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Northern Mesopotamia and Northern Levant during the Late Neolithic 1-2 (7000-6300 BCE): Subsistence Economy, Material Culture, Earliest Potteries and Cross-Cultural Encounters

Yıl 2019, , 95 - 129, 30.11.2019
https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.525427

Öz

The 7th millennium BCE can be regarded as a major turning point in history of Near East. At around 7000-6900 BCE, the first pottery appears (almost simultaneously) in Northern Mesopotamia and Northern Levant. The clay wares’ primary function is for cooking, but they also be used for the preservation and transportation of food. The end of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (or Early Neolithic: 10000-7000 BCE.) saw a decline in site sizes. This is not a collapse, but rather a shift from sedentary crop-livestock farming to mobile pastoralism. During the Pottery Neolithic 1-2 (or Late Neolithic 1-2: 7000-6300 BCE.), there is a continuous decline in the role of hunting for subsistence. Adapting to and coping with the threat of climate change (especially household resilience to drought) is the most important factor of social change. Social change can evolve from number of different sources including culture contact. Cross-cultural encounters (contacts and interactions of various types: trade, acculturation/emulation, migration or colonization, displacement of pastoralists) make the Late Neolithic 1-2 community an oecumene concerning the subsistence economy and the material culture -from Northern Iraq to Syria’s Mediterranean coast-.

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2014). Settlement and Emergent Complexity in Western Syria, c. 7000-2500 BCE. C. Renfrew ve P. Bahn (Eds.), The Cambridge World Prehistory (ss. 1462-1473). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bader, N. O. (1993a). Results of the Excavations at the Early Agricultural Site of Kültepe in Northern Iraq. N. Yoffee ve J. J. Clark (Eds.), Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq (ss. 55-62). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Bader, N. O. 1993b. Summary of the Earliest Agriculturalists of Northern Mesopotamia. N. Yoffee ve J. J. Clark (Eds.), Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq (ss. 63-71). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Bader, N. O. 1993c. The Early Agricultural Settlement of Tell Sotto. N. Yoffee ve J. J. Clark (Eds.), Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq (ss. 41-54). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Balkan-Atlı, N. ve Özbaşaran, M. (2018). Akarçay Tepe, Metu-Taçdam, http://tacdam.metu.edu.tr/akarcay-tepe (01 Şubat 2018).
  • Belcher, E. H. (2014). Embodiment of the Halaf: Sixth Millennium Figurines from Northern Mesopotamia (Ph.D. Thesis), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, New York.
  • Borrell, Ferran ve Vicente, Oriol. (2012). Sourcing the flint raw materials found at the Neolithic complex of Mamarrul Nasr (Douara Basin, Syria). F. Borrell Tena, M. Bouso García, A. Gómez Bach, C. Tornero Dacasa ve O. Vicente Campos (Eds.), Broadening Horizons 3. Conference of Young Researchers Working in the Ancient Near East (ss. 85-100). Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Servei de Publicacions.
  • Bryce, T. ve Birkett-Rees, J. (2016). Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Campbell, S. ve Baird. D. (1990). Excavations at Ginnig, the Aceramic to Early Ceramic Neolithic Sequence in North Iraq. Paléorient, 16/2: 65-78.
  • Cauvin, Marie-Claire. 1973. “Problèmes d’emmanchement des faucilles du Proche-Orient: les documents de Tell Assouad (Djezireh, Syrie)”, Paléorient, 1(1), 101-106.
  • Coşkunsu, G. (2011). Flint and obsidian industry of Mezraa-Teleilat (Urfa, south-east Anatolia), PPN-PN. E. S. C. Healey ve O. Maeda (Eds.), The State of the Stone: Terminologies, Continuities and Contexts in Near Eastern Lithics (ss. 385-394). Berlin: Ex Oriente.
  • Çıvgın, İ. (2017). Karmaşıklık Yönünde İlk Adımlar: Kuraklığın Geçim Ekonomisine Etkisi. Aktüel Arkeoloji, 85, 36-51.
  • Fortin, M. (1999). Syria: Land of Civilizations. Montreal: Musée de la civilisation.
  • Gómez, Anna, Cruells, W. ve Molist, M. (2014). Late Neolithic pottery productions in Syria. Evidence from Tell Halula (Euphrates valley): A technological approach. M. Martinón-Torres (Ed.), Craft and science: International perspectives on archaeological ceramics (ss. 125-134). Doha: Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation.
  • Ibáñez, J. J. ve Urquijo, J. G. (2006). Évolution technique et société dans le Néolithique du Moyen Euphrate. L. Astruc, F. Bon, V. Léa, P.-Y. Milcent & S. Philibert (Eds.), Normes techniques et pratiques sociales: De la simplicité des outillages pré- et protohistoriques, actes des XXVIe rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes, 20-22 octobre 2005 (ss. 361-376). Antibes: Éditions APDCA.
  • Liverani, M. (2014). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Translated by Soraia Tabatabai. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Maisels, C. K. (1993a). The Emergence of Civilization: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities and the State in the Near East (revised paperback edition). London: Routledge.
  • Maisels, C. K. (1993b). The Near East: Archaeology in the ‘Cradle of Civilization’. London: Psychology Press.
  • Maisels, C. K. (2001). Early Civilizations of the Old World. New York: Routledge.
  • Mellaart, J. (2000). Le néolithique et le chalcolithique en Asie occidentale. C. Julien (Ed.), Histoire de l’Humanité - Volume I: De la préhistoire aux débuts de la civilisation (ss. 1026-1065). Paris: Ed. UNESCO.
  • Merrett, D. C. ve Meiklejohn, C. (2007). Is House 12 at Bouqras a Charnel House?. M. Faerman, L. Kolska Horwitz, T. Kahana ve U. Zilberman (Eds), Faces from the Past. Skeletal Biology of Human Populations from the Eastern Mediterranean (ss. 127-139). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
  • Mithen, S. (2003). After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20000-5000 BC. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
  • Miyake, Y. (2010). Excavations at Salat Cami Yanı 2004-2006: A Pottery Neolithic Site in the Turkish Tigris Valley. P. Matthiae, F. Pinnock, L. Nigro ve N. Marchetti (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: May 5th-10th 2008, “Sapienza” Università di Roma. Vol. 2. Excavations, Surveys and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East (ss. 417-429). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Molist, M., Anfruns, J., Bofill, M., Borrell, F., Clop, X., Cruells, W. … Buxó, R. (2013). Tell Halula (Euphrates Valley, Syria): New Data from the Late Neolithic Settlement. O. P. Nieuwenhuyse, R. Bernbeck, P. M. M. G. Akkermans ve J. Rogasch (Eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia (ss. 443-453). Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Munchaev, R. M. (1993). Some Problems in the Archaeology of Mesopotamia in Light of Recent Research by the Soviet Expedition to Iraq. N. Yoffee ve J. J. Clark (Eds.), Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq (ss. 249-255). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. P. (2009). The Late Neolithic Ceramics from Shir – A First Assessment. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie, 2, 310-356.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. ve Suleiman, A. (2016). From Pre-Halaf to Halaf: The Changing Human Environment in the Khabur Headwaters, Northeastern Syria. I. Thuesen (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East – 22-26 May 2000, Copenhagen – Vol. 1 (ss. 41-53). Bologna: University of Bologna - Eisenbrauns.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. P., Akkermans, P. M. M. G. ve Van der Plicht, J. (2010). Not so coarse, nor always plain – the earliest pottery of Syria. Antiquity, 84, 71-85.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. P., Roffet-Salque, M., Evershed, R. P., Akkermans, P. M. M. G. ve Russell, A. (2015). Tracing pottery use and the emergence of secondary product exploitation through lipid residue analysis at Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria). Journal of Archaeological Science, 64, 54-66.
  • Nishiaki,Y. (1990). Corner-Thinned Blades: A New Obsidian Tool Type from a Pottery Neolithic Mound in the Khabur Basin, Syria. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 280, 5-14.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (1993). Anatolian Obsidian and the Neolithic Obsidian Industries of North Syria: A Preliminary Review. H. I. H. Prince Takahito Mikasa (Ed.), Essays on Anatolian Archaeology (ss. 140-160). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (1995). Reexamination of Neolithic Stone Artifacts from Telul eth-Thalathat, Northern Iraq. H. I. H. Prince Takahito Mikasa (Ed.), Essays on Anatolia and its surrounding Civilizations (ss. 153-171). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (2001). The PPN/PN settlement of Tell Seker al-Aheimar, the Upper Khabur, Syria: the 2001 season. Neo-Lithics, 2, 8-10.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (2011). Preliminary notes on the Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic lithics from Tell Seker al-Aheimar, the upper Khabur: the 2000–2001 seasons. E. Healey, S. Campbell ve O. Maeda (Eds.), The State of the Stone: Terminologies, Continuities and Contexts in Near Eastern Lithics (ss. 457-464). Berlin: Ex Oriente.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (2016). Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Hassake). Y. Kanjou ve A. Tsuneki (Eds.), A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites (ss. 69-71). Oxford: Archaeopress.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (2018). Tell Kashkashok II, the Upper Khabur, Syria. University Museum - Univ. of Tokyo. http://www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/people/lab_nishiaki/tell_kashkashok_2.html (12 Ocak 2018).
  • Nishiaki, Y. ve Le Mière, M. (2005). The oldest Pottery Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: New evidence from Tell Seker al-Aheimar, The Khabur, Northeast Syria. Paléorient, 31(2), 55-68.
  • Nishiaki, Y. ve Le Mière, M. (2008). Stratigraphic Contexts of the Early Pottery Neolithic at Tell Seker al-Aheimar, The Upper Khabur, Northeast Syria. H. Kühne, R. M. Czichon ve F. J. Kreppner (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East – Volume 2 (ss. 377-386) Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Portillo, M., Albert, R. M., Kadowaki, S. ve Nishiaki, Y. (2010). Domestic activities at Early Neolithic Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Upper Khabur, Northeastern Syria) through phytoliths and spherulites studies. C. Delhon, I. Théry Parisot ve S. Thiébault (Eds.), Des hommes et des plantes (ss. 19-30). Antibes: Éditions APDCA.
  • Portillo, M., Kadowaki, S., Nishiaki, Y. ve Albert, R. M. (2014). Early Neolithic household behavior at Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Upper Khabur, Syria): a comparison to ethnoarchaeological study of phytoliths and dung spherulites, Journal of Archaeological Science, 42, 107-118.
  • Price, M. D. ve Arbuckle, B. S. (2013). Early Pig Management in the Zagros Flanks: Reanalysis of the Fauna from Neolithic Jarmo, Northern Iraq. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 25(4), 441-453.
  • Russell, A. (2010). Retracing the Steppes: A Zooarchaeological Analysis of Changing Subsistence Patterns in the Late Neolithic at Tell Sabi Abyad, Northern Syria, c. 6900 to 5900 BC. (PhD Thesis), Universiteit Leiden, Leiden.
  • Schechter, H. C., Marder, O., Barkai, R. Getzov, N. ve Gopher, A. (2013). The obsidian assemblage from Neolithic Hagoshrim, Israel: pressure technology and cultural influence. F. Borrell, J. J. Ibáñez ve M. Molist (Eds.), Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East (ss. 509-527). Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Servei de Publicacions.
  • Tekin, H. (2012). The Contribution of Hakemi Use to the Prehistory of Upper Mesopotamia. O. P. Nieuwenhuyse, R. Bernbeck, P. M. M. G. Akkermans ve J. Rogasch (Eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia (ss. 493-502). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
  • Tekin, H. (2015a). Yukarı Mezopotamya Geç Neolitiğinde (Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf) Terminoloji ve Kronoloji Sorunları. Anadolu Prehistorya Araştırmaları Dergisi, I, 89-112.
  • Tekin, H. (2015b). Yukarı Mezopotamya’nın İlk Boyalı Çanak-Çömlekleri: Hassuna, Samarra ve Halaf – Yeni Yorumlar ve Yaklaşımlar I – Bölüm 1: Hassuna ve Samarra. OLBA, XXIII, 1-57.
  • Van Zeist, W. ve Waterbolk-van Rooijen, W. (1985). The Paleobotany of Tell Bouqras, Eastern Syria. Paléorient, 11(2), 131-147.

Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta Geç Neolitik 1-2 (MÖ. 7000-6300): Geçim Ekonomisi, Maddi Kültür, İlk Çanak-Çömlekler ve Kültürel Temas

Yıl 2019, , 95 - 129, 30.11.2019
https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.525427

Öz

MÖ. 7. binyıl pek çok bakımdan Yakın-Doğu Tarihi’nde bir dönüm noktasıdır. Zira 7. binyıl başlarken Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik (Erken Neolitik: MÖ. 10000-7000) tamamlanmış ve onun yerini Çanak-Çömlekli Neolitik (Geç Neolitik: MÖ. 7000-5500) almıştır. Geç Neolitik’te önceki devrin anıtsal mimarisinden ve mega-köylerinden eser yoktur. Bu yüzden MÖ 7. binyıl toplumlarının kültürel açıdan “gerileme” yaşadıkları ve karmaşık toplum adımlarının zayıfladığı yanılgısına düşülür. Oysa küçülen köylerde hareketli (yarı-göçebe) çobanlık uygulamalarına geçilmiş; avcı-toplayıcı pratikler zayıflamış, geçim ekonomisi büyük ölçüde çiftçilik-besiciliğe dayalı hale gelmiş; çömlek teknolojisi geliştikçe besin saklama ve taşıma olanakları artmış; ikincil ürünler devrimi sayesinde evcil hayvanların eti kadar sütü ve yününden de yararlanılır olmuştur. İklimdeki soğuma ve kuraklaşma, Neolitik toplumlarının doğaya karşı mukavemetini artıran bir faktördür. İşte böylesi dönüşümler çağında, Yukarı Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta ilk çanak-çömleklerin üretildiğini görüyoruz. Bu metnin odaklandığı tarih aralığı, ilk bölgesel kültürlerin ya da kültürel etkileşim evrenlerinin ortaya çıkışından hemen öncesidir. Makalenin amacı, Hassuna, Samarra ve Halaf kültürleri doğmadan önce, Akdeniz kıyılarından Kuzey Irak’a uzanan (Ras Şamra – Jarmo) 900 km.’lik bir hat boyunca kültürel temasın yoğunluğunu ve Geç Neolitik 1-2 (MÖ 7000-6300) toplumlarının bu sayede aynı geçim ekonomisi ve maddi kültürde birleştiklerini kanıtlamaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2014). Settlement and Emergent Complexity in Western Syria, c. 7000-2500 BCE. C. Renfrew ve P. Bahn (Eds.), The Cambridge World Prehistory (ss. 1462-1473). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bader, N. O. (1993a). Results of the Excavations at the Early Agricultural Site of Kültepe in Northern Iraq. N. Yoffee ve J. J. Clark (Eds.), Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq (ss. 55-62). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Bader, N. O. 1993b. Summary of the Earliest Agriculturalists of Northern Mesopotamia. N. Yoffee ve J. J. Clark (Eds.), Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq (ss. 63-71). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Bader, N. O. 1993c. The Early Agricultural Settlement of Tell Sotto. N. Yoffee ve J. J. Clark (Eds.), Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq (ss. 41-54). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Balkan-Atlı, N. ve Özbaşaran, M. (2018). Akarçay Tepe, Metu-Taçdam, http://tacdam.metu.edu.tr/akarcay-tepe (01 Şubat 2018).
  • Belcher, E. H. (2014). Embodiment of the Halaf: Sixth Millennium Figurines from Northern Mesopotamia (Ph.D. Thesis), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, New York.
  • Borrell, Ferran ve Vicente, Oriol. (2012). Sourcing the flint raw materials found at the Neolithic complex of Mamarrul Nasr (Douara Basin, Syria). F. Borrell Tena, M. Bouso García, A. Gómez Bach, C. Tornero Dacasa ve O. Vicente Campos (Eds.), Broadening Horizons 3. Conference of Young Researchers Working in the Ancient Near East (ss. 85-100). Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Servei de Publicacions.
  • Bryce, T. ve Birkett-Rees, J. (2016). Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Campbell, S. ve Baird. D. (1990). Excavations at Ginnig, the Aceramic to Early Ceramic Neolithic Sequence in North Iraq. Paléorient, 16/2: 65-78.
  • Cauvin, Marie-Claire. 1973. “Problèmes d’emmanchement des faucilles du Proche-Orient: les documents de Tell Assouad (Djezireh, Syrie)”, Paléorient, 1(1), 101-106.
  • Coşkunsu, G. (2011). Flint and obsidian industry of Mezraa-Teleilat (Urfa, south-east Anatolia), PPN-PN. E. S. C. Healey ve O. Maeda (Eds.), The State of the Stone: Terminologies, Continuities and Contexts in Near Eastern Lithics (ss. 385-394). Berlin: Ex Oriente.
  • Çıvgın, İ. (2017). Karmaşıklık Yönünde İlk Adımlar: Kuraklığın Geçim Ekonomisine Etkisi. Aktüel Arkeoloji, 85, 36-51.
  • Fortin, M. (1999). Syria: Land of Civilizations. Montreal: Musée de la civilisation.
  • Gómez, Anna, Cruells, W. ve Molist, M. (2014). Late Neolithic pottery productions in Syria. Evidence from Tell Halula (Euphrates valley): A technological approach. M. Martinón-Torres (Ed.), Craft and science: International perspectives on archaeological ceramics (ss. 125-134). Doha: Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation.
  • Ibáñez, J. J. ve Urquijo, J. G. (2006). Évolution technique et société dans le Néolithique du Moyen Euphrate. L. Astruc, F. Bon, V. Léa, P.-Y. Milcent & S. Philibert (Eds.), Normes techniques et pratiques sociales: De la simplicité des outillages pré- et protohistoriques, actes des XXVIe rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes, 20-22 octobre 2005 (ss. 361-376). Antibes: Éditions APDCA.
  • Liverani, M. (2014). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Translated by Soraia Tabatabai. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Maisels, C. K. (1993a). The Emergence of Civilization: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities and the State in the Near East (revised paperback edition). London: Routledge.
  • Maisels, C. K. (1993b). The Near East: Archaeology in the ‘Cradle of Civilization’. London: Psychology Press.
  • Maisels, C. K. (2001). Early Civilizations of the Old World. New York: Routledge.
  • Mellaart, J. (2000). Le néolithique et le chalcolithique en Asie occidentale. C. Julien (Ed.), Histoire de l’Humanité - Volume I: De la préhistoire aux débuts de la civilisation (ss. 1026-1065). Paris: Ed. UNESCO.
  • Merrett, D. C. ve Meiklejohn, C. (2007). Is House 12 at Bouqras a Charnel House?. M. Faerman, L. Kolska Horwitz, T. Kahana ve U. Zilberman (Eds), Faces from the Past. Skeletal Biology of Human Populations from the Eastern Mediterranean (ss. 127-139). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
  • Mithen, S. (2003). After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20000-5000 BC. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
  • Miyake, Y. (2010). Excavations at Salat Cami Yanı 2004-2006: A Pottery Neolithic Site in the Turkish Tigris Valley. P. Matthiae, F. Pinnock, L. Nigro ve N. Marchetti (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: May 5th-10th 2008, “Sapienza” Università di Roma. Vol. 2. Excavations, Surveys and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East (ss. 417-429). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Molist, M., Anfruns, J., Bofill, M., Borrell, F., Clop, X., Cruells, W. … Buxó, R. (2013). Tell Halula (Euphrates Valley, Syria): New Data from the Late Neolithic Settlement. O. P. Nieuwenhuyse, R. Bernbeck, P. M. M. G. Akkermans ve J. Rogasch (Eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia (ss. 443-453). Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Munchaev, R. M. (1993). Some Problems in the Archaeology of Mesopotamia in Light of Recent Research by the Soviet Expedition to Iraq. N. Yoffee ve J. J. Clark (Eds.), Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq (ss. 249-255). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. P. (2009). The Late Neolithic Ceramics from Shir – A First Assessment. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie, 2, 310-356.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. ve Suleiman, A. (2016). From Pre-Halaf to Halaf: The Changing Human Environment in the Khabur Headwaters, Northeastern Syria. I. Thuesen (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East – 22-26 May 2000, Copenhagen – Vol. 1 (ss. 41-53). Bologna: University of Bologna - Eisenbrauns.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. P., Akkermans, P. M. M. G. ve Van der Plicht, J. (2010). Not so coarse, nor always plain – the earliest pottery of Syria. Antiquity, 84, 71-85.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. P., Roffet-Salque, M., Evershed, R. P., Akkermans, P. M. M. G. ve Russell, A. (2015). Tracing pottery use and the emergence of secondary product exploitation through lipid residue analysis at Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria). Journal of Archaeological Science, 64, 54-66.
  • Nishiaki,Y. (1990). Corner-Thinned Blades: A New Obsidian Tool Type from a Pottery Neolithic Mound in the Khabur Basin, Syria. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 280, 5-14.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (1993). Anatolian Obsidian and the Neolithic Obsidian Industries of North Syria: A Preliminary Review. H. I. H. Prince Takahito Mikasa (Ed.), Essays on Anatolian Archaeology (ss. 140-160). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (1995). Reexamination of Neolithic Stone Artifacts from Telul eth-Thalathat, Northern Iraq. H. I. H. Prince Takahito Mikasa (Ed.), Essays on Anatolia and its surrounding Civilizations (ss. 153-171). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (2001). The PPN/PN settlement of Tell Seker al-Aheimar, the Upper Khabur, Syria: the 2001 season. Neo-Lithics, 2, 8-10.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (2011). Preliminary notes on the Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic lithics from Tell Seker al-Aheimar, the upper Khabur: the 2000–2001 seasons. E. Healey, S. Campbell ve O. Maeda (Eds.), The State of the Stone: Terminologies, Continuities and Contexts in Near Eastern Lithics (ss. 457-464). Berlin: Ex Oriente.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (2016). Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Hassake). Y. Kanjou ve A. Tsuneki (Eds.), A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites (ss. 69-71). Oxford: Archaeopress.
  • Nishiaki, Y. (2018). Tell Kashkashok II, the Upper Khabur, Syria. University Museum - Univ. of Tokyo. http://www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/people/lab_nishiaki/tell_kashkashok_2.html (12 Ocak 2018).
  • Nishiaki, Y. ve Le Mière, M. (2005). The oldest Pottery Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: New evidence from Tell Seker al-Aheimar, The Khabur, Northeast Syria. Paléorient, 31(2), 55-68.
  • Nishiaki, Y. ve Le Mière, M. (2008). Stratigraphic Contexts of the Early Pottery Neolithic at Tell Seker al-Aheimar, The Upper Khabur, Northeast Syria. H. Kühne, R. M. Czichon ve F. J. Kreppner (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East – Volume 2 (ss. 377-386) Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Portillo, M., Albert, R. M., Kadowaki, S. ve Nishiaki, Y. (2010). Domestic activities at Early Neolithic Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Upper Khabur, Northeastern Syria) through phytoliths and spherulites studies. C. Delhon, I. Théry Parisot ve S. Thiébault (Eds.), Des hommes et des plantes (ss. 19-30). Antibes: Éditions APDCA.
  • Portillo, M., Kadowaki, S., Nishiaki, Y. ve Albert, R. M. (2014). Early Neolithic household behavior at Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Upper Khabur, Syria): a comparison to ethnoarchaeological study of phytoliths and dung spherulites, Journal of Archaeological Science, 42, 107-118.
  • Price, M. D. ve Arbuckle, B. S. (2013). Early Pig Management in the Zagros Flanks: Reanalysis of the Fauna from Neolithic Jarmo, Northern Iraq. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 25(4), 441-453.
  • Russell, A. (2010). Retracing the Steppes: A Zooarchaeological Analysis of Changing Subsistence Patterns in the Late Neolithic at Tell Sabi Abyad, Northern Syria, c. 6900 to 5900 BC. (PhD Thesis), Universiteit Leiden, Leiden.
  • Schechter, H. C., Marder, O., Barkai, R. Getzov, N. ve Gopher, A. (2013). The obsidian assemblage from Neolithic Hagoshrim, Israel: pressure technology and cultural influence. F. Borrell, J. J. Ibáñez ve M. Molist (Eds.), Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East (ss. 509-527). Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Servei de Publicacions.
  • Tekin, H. (2012). The Contribution of Hakemi Use to the Prehistory of Upper Mesopotamia. O. P. Nieuwenhuyse, R. Bernbeck, P. M. M. G. Akkermans ve J. Rogasch (Eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia (ss. 493-502). Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
  • Tekin, H. (2015a). Yukarı Mezopotamya Geç Neolitiğinde (Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf) Terminoloji ve Kronoloji Sorunları. Anadolu Prehistorya Araştırmaları Dergisi, I, 89-112.
  • Tekin, H. (2015b). Yukarı Mezopotamya’nın İlk Boyalı Çanak-Çömlekleri: Hassuna, Samarra ve Halaf – Yeni Yorumlar ve Yaklaşımlar I – Bölüm 1: Hassuna ve Samarra. OLBA, XXIII, 1-57.
  • Van Zeist, W. ve Waterbolk-van Rooijen, W. (1985). The Paleobotany of Tell Bouqras, Eastern Syria. Paléorient, 11(2), 131-147.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

İzzet Çıvgın 0000-0003-0338-0929

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2019
Kabul Tarihi 6 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Çıvgın, İ. (2019). Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta Geç Neolitik 1-2 (MÖ. 7000-6300): Geçim Ekonomisi, Maddi Kültür, İlk Çanak-Çömlekler ve Kültürel Temas. Current Research in Social Sciences, 5(2), 95-129. https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.525427