Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the study is examine the effect of oral contraceptives on the serum levels of adhesion molecules and identify if the synthetic oestrogens provide protection against atherosclerosis.
Materials and Methods: The interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF Alfa), Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM-1), E selectin, P selectin, C selectin, C Reactive Protein (CRP) levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESH) of patients between 18-45, without additional illness, using oral contraceptives for contraception at least for three years were compared to healthy volunteers, aged between 18-45, having regular menstruation and without any additional diseases.
Results: There has been no meaningful difference between the VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E selectin, P selectin, TNF alfa, IL 6, ESH levels of the two groups. Serum CRP levels are meaningfully higher in the group using oral contraceptives.
Conclusion: Oral contraceptives change the serum levels of adhesion molecules. The change in the serum CRP levels might be due to the liver first pass effect.
References
- 1. Nofer JR. Estrogens and atherosclerosis: insights from animal models and cell systems. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 2012; 48(2):13-29.2. Lorenzo C, Williams K, Hunt KJ, Haffner SM. The National Cholesterol Education Program- Adult treatment Panel 3, İnternational Diabetes Federation, and Worl Health Organization Definitions of the metabolic syndrome as predictors of incident cardiovascular diseas and diabetes. Diabetes care 2007; 30(1):8-13. 3. Kaseta Jr, Skafar DF, Ram JL, Jacober SJ, Sowers JR. Cardiovascular diseas in the diabetic woman. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(6):1835-38.4. Libby P. The moleculer bases of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 1995;91(11): 2844-50.5. Libby P. Vascular biology of atherosclerosis: overview and state of the art. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91(3):3–6.6. Souter I, Janzen C, Martinez Maza O, Breen EC, Stanczyk F, Chaudhuri G, et al. Serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are decreased in women receiving oral contraceptives comparede with normally menstruating women: Implications in atherosclerosis. Fertility and Sterility 2005;83(5):1480-8.7. Nathan L, Pervin S, Singh R, Rosenfeld M, Chaudhuri G. Estradiol inhibits leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration in rabbits in vivo: possible mechanisms for gender differences in atherosclerosis. Circulation Research 1999;85(4):377– 85.8. Cushman M, Legault C, Barrett-Connor E, Stefanick ML, Kessler C, Judd HL, et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study. Circulation 1999; 100(7) :717–22.9. Jilma B, Hildebrandt J, Kapiotis S, Wagner OF, Kitzweger E, Mullner C, et al. Effects of estradiol on circulating P-selectin. J Clin Endo Metab 1996;81(6):2350 –5.10. Souter I, Huang A, Martinez-Maza O, Breen EC, Decherney AH, Chaudhuri G, et al. Serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-a, and interleukin-6 in in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertility and Sterility 2009;91(5), 2012–9.11. Stocco B, Fumagalli HF, Franceschini SA, Martinez EZ, Marzocchi-Machado CM, Toloi MR. Drospirenone and levonorgestrel in combination with either 30 or 20 mcg ethinylestradiol reduce soluble adhesion molecules in Brazilian women; cross-sectional study. Contraception 2012;86(5):506-10.12. Tatsumi H, Kitawaki J, Tanaka K, Hosoda T, Honjo H. Lack of stimulatory effect of dienogest on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by endothelial cell as compared with other synthetic progestins. Maturitas 2002;42(4):287-94.13. Otsuki M, Saito H, Xu X, Sumitani S, Kouhara H, Kishimoto T, et al. Progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone, inhibits vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21(2):243-8.14. Raman K, Chong M, Akhtar-Danesh GG, D'Mello M, Hasso R, Ross S, et al. Genetic markers of inflammation and their role in cardiovascular disease.Can J Cardiol 2013;29(1):67-74.15. van Rooijen M, Hansson LO, Frostegård J, Silveira A, Hamsten A, Bremme K. Treatment with combined oral contraceptives induces a rise in serum C-reactive protein in the absence of a general inflammatory response. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4(1):77-82.16. Shifren JL, Rifai N, Desindes S, McIlwain M, Doros G, Mazer NA. A comparison of the short-term effects of oral conjugated equine estrogens versus transdermal estradiol on c-reactive protein, other serum markers of ınflammation, and other hepatic proteins in naturally menopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(5):1702-10
Oral kontraseptif kullanan kadınlarda inflamatuvar belirteçlerinin ve adezyon moleküllerinin değişimi
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, oral kontraseptiflerin adezyon moleküllerinin serum seviyelerine olan etkisini araştırarak, sentetik östrojenlerin ateroskleroza karşı koruyucu etkisi olup olmadığı saptamaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Ek hastalığı bulunmayan, kontrasepsiyon amaçlı en az 3 aydır oral kontraseptif kullanan, 18-45 yaş aralığında olan hastaların serum interlökin 6 (İL-6), tümör nekrozis faktör alfa (TNF alfa), damarsal hücre yapışma molekülü 1 (VCAM-1), hücreler arası adezyon molekülü (ICAM-1), E selektin, P selektin, c reaktif protein (CRP) seviyeleri ve eritrosit sedimentasyon hızları (ESH); ek hastalığı bulunmayan, düzenli adet gören, 18-45 yaş aralığında olan sağlıklı gönüllülerle karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: Her iki grubun VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E selektin, P selektin, TNF alfa, İL 6, ESH seviyeleri arasında anlamlı fark saptanmadı. Oral kontraseptif kullanan grupta serum CRP seviyeleri anlamlı olarak daha yüksek saptandı.
Sonuç: Oral kontraseptiflerin adezyon moleküllerinin serum seviyelerini değiştirdiği gösterilemiştir. Serum crp seviyelerinin değişimleri ise karaciğer ilk geçiş etkisine bağlanmaktadır.
References
- 1. Nofer JR. Estrogens and atherosclerosis: insights from animal models and cell systems. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 2012; 48(2):13-29.2. Lorenzo C, Williams K, Hunt KJ, Haffner SM. The National Cholesterol Education Program- Adult treatment Panel 3, İnternational Diabetes Federation, and Worl Health Organization Definitions of the metabolic syndrome as predictors of incident cardiovascular diseas and diabetes. Diabetes care 2007; 30(1):8-13. 3. Kaseta Jr, Skafar DF, Ram JL, Jacober SJ, Sowers JR. Cardiovascular diseas in the diabetic woman. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(6):1835-38.4. Libby P. The moleculer bases of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 1995;91(11): 2844-50.5. Libby P. Vascular biology of atherosclerosis: overview and state of the art. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91(3):3–6.6. Souter I, Janzen C, Martinez Maza O, Breen EC, Stanczyk F, Chaudhuri G, et al. Serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are decreased in women receiving oral contraceptives comparede with normally menstruating women: Implications in atherosclerosis. Fertility and Sterility 2005;83(5):1480-8.7. Nathan L, Pervin S, Singh R, Rosenfeld M, Chaudhuri G. Estradiol inhibits leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration in rabbits in vivo: possible mechanisms for gender differences in atherosclerosis. Circulation Research 1999;85(4):377– 85.8. Cushman M, Legault C, Barrett-Connor E, Stefanick ML, Kessler C, Judd HL, et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study. Circulation 1999; 100(7) :717–22.9. Jilma B, Hildebrandt J, Kapiotis S, Wagner OF, Kitzweger E, Mullner C, et al. Effects of estradiol on circulating P-selectin. J Clin Endo Metab 1996;81(6):2350 –5.10. Souter I, Huang A, Martinez-Maza O, Breen EC, Decherney AH, Chaudhuri G, et al. Serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-a, and interleukin-6 in in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertility and Sterility 2009;91(5), 2012–9.11. Stocco B, Fumagalli HF, Franceschini SA, Martinez EZ, Marzocchi-Machado CM, Toloi MR. Drospirenone and levonorgestrel in combination with either 30 or 20 mcg ethinylestradiol reduce soluble adhesion molecules in Brazilian women; cross-sectional study. Contraception 2012;86(5):506-10.12. Tatsumi H, Kitawaki J, Tanaka K, Hosoda T, Honjo H. Lack of stimulatory effect of dienogest on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by endothelial cell as compared with other synthetic progestins. Maturitas 2002;42(4):287-94.13. Otsuki M, Saito H, Xu X, Sumitani S, Kouhara H, Kishimoto T, et al. Progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone, inhibits vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21(2):243-8.14. Raman K, Chong M, Akhtar-Danesh GG, D'Mello M, Hasso R, Ross S, et al. Genetic markers of inflammation and their role in cardiovascular disease.Can J Cardiol 2013;29(1):67-74.15. van Rooijen M, Hansson LO, Frostegård J, Silveira A, Hamsten A, Bremme K. Treatment with combined oral contraceptives induces a rise in serum C-reactive protein in the absence of a general inflammatory response. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4(1):77-82.16. Shifren JL, Rifai N, Desindes S, McIlwain M, Doros G, Mazer NA. A comparison of the short-term effects of oral conjugated equine estrogens versus transdermal estradiol on c-reactive protein, other serum markers of ınflammation, and other hepatic proteins in naturally menopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(5):1702-10
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Research |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2019 |
| Acceptance Date | November 21, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 44 Issue: 2 |
