ezber, Y., Lutfi Sen, O., Kindap, T., Karaca, M., 2007. Climatic Effects of Urbanization in Istanbul: a Statistical and Modeling Analysis. International Journal of Climatology, 27(5), 667-679.
  • 7. Yalcin, T., Yetemen, O., 2009. Local Warming of Ground Waters Caused by the Urban Heat Island Effect in Istanbul, Turkey. Hydrogeology Journal, 17(5), 1247-1255.
  • 8. Bass, B.,Stull, R., Krayenjoff, S., Martilli, A., 2002. Modelling the Impact of Green Roof Infrastructure on the Urban Heat Island in Toronto. The Green Roof Infrastructure Monitor, 4, 2–3.
  • 9. Mentens, J., Raes, D., Hermy, M., 2006. Greenroofs as a tool for Solving the Rain Water Run off Problem in Theurbanized 21st Century? Landscapeand Urban Planning, 77, 217–226.
  • 10. Elbir, T., Müezzinoğlu, A., Bayram, A., 2000. Evaluation of Some Air Pollution Indicators in Turkey. Environment International, 26(1), 5-10.
  • 11. Akkoyunlu, A., Erturk, F., 2002. Evaluation of air Pollution Trends in Istanbul. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 18(4), 388-398.
  • 12. Onkal-Engin, G., Demir, I., Hiz, H., 2004. Assessment of Urban Air Quality in Istanbul Using Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation. Atmospheric Environment, 38(23), 3809-3815.
  • 13. Turoğlu, H., 2011. Flash Floods and Floods in Istanbul, İstanbul’daki Sel ve Taşkınlar. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, cilt1 sayı3:39-46.
  • 14. Celik, H.E., Aydin, A., Esin, I., Coskun, H.G., Alganci, U., Usta, G., Cigizoglu, H.K., 2009. The Causes of the Floods on the Streams Flowing to Bosphorus and the Precautions Needed: Kozdere Case Study. In Remote Sensing for a Changing Europe: Proceedings of the 28th Symposium of the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey, 2-5 June 2008 (p. 326). IOS Press.
  • 15. Monterusso, M.A., 2004. Runoff Water Quantity and Quality From Green Roof Systems. Acta Horticultirae, 639, 369–376.
  • 16. Van Woert, N.D., Rowe, D.B., Andresen, J.A., Rugh, C.L., Fernandez, R.T., Xiao, L., 2005. Green Roof Stormwater Retention. Journal of Environment Quality, 34, 1036–1044.
  • 17. Simmons, M.T., Gardiner, B., Windhager, S., Tinsley, J., 2008. Green Roofs are not Created Equal: the Hydrologic and Thermal Performance of Six Different Extensive Green Roofs and Reflective and Non-Reflective Roofs in a Sub-Tropical Climate. Urban Ecosyst. 11 (4), 339–348.
  • 18. Versini, P.A., Ramier, D., Berthier, E., de Gouvello, B., 2015. Assessment of the Hydrological Impacts of Green Roof: from Roof Scale to Basin Scale. Journal of Hydrology, 524, 562-575.
  • 19. Scholz-Barth, K., 2001. Green Roofs: Stormwater Management from the top down. Environmental Design & Construction, 4, 63–69.
  • 20. Yilmaz, D., Sabre, M., Lassabatere, L., Dal, M., Rodriguez, F., 2016. Storm Water Retention and Actual Evapotranspiration Performances of Experimental Green Roofs in French Oceanic Climate. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 20(3), 344-362.
  • 21. Palla, A., Gnecco, I., Lanza, L., 2010. Hydrologic Restoration in the Urban Environment using Green Roofs. Water, 2, 140–154.
  • 22. Ekşi, M., 2013. A Field Study to Evaluate the Runoff Quantity and Stormwater Retention of a Typical Extensive Green Roof in Bahçeköy, Istanbul. Environment Protection Engineering, 39(4),79-89.
  • 23. Czemiel Berndtsson, J., 2010. Green Roof Performance Towards Management of Runoff Water Quantity and Quality: A Review. Ecological Engineering, 36, 351–360.
  • 24. Santamouris, M., 2014. Cooling the Cities–a Review of Reflective and Green Roof Mitigation Technologies to Fight Heat Island and Improve Comfort in Urban Environments. Solar Energy, 103, 682-703.
  • 25. Castleton, H.F., Stovin, V., Beck, S.B.M., Davison, J.B., 2010. Green Roofs; Building Energy Savings and the Potential for Retrofit. Energy and Buildings, 42(10), 1582-1591.
  • 26. Dimoudi, A., Nikolopoulou, M., 2003. Vegetation in the Urban Environment: Microclimatic Analysis and Benefits. Energy and Buildings, 35, 69–76.
  • 27. Türkerı, N., Altun, M.C, Göçer, C., 2011. İstanbul’da Mevcut Çatı Sistemi ile Bitkilendirilmiş Çatı Sistemi Isıl Performanslarının Karşılaştırılmalı Değerlendirilmesi, Megaron 6(1), 21-29.
  • 28. Ekşi, M., Uzun, A., 2013. Investigation of Thermal Benefits of an Extensive Green Roof in Istanbul Climate. Scientific Research and Essays 8(3), 623-632.
  • 29. Akbari, H., Konopacki, S., 2005. Calculating Energy-Saving Potentials of Heat-Island Reduction Strategies. Energy Policy, 33, 721-756.
  • 30. Versini, P.A., Ramier, D., Berthier, E., De Gouvello, B., 2015. Assessment of the Hydrological Impacts of Green Roof: From Building Scale to Basin Scale. Journal of Hydrology, 524, 562-575.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Deniz Yılmaz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 31 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, D. (2016). İstanbul’un Yağmur Suyu Taşkınlarına Karşı Yeşil Teras Çatıların Önleyici Rolü. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.310111
AMA Yılmaz D. İstanbul’un Yağmur Suyu Taşkınlarına Karşı Yeşil Teras Çatıların Önleyici Rolü. cukurovaummfd. Aralık 2016;31(2):1-6. doi:10.21605/cukurovaummfd.310111
Chicago Yılmaz, Deniz. “İstanbul’un Yağmur Suyu Taşkınlarına Karşı Yeşil Teras Çatıların Önleyici Rolü”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 31, sy. 2 (Aralık 2016): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.310111.
EndNote Yılmaz D (01 Aralık 2016) İstanbul’un Yağmur Suyu Taşkınlarına Karşı Yeşil Teras Çatıların Önleyici Rolü. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 31 2 1–6.
IEEE D. Yılmaz, “İstanbul’un Yağmur Suyu Taşkınlarına Karşı Yeşil Teras Çatıların Önleyici Rolü”, cukurovaummfd, c. 31, sy. 2, ss. 1–6, 2016, doi: 10.21605/cukurovaummfd.310111.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Deniz. “İstanbul’un Yağmur Suyu Taşkınlarına Karşı Yeşil Teras Çatıların Önleyici Rolü”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 31/2 (Aralık 2016), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.310111.
JAMA Yılmaz D. İstanbul’un Yağmur Suyu Taşkınlarına Karşı Yeşil Teras Çatıların Önleyici Rolü. cukurovaummfd. 2016;31:1–6.
MLA Yılmaz, Deniz. “İstanbul’un Yağmur Suyu Taşkınlarına Karşı Yeşil Teras Çatıların Önleyici Rolü”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 31, sy. 2, 2016, ss. 1-6, doi:10.21605/cukurovaummfd.310111.
Vancouver Yılmaz D. İstanbul’un Yağmur Suyu Taşkınlarına Karşı Yeşil Teras Çatıların Önleyici Rolü. cukurovaummfd. 2016;31(2):1-6.