Rapidly Increasing Brain Drainage in Türkiye: Causes, Effects, and Solutions

Öz

Recently, increasing economic, social, and political imbalances in the country have caused important health problems. In addition, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is seen that the human power deficit in health and the problems of health inequality have increased. Health workers cannot obtain economic and social motivation resources despite difficulties they experience. These losses of qualified manpower. Migration depends on many factors, such as the conditions and policies of the source and destination countries and the characteristics of the migrating individuals. Brain drain is the migration of well-educated, expert, and qualified people to developed countries to improve living conditions. It is usually carried out by people seeking better opportunities, living standards and working conditions. Nurses, who are essential to healthcare delivery, are particularly affected by this phenomenon. The movement of nurses from developing countries to more developed countries creates challenges for both the source and destination countries. In Türkiye, it is seen that the rate has increased with a serious acceleration in the last period. Addressing this problem requires a comprehensive approach that includes improving economic conditions, work environments, professional development opportunities, and social recognition. By implementing these strategies, countries can better protect their health workforce and provide more stable and effective health systems for their populations. This review aims to highlight the rapidly increasing brain drain among healthcare workers in Türkiye and the causes thereof.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Health workers
• nurse
• international migration
• brain drain
• reasons for migration

Kaynakça

1. 1. Hüsmenoglu M, Tuna R. Nurse Migration Starting with Globalization: Bulgaria Status Analysis. Koç University Journal of Education and Research in Nursing 2020;17(2):199-202. google scholar
2. 2. Yılmaz E.A. The Situation of Brain Drain in Turkey in the Context of International Brain Drain Movements. EUL Journal of Social Sciences 2019, (X-II): 220-32. google scholar
3. 3. Bayık Temel A. Globalization and Internationalization in Nursing Education. Dokuz Eylul University School of Nursing Electronic Journal 2011; 4 (3); 144-50. google scholar
4. 4. Yıldırım T. Helath workers and international migration: A study on the causes of migration. J Ankara Univ Fac Med 2009; 62(3). google scholar
5. 5. Turan F.D. Career decision and career decision-making competences as the determinants of nursing fourth grade students’ attitudes towards brain drain. Gumushane Univ. J. Health Sci 2021; 10(4): 828-41. google scholar
6. 6. Gökbayrak S. The debates on international migration and development: An investigation on brain drain. Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Political Sciences 2008; 63(3). google scholar
7. 7. Civan O.E, Gökalp A. The concept of migrant workers and occupational health and safety of migrant workers. Work and Society Journal 2011; 1:233-63. google scholar
8. 8. Güllüpınar F. The Economy-politics of migration and a review of the theories of international migration. Yalova Journal of Social Sciences 2012; 4:53-83. google scholar

9. 9. Yılmaz A. International International migration: Its types, causes and effects. Turkish studies- International periodical for the languages, literature and history of Turkish or Turkic 2014; 9 (2). google scholar
10. 10. Engin C, Konuk T. The Effect of international migration on unemployment and economic growth in Turkey: an econometric analysis. Journal of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences 2020; 10(1): 103-23. google scholar
11. 11. Öncü E, Selvi H, Vayisoglu SK, Ceyhan H. Development of an Attitude Scale for Brain Drain among nursing students: a reliability and validity study. Cukurova Medical Journal 2018;43(Suppl 1):207-15. google scholar
12. 12. Bakırtaş T, Kandemir O. Countries and brain drain: example of Turkey. Kastamonu Education Journal. 2010; 18(3): 961-74. google scholar
13. 13. International Organization for Migration 2022, www.iom.int google scholar
14. 14. Docquıer F, Lowell BL, Marfouk AA Gendered assessment of highly skilled emigration. Population and Development Review 2009; 35 (2): 297-321. google scholar
15. 15. Yöntem S, McDonald S. Turkish labour migration: Turkey Germany migration corridor. paper prepared for the 11th Global Economic Analysis Conference, “Future of Global Economy”, Marina Congress Centre, Helsinki, Finland, June 2008. google scholar
16. 16. Brimmer Esther D. Before the subcommittee on immigration, citizenship, and border safety, United States senate strengthening our workforce and economy through higher education and immigration NAFSA: Association of International Educators June 13, 2022. google scholar
17. 17. Tansel A, Güngör ND. Brain Drain from Turkey to Abroad: An Empirical Application. ERC Working Paper in Economic 2004, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5173566 google scholar
18. 18. Andrew Green M. Africa’s Healthworker brain drain. Blog Post, 2023, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/stubbornthings (Wilson Center). google scholar
19. 19. Arbogast M. IMF - The health workforce: A global supply chain perspective. 2024, https://www.ippmedia.com/the-guardian/ features/read/africas-brain-drain-crisis-stemming-the-trend-for-sustainable-development-2024-05-10-213352 (IPP Media). google scholar
20. 20. Abarcar P, Theoharides C. Brain drain vs brain gain: Does international migration deplete poor countries of skilled workers? 2024, https://www.voxdev.org/topic/migration-urbanisation/brain-drain-vs-brain-gain-does-international-migration-deplete-poor (VoxDev). google scholar
21. 21. WHO Health Workforce Support and Safeguards List 2023 google scholar
22. 22. Wickramage K, Vearey JB. Zwi A, Robinson C, Knipper M. Migration and health: a global public health research priority. Wickramage et al. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:987. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12889-018-5932-5 google scholar
23. 23. OECD - International Migration Outlook 2023, https://doi. org/10.1787/b0f40584-en google scholar