Radiologic and anatomical evaluation of scapular inclination, glenoid version, and scapulothoracic angle in healthy adult subjects
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the normal reference values for natural glenoid version, scapulothoracic angle, and scapular inclination angle in a healthy population, and to assess whether these parameters vary according to age and gender.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 120 healthy adult subjects (58 females, 62 males) aged 21 to 75 years, using Computed Tomography (CT). The participants were divided into two primary groups based on gender (female and male), and further categorized into six age-based groups. Five parameters were evaluated in total. The glenoid version was measured at three levels: middle (GVM), below (GVB), and above (GVA) the glenoid.
Results: The mean ages of the female and male participants were 51.54 ± 20.16 years and 49.60 ± 18.82 years, respectively. The GVA, GVM, GVB, SIA, and STA were found as 5.53°±8.01°, -0.02°±5.08°, 1.37°±5.03°, 47.03°±9.42°, and 41.30°±9.55° in females, respectively. The same dimensions were -4.25°±8.62°, -0.53°±5.49°, -0.02°±5.57°, 44.90°±8.40°, and 44.82°±9.19° in males, respectively. Post hoc test demonstrated that the SIA and STA values showed significant differences across age groups 1 to 6.
Conclusion: This study provides data that may serve as a reference for distinguishing between normal and pathological anatomy, while also offering essential anatomical and radiological parameters that will enable clinicians particularly radiologists and orthopedic surgeons to assess, reconstruct and design this anatomical structure.
Keywords
Shoulder joint , glenoid version , scapulothoracic angle , scapular inclination
Kaynakça
- McCausland C, Sawyer E, Eovaldi BJ, Varacallo M. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, shoulder muscles. In: StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL), StatPearls Publishing. 2023.
- Aliaj K, Lawrence RL, Bo Foreman K, Chalmers PN, Henninger HB. Kinematic coupling of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints generates humeral axial rotation. J Biomech. 2022;136:111059.
- Fulin P, Kysilko M, Pokorny D, Padr R, Kasprikova N, Landor I et al. Study of the variability of scapular inclination and the glenoid version - considerations for preoperative planning: clinical-radiological study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18:16.
- Ingelaere B, De Boey S, Cappaert R, Van Tongel A, De Wilde L. Three-dimensional glenohumeral relationship in cuff tear arthropathy and its correlation with the type of cuff tear. JSES Int. 2023;8:1182-8.
- Lippitt S, Matsen F. Mechanisms of glenohumeral joint stability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;291:20-8.
- Lugo R, Kung P, Ma CB. Shoulder biomechanics. Eur J Radiol. 2008;68:16-8.
- Parsons IM, Apreleva M, Fu FH, Woo SL. The effect of rotator cuff tears on reaction forces at the glenohumeral joint. J Orthop Res. 2002;20:439-46.
- Gumina S, Villani C, Carbone S, Venditto T, Candela V. Glenoid version: the role of genetic and environmental factors on its variability. An MRI study on asymptomatic elderly twins. Shoulder Elbow. 2022;14:55-9.
- Robertson DD, Sharma GB, McMahon PJ, Karas SG. Glenoid version assessment when the ct field of view does not permit the friedman method: the robertson method. Orthop J Sports Med. 2022;10:23259671221083589.
- Koç MR, Korucu İH, Yucens M, Yörükoğlu AÇ, Sallı A, Yalçın Ş et al. Do the changes of scapulothoracic angle affect winged scapula development and functional scores during clavicle fracture treatment? Acta Ortop Bras. 2022;30:e247742.
