A Qualitative Research on the Awareness of Trend Technologies Used in Digital Transformation of Businesses Across G20 Countries

Öz

Businesses that fail to adapt to the digital transformation process and the disruptive innovation that it brings are likely to lose their competitive advantage and operational efficiency. In order to adapt to this process, a digital transformation culture should prevail within the organization. Corporate culture is influenced by national culture. Therefore, the social awareness of the technologies used in businesses’ digital transformation processes and the dominance of digital transformation-oriented corporate culture in businesses are related. In this context, this study aims to investigate the social awareness of globally accepted technologies in the digital transformation process of businesses in G20 countries. To this end, the study presents 19 technologies that have become known in the Industry 4.0 process through a literature review. These technologies were also categorized according to their areas of application. The study used descriptive content analysis from qualitative analysis techniques. The Google Trends database was used to determine the awareness of these technologies in the G20 countries. In this context, the average awareness data for each year and country was obtained by taking the search intensity data between 01 May 2011 and 20 December 2023 from the Google Trends database for G20 countries. This data was analysed separately for each technology. As a result of the study, the countries with the highest and lowest awareness of each technology were identified, the results were verified with the existing studies in the literature, and the points that contradicted the literature were explained. In addition, the awareness ranking of the G20 countries was revealed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Digital Transformation
• Technology and Innovation Management
• Corporate Culture

İşletmelerin Dijital Dönüşümünde Kullanılan Trend Teknolojilerin G20 Ülkeleri Genelindeki Farkındalığı Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma

Öz

Dijital dönüşüm sürecine ve bu süreçte kullanılan yıkıcı inovasyon etkisi yapan teknolojik gelişmelere uyum sağlayamayan işletmelerin rekabet avantajlarını ve operasyonel verimliliklerini kaybetmeleri muhtemeldir. Bu sürece uyum sağlayabilmek için dijital dönüşüme uygun olarak yapılandırılmış bir kurum kültürünün işletme içerisinde hâkim olmalıdır. Kurum kültürü ulusal kültürden etkilenen bir yapıdadır. Bu sebeple işletmelerin dijital dönüşüm sürecinde kullanılan teknolojilere olan toplum genelindeki farkındalık ile dijital dönüşüm odaklı kurum kültürünün işletmelerde hâkim olabilmesinin ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı işletmelerin dijital dönüşüm sürecinde dünya genelinde kabul görmüş teknolojilerin toplum genelindeki farkındalığını G20 ülkelerinde araştırmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Endüstri 4.0 süreci ile meşhur olmuş 19 teknoloji literatür taranarak çalışma kapsamında sunulmuştur. Bu teknolojiler kullanım alanlarına göre de kategorize edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında nitel analiz tekniklerinden betimleyici içerik analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Bu teknolojilerin G20 ülkelerindeki farkındalıklarını tespit edebilmek için Google Trends veritabanı kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda G20 ülkeleri için Google Trends veri tabanından 01 May 2011 – 20 Dec 2023 tarihleri arasındaki arama yoğunluğu verisi alınarak her bir sene için ve ülke için ortalama farkındalık verisi elde edilmiştir. Bu veriler her bir teknoloji için ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda her bir teknoloji için farkındalığı en yüksek ve en düşük ülkeler ortaya çıkarılmış, sonuçlar literatürde var olan çalışmalarla doğrulanmış, literatür ile çelişen noktalar açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca G20 ülkeleri arasında farkındalık sıralaması ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dijital Dönüşüm
• Teknoloji ve Yenilik Yönetimi
• Kurumsal Kültür

Kaynakça

1. Abbasi, A. (2022). (25.10.2023) The metaverse and NFTs: What agencies and brand leaders should know. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2022/01/06/the-metaverse-and-nfts-what-agencies-and-brand-leaders-should-know/?sh=2edfec54200b
2. Abdulkareem, N. M., Zeebaree, S. R. M., Sadeeq, M. A. M., Ahmed, D. M., Sami, A. S., & Zebari, R. R. (2021). IoT and cloud computing issues, challenges and opportunities: A review. Qubahan Academic Journal, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.48161/qaj.v1n2a36
3. Adel, A. (2022). Future of industry 5.0 in society: human-centric solutions, challenges and prospective research areas. Adel Journal of Cloud Computing, 11, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-022-00314-5 Ahmad, S., Miskon, S., Alabdan, R., & Tlili, I. (2020). Towards sustainable textile and apparel industry: Exploring the role of business intelligence systems in the era of industry 4.0. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(7), 2632. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072632
4. Akanmu, A. A., Anumba, C. J., & Ogunseiju, O. O. (2021). Towards next generation cyber-physical systems and digital twins for construction. Journal of Information Technology in Construction, 26, 505-525. https://doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2021.027
5. Albert, M. (2015). Seven things to know about the internet of things. Modern Machine Shop, 88(4), 74–81.
6. Almurisi, N., & Tadisetty, S. (2022). Cloud-based virtualization environment for IoT-based WSN: solutions, approaches and challenges. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 13, 4681-4703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03515-z
7. Altaf, A., Iqbal, F., Latif, R., Yakubu, B. M., Latif, S., & Samiullah, H. (2022). A survey of blockchain technology: Architecture, applied domains, platforms, and security threats. Social Science Computer Review, 41(5), 1941-1962. https://doi.org/10.1177/08944393221110148
8. Altair. (2022). (25.10.2023) 2022 digital twin global survey report. https://altair.com/docs/default-source/pdfs/altair_dt-global-survey-report_web.pdf

9. Altuğ, F., & Akkoyun, K. (2023). Geçici kümelerin inovasyon süreçlerinin gelişmesine etkisi: Teknofest örneği. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 50, 267-284. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1264500
10. Amazon Web Services. (2023). (25.10.2023) What is an API? - Application programming interface explained - AWS. https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/api/
11. Anyoha, R. (2017). (15.09.2023) The history of artificial intelligence - Can machines think? Harvard University. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/history-artificial-intelligence/
12. Apilioğulları, L. (2018). Dijital dönüşümün yol haritası endüstri 4.0: Değişimin değiştirdikleri (1st ed.). Agora Kitaplığı.
13. Arçelik. (2022). (25.08.2023) Arçelik 2022 faaliyet raporu. https://www.arcelikglobal.com/media/7260/arcelik_fr_22_tr.pdf
14. Attaran, M., & Celik, B. G. (2023). Digital twin: Benefits, use cases, challenges, and opportunities. Decision Analytics Journal, 6, 100165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100165
15. Azadi Moghadam, P., Bashashati, A., & Goldenberg, S. L. (2024). Artificial intelligence and pathomics: Prostate cancer. Urologic Clinics of North America, 51(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2023.06.001
16. Balderas, D., Ortiz, A., Méndez, E., Ponce, P., & Molina, A. (2021). Empowering digital twin for industry 4.0 using metaheuristic optimization algorithms: Case study PCB drilling optimization. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 113(5–6), 1295–1306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06649-8
17. Baraković, S., & Baraković Husić, J. (2022). Digital transformation challenges: The cyber security threats of cryptocurrency technology use. In proceedings of First International Conference on Advances in Traffic and Communication Technologies (ATCT 2022), (pp. 77-83). https://doi.org/10.59478/atct.2022.11
18. Bartodziej, C. J. (2017). The concept Industry 4.0. In The Concept Industry 4.0 (pp. 27–50). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16502-4_3
19. Becher, B. (2023). What Is 4D printing? | Built In. https://builtin.com/3d-printing/4d-printing Benotsmane, R., Kovács, G., & Dudás, L. (2019). Economic, social impacts and operation of smart factories in Industry 4.0 focusing on simulation and artificial intelligence of collaborating robots. Social Sciences, 8(5), 143. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8050143
20. Bilge, B. (2017). Yıkıcı teknolojilerin belirlenmesi. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 57–83.
21. Biswas, R. (2023). (25.10.2023) India’s manufacturing output surges while inflation pressures ease | S&P Global. https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/indias-manufacturing-output-surges-while-inflation-pressures-ease-oct23.html
22. Bourlakis, M., Papagiannidis, S., & Li, F. (2009). Retail spatial evolution: Paving the way from traditional to metaverse retailing. Electronic Commerce Research, 9(1–2), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-009-9030-8
23. Bredenoord, B. J. B. (2016). (19.10.2023) Culture and queries: Google search data as a reflection of national culture. http://essay.utwente.nl/70141/
24. Cannataro, M., Guzzi, P. H., Agapito, G., Zucco, C., & Milano, M. (2022). Artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence in Bioinformatics, 29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822952-1.00012-7
25. Capgemini Digital Transformation Institute. (2018). The digital culture challenge: Closing the employee-leadership gap.
26. Cherian, J., Gaikar, V., Paul, R., & Pech, R. (2021). Corporate culture and its impact on employees’ attitude, performance, productivity, and behavior: An investigative analysis from selected organizations of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/JOITMC7010045
27. Cisco Products and Services. (2021). (19.10.2023) What is WiFi 6? (802.11ax) - Cisco. https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/wireless/what-is-wi-fi-6.html
28. Cobb, A. N., Benjamin, A. J., Huang, E. S., & Kuo, P. C. (2018). Big data: More than big data sets. Surgery (United States), 164(4), 640–642.
29. Colbran, R. J., & Toker, A. (2023). Regenerative artificial intelligence in Journal of Biological Chemistry. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 299(8), 105008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105008
30. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi. (2022). (05.07.2023) Kamu bulut bilişim stratejisi ülke incelemeleri. https://cbddo.gov.tr/SharedFolderServer/Genel/File/UIR_Raporu.pdf.
31. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi. (2021). (07.08.2023) Ulusal yapay zekâ stratejisi (UYZS) 2021-2025. https://cbddo.gov.tr/SharedFolderServer/Genel/File/TR-UlusalYZStratejisi2021-2025.pdf
32. Currie, G. M. (2023). Academic integrity and artificial intelligence: Is ChatGPT hype, hero or heresy? Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 53(5), 719–730. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.04.008
33. Daecher, A., Sniderman, B., Holdowsky, J., Cotteleer, M., Matho, M., Hanley, T. P., Murphy, T., & Rutgers, V. (2018). (15.06.2023) The Industry 4.0 paradox Overcoming disconnects on the path to digital transformation. Deloitte Insights. https://www.deloitte.com/middle-east/en/Industries/energy/research/the-industry-4-0-paradox.html
34. Davies, R. (2015). (09.08.2023) Industry 4.0. Digitalisation for productivity and growth. European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/568337/EPRS_BRI(2015)568337_EN.pdf
35. Deloitte. (2015). (09.06.2023) Industry 4.0 Challenges and solutions for the digital transformation and use of exponential technologies. https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ch/Documents/manufacturing/ch-en-manufacturing-industry-4-0-24102014.pdf
36. Deloitte. (2018). (01.09.2023) Industry 4.0: Are you ready? Deloitte Review, 22. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/collections/issue-22/DI_Deloitte-Review-22.pdf
37. Didonato, T., & Gill, N. (2015). (01.09.2023) Changing an organization’s culture, without resistance or blame. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2015/07/changing-an-organizations-culture-without-resistance-or-blame
38. Duo, W., Zhou, M. C., & Abusorrah, A. (2022). A survey of cyber attacks on cyber-physical systems: Recent advances and challenges. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 9(5), 784–800. https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2022.105548
39. Eke, D. O. (2023). ChatGPT and the rise of generative AI: Threat to academic integrity? Journal of Responsible Technology, 13, 100060. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRT.2023.100060
40. Ellström, D., Holtström, J., Berg, E., & Josefsson, C. (2022). Dynamic capabilities for digital transformation. Journal of Strategy and Management, 15(2), 272-286. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-04-2021-0089
41. Enholm, I. M., Papagiannidis, E., Mikalef, P., & Krogstie, J. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Business Value: A literature review. Information Systems Frontiers, 24(5), 1709–1734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10186-w
42. Epo. (2023). Patent filings in 3D printing grew eight times faster than average of all technologies in last decade | Epo.org. European Patent Office. https://www.epo.org/en/news-events/news/patent-filings-3d-printing-grew-eight-times-faster-average-all-technologies-last
43. Ertürk, M. (2022). Google trendlere göre uzaktan çalışmaya yönelik halk ilgisi: Covid-19 pandemisi öncesi ve pandemi dönemi. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Human Resources Management, 1(2), 1–14. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6622-0204
44. European Commission. (2022). (01.10.2023) Industry 5.0. European Commission. https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/research-area/industrial-research-and-innovation/industry-50_en
45. Ferber, S. (2013). (07.07.2023) Industry 4.0-Technology for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. https://www.scribd.com/document/762394211/Industry-4-0-Technology-for-the-Fourth-Industrial-Revolution-PDFDrive
46. Filipov, V., & Vasilev, P. (2016). Manufacturing operations management - The smart backbone of industry 4 . 0. International Scientific Conference ‘Industry 4.0’, 27/213, 8–13. http://stumejournals.com/ni/2016/27-213.pdf
47. Floyd, E. L., Wang, J., & Regens, J. L. (2017). Fume emissions from a low-cost 3-D printer with various filaments. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 14(7), 523-533. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2017.1302587
48. Ford, M. (2015). (01.08.2023) Industry 4.0: Who benefits? https://iconnect007.com/article/91327/industry-40-who-benefits/91330/pcb
49. Gabriel, M., & Pessl, E. (2016). Industry 4.0 and sustainability impacts : Critical discussion of sustainability aspects with a special focus. International Journal of Engineering, 14(2), 131–137.
50. Garcia, J. M. V., & Pinzon, B. H. D. (2017). Key success factors to business intelligence solution implementation. Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business, 7(1), 48–69.
51. Garcia-Perez, A., Cegarra-Navarro, J. G., Sallos, M. P., Martinez-Caro, E., & Chinnaswamy, A. (2023). Resilience in healthcare systems: Cyber security and digital transformation. Technovation, 121, 102583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102583
52. Gaub, H. (2016). Customization of mass-produced parts by combining injection molding and additive manufacturing with Industry 4.0 technologies. Reinforced Plastics, 60(6), 401–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repl.2015.09.004
53. Gilchrist, A. (2016). Industry 4.0 the industrial internet of things. In Library of Congress Control Number. Apress Media Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2047-4
54. Gills, A. S. (2022). (25.06.2023) What is IoT (internet of things) and how does it work? - Definition from techtarget.com. TechTarget. https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT
55. Golightly, L., Chang, V., Xu, Q. A., Gao, X., & Liu, B. S. C. (2022). Adoption of cloud computing as innovation in the organization. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 14. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 18479790221093992
56. Google Trends. (2023) (01.09.2023). Basics of Google trends - Google news initiative. https://newsinitiative.withgoogle.com/resources/trainings/basics-of-google-trends/
57. Goss, M. (2022). (01.09.2023) Wi-Fi 6 vs. 5G: How are they different and why we need both. TechTarget. https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/feature/A-deep-dive-into-the-differences-between-5G-and-Wi-Fi-6
58. Grabowska, S., Saniuk, S., & Gajdzik, B. (2022). Industry 5.0: Improving humanization and sustainability of Industry 4.0. Scientometrics, 127(6), 3117–3144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04370-1
59. Güleç, T. C. (2020). Merkezi olmayan kriptopara birimlerinin yıkıcı yenilik potansiyeli. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 27(2), 369–379. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.605395
60. Güvener, A. (2019). Dijital dönüşüm sürecinde çalışanların teknolojik hazıroluş seviyelerinin belirlenmesi [PhD Thesis]. Bahçeşir University.
61. Hautala-Kankaanpää, T. (2022). The impact of digitalization on firm performance: examining the role of digital culture and the effect of supply chain capability. Business Process Management Journal, 28(8), 90-109. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-03-2022-0122
62. Heynitz, H., Bremicker, M., Amadori, D. M., & Reshke, K. (2016). (05.09.2023) The Factory of the Future: Industry 4.0- The challenges of tomorrow. Kpmg, 1–68. https://www.kpmg.com/ID/en/IssuesAndInsights/Articles Publications/Documents/factory-future-industry-4.0.pdf
63. Holroyd, C. (2022). Technological innovation and building a ‘super smart’ society: Japan’s vision of society 5.0. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 15(1), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2020.1749340
64. Hoske, M. T. (2015). Industry 4.0 and internet of things tools help streamline factory automation-communication and networking for the industrial internet of things. Control Engineering, 62(2), M7–M10. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42559-7
65. IBM. (2016). (01.09.2023) Industry (Industrie) 4.0 and IoT. InterConnect 2016: The Premier Cloud & Mobile Conference. https://www.controleng.com/download-the-2016-iiot-industrie-4-0-report/
66. IMF. (2023). World economic outlook (30.11.2023) - GDP, current prices. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD
67. Inamdar, A. (2022). (01.06.2023) Digital transformation and its impact on organizational culture. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeshumanresourcescouncil/2022/07/22/digital-transformation-and-its-impact-on-organizational-culture/?sh=695a669829a2
68. Joppen, R., Kühn, A., Förster, M., & Dumitrescu, R. (2022). Evaluation of industry 4.0 applications in production. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14, 2479–2514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-00959-2
69. Julia, A., Forno, D., Vieira Bataglini, W., Steffens, F., & Ulson De Souza, A. A. (2021). Industry 4.0 in textile and apparel sector: a systematic literature review Systematic literature review. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel. https://doi.org/10.1108/RJTA-08-2021-0106
70. Kapan, K., & Üncel, R. (2020). Gelişen web teknolojilerinin (Web 1.0-Web 2.0-Web 3.0) Türkiye turizmine etkisi. Safran Kültür ve Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 276–289.
71. Khan, M. A., & Smith Law, L. (2015). The role of national cultures in shaping the corporate management cultures: A three country theoretical analysis. Proceedings of the 25th International Business Information Management Association Conference - Innovation Vision 2020: From Regional Development Sustainability to Global Economic Growth, IBIMA 2015, 2426–2443. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78051
72. Koçak, D. (2016). Web 1.0’dan Web 3.0’a Metaverse’ün gelişimi ve sunduğu fırsatlar. Electronic Journal of New Media, 7(2), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.17932/iau.ejnm.25480200.2023/ejnm_v7i2002
73. Koch, H. C., Schmelzeisen, D., & Gries, T. (2021). 4D textiles textiles—an made by additive overview manufacturing on pre-stressed textiles—an overview. Actuators, 10(2), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/act10020031
74. Koch, V., Kuge, S., Geissbauer, R., & Schrauf, S. (2014). (29.06.2023) Opportunities and challenges of the industrial internet. PWC and Strategy. https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/gx/en/insights/2015/industry-4-opportunities-and-challenges/industry-4-0.pdf
75. Korteling, J. E. (Hans), van de Boer-Visschedijk, G. C., Blankendaal, R. A. M., Boonekamp, R. C., & Eikelboom, A. R. (2021). Human- versus Artificial Intelligence. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4 :622364. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2021.622364
76. Kovacova, M., & Lewis, E. (2021). Smart factory performance, cognitive automation, and industrial big data analytics in sustainable manufacturing internet of things. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 9(3), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.22381/jsme9320211
77. Kurtuluş, M., & Tekin, Ç. (2023). Metaverse Kronolojisi ve Ulusal Mimarlık Ortamında Metaverse. 3(2), 110 - 134.
78. Küsters, D., Praß, N., & Gloy, Y. S. (2017). Textile learning factory 4.0 – Preparing Germany’s textile industry for the digital future. Procedia Manufacturing, 9, 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.04.035
79. Kuznaz, T., Pfohl, H.-C., & Yahsi, B. (2015). The impact of industry 4.0 on the supply chain. Innovations and Strategies for Logistics and Supply Chains, August, 32–58.
80. Langlois, A., & Benjanmin, C. (2017). The impact of supply chain management on business intelligence. Journal of Intelligence Studies in Business, 7(2), 51–61.
81. Lawton, G. (2021a). (30.07.2023) RPA vs. cognitive automation: What are the key differences? | TechTarget. TechTarget. https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/feature/RPA-vs-cognitive-automation-What-are-the-key-differences
82. Lawton, G. (2021b). (30.07.2023) What is cognitive automation? https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/cognitive-automation
83. Leal-Rodríguez, A. L., Sanchís-Pedregosa, C., Moreno-Moreno, A. M., & Leal-Millán, A. G. (2023). Digitalization beyond technology: Proposing an explanatory and predictive model for digital culture in organizations. Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, 8(3), 100409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100409
84. Lee, S., Rho, S. H., Lee, S., Lee, J., Lee, S. W., Lim, D., & Jeong, W. (2021). Implementation of an automated manufacturing process for smart clothing: The case study of a smart sports bra. Processes, 9(2), 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020289
85. Levin, I., & Mamlok, D. (2021). Culture and society in the digital age. Information (Switzerland), 12(2), 68. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/info12020068
86. Liao, Y., Deschamps, F., Rocha Loures, E., & Ramos, L. F. (2017). Past, present and future of Industry 4.0 - a systematic literature review and research agenda proposal. International Journal of Production Research, 55(12), 3609-3629.
87. Lichtenthaler, U. (2021). Profiting from digital transformation? Combining data management and artificial intelligence. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology, 12(5), 12. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSSMET.2021090105
88. Lora Alliance. (2022). (30.11.2023) What is LoRaWAN® Specification - LoRa Alliance®. https://lora-alliance.org/about-lorawan/
89. Lv, Z. (2023). Generative artificial intelligence in the metaverse era. Cognitive Robotics, 3, 208–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogr.2023.06.001
90. Malavasi, M., & Gabriele, S. (2017). Lean manufacturing and Industry 4.0 : An empirical analysis between sustaining and disruptive change. [Master’s Dissertation] Politecnico Di Milano.
91. Mancı, A. R. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kültürel miras farkındalığı ve deneyimleri: Harran Üniversitesi örneği- Şanlıurfa. Turk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi, 3(4), 1164–1177. https://doi.org/10.26677/tr1010.2019.234
92. Mandal, A. (2022). (30.06.2023) How organisational culture and national culture impact your organisation. https://hofstede-insights.in/how-organisational-culture-and-national-culture-impact-your-organisation/
93. McKinsey. (2023). (30.11.2023) What is ChatGPT, DALL-E, and generative AI? | McKinsey. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-generative-ai#/
94. Mendhurwar, S., & Mishra, R. (2021). Integration of social and IoT technologies: architectural framework for digital transformation and cyber security challenges. Enterprise Information Systems, 15(4), 565-584. https://doi.org/10.1080/17517575.2019.1600041
95. Mertes, J., Lindenschmitt, D., Amirrezai, M., Tashakor, N., Glatt, M., Schellenberger, C., Shah, S. M., Karnoub, A., Hobelsberger, C., Yi, L., Götz, S., Aurich, J. C., & Schotten, H. D. (2022). Evaluation of 5G-capable framework for highly mobile, scalable human-machine interfaces in cyber-physical production systems. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 64, 578–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2022.08.009
96. Minelli, M., Chambers, M., & Dhiraj, A. (2013). Big data, big analytics: Emerging business intelligence and analytic trends for today's businesses, Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118562260
97. Montanus, M. (2016). Next Gen Manufacturing: Industry 4.0 A look at the changing landscapes in manufacturing. Procedia CIRP, 140. https://doi.org/10.15577/jmt.2014.01.03.4
98. Moorhouse, B. L., Yeo, M. A., & Wan, Y. (2023). Generative AI tools and assessment: Guidelines of the world’s top-ranking universities. Computers and Education Open, 5, 100151. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CAEO.2023.100151
99. Moraes, E. C., & Lepikson, H. A. (2017). Industry 4.0 and its impacts on society. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 2017, 729–735.
100. Murugesan, U., Subramanian, P., Srivastava, S., & Dwivedi, A. (2023). A study of artificial intelligence impacts on human resource digitalization in industry 4.0. Decision Analytics Journal, 7: 100249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100249
101. Nandhini, R. S., & Lakshmanan, R. (2022). A review of the integration of cyber-physical system and internet of things a cyber-physical systems perception of internet of things. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2022.0130453
102. Narvaez Rojas, C., Alomia Peñafiel, G. A., Loaiza Buitrago, D. F., & Tavera Romero, C. A. (2021). Society 5.0: A Japanese concept for a superintelligent society. In Sustainability (Switzerland) 13(12). https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su13126567
103. Nyberg, E., & Nilsen, S. (2016). The adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in manufacturing – a multiple case study. [Master Thesis]. KTH Industrial Engineering and Management.
104. Özutku, H. (2019). Kültürel boyutlar bağlamında örgütsel değerlerde ayrışma ve benzeşme: Fortune 500 global ve fortune 500 Türkiye listesindeki en beğenilen firmalar üzerine bir araştırma. International Review of Economics and Management, 7(1), 1–27. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr
105. Pal, K., & Yasar, A. U. H. (2020). Internet of things and blockchain technology in apparel manufacturing supply chain data management. The 11th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and Technologies (ANT), 170, 450–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.088
106. Papanagnou, C., Seiler, A., Spanaki, K., Papadopoulos, T., & Bourlakis, M. (2022). Data-driven digital transformation for emergency situations: The case of the UK retail sector. International Journal of Production Economics, 250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2022.108628
107. Passi, L. F. (2015). Italian finance industry sustains the digitalisation of the public administration-business-citizen relationship: Electronic invoicing and the CBILL Service. Journal of Payments Strategy & Systems, 9(2), 132–147. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=plh&AN=103611215&site=eds-live
108. Pavlova, E. (2020). Enhancing the organisational culture related to cyber security during the university's digital transformation. Information & Security: An International Journal, 46(3). https://doi.org/10.11610/isij.4617
109. Pecorari, D. (2023). Generative AI: Same same but different? Journal of Second Language Writing, 62, 101067. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSLW.2023.101067
110. Pfeiffer, S. (2016). Robots, industry 4.0 and humans, or why assembly work is more than routine work. Societies, 6(2), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc6020016
111. Piccarozzi, M., Silvestri, C., Aquilani, B., & Cagnetti, C. (2021). Industry 4.0 tools in innovative European firms: Exploring their adoption and communication features through content analysis. Procedia Computer Science, 180, 414–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.01.257
112. Planing, P., Pfoertsch, W., & G., D. A. (2016). The digital business transformation paths from manufacturer to digital ecosystem provider - analyzing the strategic options of large corporations towards digitalization. Allied Academies Summer Internet Conference, 18(2), 66–70.
113. Prasad Agrawal, K. (2023). Towards adoption of generative AI in organizational settings. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 64(5), 636-651. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2023.2240744
114. Ratten, V., & Jones, P. (2023). Generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT): Implications for management educators. International Journal of Management Education, 21(3), 100857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100857
115. Rifkin, J. (2014). The zero marginal cost society the internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism. Palgrave Macmillan.
116. Rogers, S., & Zvarikova, K. (2021). Big data-driven algorithmic governance in sustainable smart manufacturing: Robotic process and cognitive automation technologies. Analysis and Metaphysics, 20, 130-144. https://doi.org/10.22381/am2020219
117. Ryalat, M., ElMoaqet, H., & AlFaouri, M. (2023). Design of a smart factory based on cyber-physical systems and internet of things towards industry 4.0. Applied Sciences, 13(4), 2156. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP13042156
118. Saenkhum, T., & Kim, S. H. (2023). Generative artificial intelligence and second language writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 62, 101066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2023.101066
119. Sætra, H. S. (2023). Generative AI: Here to stay, but for good? Technology in Society, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102372
120. Schrauf, S., Vedsø, J., & Geissbauer, R. (2016). (30.08.2023) A strategist’s guide to industry 4.0. Strategy + Business, 83. https://www.strategy-business.com/article/A-Strategists-Guide-to-Industry-4.0
121. Schwab, K. (2016). Dördüncü sanayi devrimi. Optimist Yayım Dağıtım San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.
122. Sedliaková, I. (2013). Corporate culture. Analecta Technica Szegedinensia, 7(1–2), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.14232/ANALECTA.2013.1-2.50-58
123. Sheehan, M. (2018). (10.08.2023) How Google took on China—and lost | MIT Technology Review. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/12/19/138307/how-google-took-on-china-and-lost/
124. Sher, D. (2020). (10.08.2023) Japanese additive manufacturing is rising | 3dpbm. https://www.voxelmatters.com/japanese-additive-manufacturing-is-rising/
125. Shi, Z., Xie, Y., Xue, W., Chen, Y., Fu, L., & Xu, X. (2020). Smart factory in Industry 4.0. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 37(4), 607–617. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2704
126. Shin, J., Mollah, M. A., & Choi, J. (2023). Sustainability and organizational performance in South Korea: The effect of digital leadership on digital culture and employees’ digital capabilities. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(3), 2027. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032027
127. Sikka, M. P., Sarkar, A., & Garg, S. (2022). Artificial intelligence (AI) in textile industry operational modernization. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 28(1), 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1108/RJTA-04-2021-0046
128. Sima, V., Gheorghe, I. G., Subić, J., & Nancu, D. (2020). Influences of the industry 4.0 revolution on the human capital development and consumer behavior: A systematic review. In Sustainability (Switzerland) 12(10), 4035.
129. Station F. (2023). (10.08.2023) Station F. https://stationf.co/services
130. Stojanov, Z., Dobrilovic, D., Jotanovic, G., Perakovic, D., Jausevac, G., & Brtka, V. (2021). Software architectures in smart manufacturing: Review and experiences. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Advanced Information and Computation Technologies and Systems, 160-168.
131. Sun, J., Gan, W., Chao, H. C., Yu, P. S., & Ding, W. (2023). Internet of behaviors: A survey. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 10(13), 11117-11134. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2023.3247594
132. Tagarev, T. (2019). DIGILIENCE - A platform for digital transformation, cyber security and resilience. Information & Security: An International Journal, 43(1), 7-10. https://doi.org/10.11610/isij.4300
133. Taleb, N., & Mohamed, E. A. (2020). Cloud computing trends: A literature review. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 9(1), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0008
134. Tao, F., Qi, Q., Wang, L., & Nee, A. Y. C. (2019). Digital Twins and Cyber–Physical Systems toward Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0: Correlation and Comparison. Engineering, 5(4), 653–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2019.01.014
135. T.C. Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı Ar-Ge Teşvikleri Genel Müdürlüğü. (2023). (10.08.2023) İstatistikler | T.C. Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı. https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/istatistikler/istatistiki-bilgiler/mi0203011501
136. Thomas, D. S. (2023). (01.11.2023). Annual report on the U.S. manufacturing economy: 2023. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AMS.600-13-UPD1
137. Toorajipour, R., Sohrabpour, V., Nazarpour, A., Oghazi, P., & Fischl, M. (2021). Artificial intelligence in supply chain management: A systematic literature review. Journal of Business Research, 122, 502-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.009
138. Tucci, L. (2021). (01.11.2023) Ultimate guide to RPA (Robotic Process Automation). https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/Ultimate-guide-to-RPA-robotic-process-automation
139. Ültay, E., Akyurt Hakan, & Ültay, N. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde betimsel içerik analizi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10, 188–201. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.871703
140. Vargas, P., & Tien, I. (2023). Impacts of 5G on cyber-physical risks for interdependent connected smart critical infrastructure systems. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 42, 100617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2023.100617
141. Vercellis, C. (2009). Business intelligence: data mining and optimization for decision making. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470753866
142. Vestel. (2022). (01.11.2023) Vestel 2022 faaliyet raporu. https://www.vestelyatirimciiliskileri.com/_assets/pdf/faliyet/ 2022/VESTL_Entegre_Faaliyet_Raporu_2022_new.pdf
143. Villamil, S., Hernández, C., & Tarazona, G. (2020). An overview of internet of things. Telkomnika (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 18(5), 2320-2327. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i5.15911
144. Wang, S., Feng, J., & Li, F. (2021). Factory operating system (FOS): Vertical integration framework for smart factories. Proceedings of 2021 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Information Technology, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, ICIBA 2021, 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIBA52610.2021.9687978
145. Wang, S., Wan, J., Zhang, D., Li, D., & Zhang, C. (2016). Towards smart factory for industry 4.0: A self-organized multi-agent system with big data based feedback and coordination. Computer Networks, 101, 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2015.12.017
146. World Economic Forum. (2016). (30.11.2023) Digital Transformation of Industries : Digital Enterprise. World Economic Forum, January, 45. http://reports.weforum.org/digital-transformation/wp-content/blogs.dir/94/mp/files/pages/ files/digital-enterprise-narrative-final-january-2016.pdf%0Ahttp://reports.weforum.org/digital-transformation-of-industries/wp-content/blogs.dir/94/mp/files/pages/fil
147. Xu, X., Lu, Y., Vogel-Heuser, B., & Wang, L. (2021). Industry 4.0 and industry 5.0—Inception, conception and perception. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 61, 530-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2021.10.006
148. Yanık, T. (2020). (10.11.2023) Türkiye’deki şirketlerin yüzde 81’i nesnelerin internetini kullanıyor. Anadolu Haber Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/isdunyasi/bilisim/turkiyedeki-sirketlerin-yuzde-81i-nesnelerin-internetini-kullaniyor/656068
149. Yao, X., Zhou, J., Zhang, J., & Boër, C. R. (2017). (15.06.2023) From intelligent manufacturing to smart manufacturing for industry 4.0 driven by next generation artificial intelligence and further on. 5th International Conference on Enterprise Systems (pp. 311-318). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8119409
150. Yavaşgel, E., & Turdubaeva, E. (2021). Digital culture and power. In Digital Siege. Istanbul University Press 1–31 https://doi.org/10.26650/b/ss07.2021.002.01
151. Young Lee, J. (2021). A study on metaverse hype for sustainable growth. International Journal of Advanced Smart Convergence, 10(3), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.7236/IJASC.2021.10.3.72
152. Zhang, N. (2021). A cloud-based platform for big data-driven cps modeling of robots. IEEE Access, 9, 34667-34680. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3061477