Survivor TV Shows and the Risk of Muscle Dysmorphia

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 138 - 156, 30.11.2024

Metin Çınaroğlu

https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.1423713

Öz

This review paper investigates the correlation between the portrayal of physical fitness and strength in 'Survivor' television programs and the risk of developing muscle dysmorphia—a body image disorder characterized by an obsessive concern with perceived insufficient muscularity. The article examines how these programs, which frequently highlight participants with highly developed and physically strong bodies, may influence viewers' perceptions of an ideal physique. This influence could lead to increased dissatisfaction with one's own body and contribute to the onset or exacerbation of muscle dysmorphia. Through an analysis of various case studies, research findings, and surveys, this review explores the broader impact of media on individual body image perceptions. Additionally, it evaluates strategies to mitigate the negative effects of these shows on viewers, such as promoting media literacy, offering psychological support, and implementing public health initiatives. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the media's role in shaping mental well-being, particularly in relation to body image disorders like muscle dysmorphia. This review aims to shed light on the relationship between 'Survivor' TV shows and muscle dysmorphia, emphasizing the need for critical media analysis and the promotion of positive body image.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Muscle Dysmorphia, Media Influence, Body Image, Reality Television

Survivor TV Şovları ve Kas Dismorfisi Riski

Öz

Bu derleme makalesi, 'Survivor' televizyon programlarında fiziksel form ve gücün tasviri ile kas dismorfisi—yetersiz kaslılık algısı ile ilgili takıntılı bir vücut imajı bozukluğu—gelişme riski arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Makale, genellikle son derece kaslı ve güçlü bedenlere sahip yarışmacıları öne çıkaran bu programların, izleyicilerin ideal fiziksel görünüm algılarını nasıl etkileyebileceğini ele almaktadır. Bu etki, kişinin kendi bedeninden duyduğu memnuniyetsizliği artırarak kas dismorfisinin ortaya çıkmasına veya şiddetlenmesine katkıda bulunabilir. Çeşitli vaka çalışmaları, araştırma bulguları ve anketlerin analizi yoluyla bu derleme, medyanın bireysel vücut imajı algıları üzerindeki daha geniş etkilerini keşfetmektedir. Ayrıca, bu programların izleyiciler üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini hafifletmek için medya okuryazarlığını teşvik etmek, psikolojik destek sağlamak ve kamu sağlığı girişimleri uygulamak gibi stratejileri değerlendirmektedir. Bulgular, özellikle vücut imajı bozuklukları gibi zihinsel sağlığa yönelik medyanın rolünü anlamanın önemini vurgulamaktadır. Bu derleme, 'Survivor' TV programları ile kas dismorfisi arasındaki ilişkiye ışık tutmayı hedeflemekte ve eleştirel medya analizinin ve olumlu vücut imajının teşvik edilmesinin gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kas Dismorfisi, Medya Etkisi, Vücut İmajı, Televizyon Programları

Kaynakça

• Agliata, D., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2004). The impact of media exposure on males' body image. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.1.7.26988
• Almeida, M., Campos, P. F., Gomes, V. M. G. M., Neves, C. M., Queiroz, A. C. C., Brito, C. J., ... & De Carvalho, P. H. B. (2019). Muscle dysmorphia, body image disturbances and commitment to exercise: A comparison between sedentary and physical active undergraduate men. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(1), 507-513. https://doi.org/ 10.7752/jpes.2019.01074
• Amodeo, A. L., Esposito, C., Antuoni, S., Saracco, G., & Bacchini, D. (2022). Muscle dysmorphia: What about transgender people?. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 24(1), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2020.1814968
• Ayten, Ö. V. Ü. R. (2017). Bir medya ritüeli olarak Survivor’ın toplumsal yaşamımızdaki iz düşümü. İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 17-36.
• Bégin, C., Turcotte, O., & Rodrigue, C. (2019). Psychosocial factors underlying symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in a non-clinical sample of men. Psychiatry Research, 272, 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.120
• Blond, A. (2008). Impacts of exposure to images of ideal bodies on male body dissatisfaction: A review. Body Image, 5(3), 244-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.02.003
• Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, January 19). Survivor. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com
• Cafri, G., Olivardia, R., & Thompson, J. K. (2008). Symptom characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity among males with muscle dysmorphia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(4), 374-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.01.003
• Cerea, S., Bottesi, G., Pacelli, Q. F., Paoli, A., & Ghisi, M. (2018). Muscle dysmorphia and its associated psychological features in three groups of recreational athletes. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 8877. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27176-9
• Cereda, F. (2023). Sporting bodies, societal norms in history: Examining body image and identity. Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance, 2(4), 572-589. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3120-0684 Champion, J. (2016). Survivor shows and caveman masculinity. The Popular Culture Studies Journal, 4(1), 240-258.
• Chandler, C. G., Grieve, F. G., Derryberry, W. P., & Pegg, P. O. (2009). Are anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms related to muscle dysmorphia. International Journal of Men’s Health, 8(2), 143-154. http://doi.org/10.3149 /jmh.0802.143
• Contesini, N., Adami, F., Blake, M. D. T., Monteiro, C., Abreu, L. C., Valenti, V. E., ... & Frainer, D. E. S. (2013). Nutritional strategies of physically active subjects with muscle dysmorphia. International Archives of Medicine, 6(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-7682-6-25
• Cooper, M., Eddy, K. T., Thomas, J. J., Franko, D. L., Carron‐Arthur, B., Keshishian, A. C., & Griffiths, K. M. (2020). Muscle dysmorphia: A systematic and meta‐analytic review of the literature to assess diagnostic validity. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(10), 1583-1604. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23349
• Cunningham, M. L., Griffiths, S., Mitchison, D., Mond, J. M., Castle, D., & Murray, S. B. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia: an overview of clinical features and treatment options. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31(4), 255-271. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.31.4.255
• Çınaroğlu, M. (2023). Exercise, anabolic steroid dependence, muscle dysmorphia, performance enhancement drug abuse. Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 443-454. https://doi.org/10.52122/nisantasisbd. 1348564
• Davies, R., Smith, D., & Collier, K. (2011). Muscle dysmorphia among current and former steroid users. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5(1), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.5.1.77
• dos Santos Filho, C. A., Tirico, P. P., Stefano, S. C., Touyz, S. W., & Claudino, A. M. (2016). Systematic review of the diagnostic category muscle dysmorphia. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(4), 322-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415614106
• Duggan, S. J., & McCreary, D. R. (2013). Body image, eating disorders, and the drive for muscularity in gay and heterosexual men: The influence of media images. In Eclectic Views on Gay Male Pornography (pp. 45-58). Routledge.
• Egbert, N., & Belcher, J. D. (2012). Reality bites: An investigation of the genre of reality television and its relationship to viewers’ body image. Mass Communication and Society, 15(3), 407-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2011. 583545
• Elitaş, T., & Keskin, S. (2019). Türkiye’de realite programlar ve tele-kimlikler: Medyatik toplumsallık incelemesi. Siirt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(14), 411-434.
• Frare, F., Perugi, G., Ruffolo, G., & Toni, C. (2004). Obsessive–compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: A comparison of clinical features. European Psychiatry, 19(5), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.04.014
• Frederick, D. A., Crerand, C. E., Brown, T. A., Perez, M., Best, C. R., Cook-Cottone, C. P., ... & Murray, S. B. (2022). Demographic predictors of body image satisfaction: The US body project I. Body Image, 41, 17-31. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.011
• Grieve, F. G. (2007). A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of muscle dysmorphia. Eating Disorders, 15(1), 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260601044535
• Grieve, F. G., & Shacklette, M. D. (2012). Brief report on men's bodies and mood: correlates between depressive symptoms and muscle dysmorphia symptoms. North American Journal of Psychology, 14(3), 563. https://link.gale.com/ apps/doc/A312401777/HRCA?u=anon~112dc7d8&sid=googleScholar&xid=146f530d
• Grunewald, W., & Blashill, A. J. (2021). Muscle dysmorphia. Eating Disorders in Boys and Men, 103-115. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-030-67127-3_8
• Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2009). Muscular ideal media images and men's body image: Social comparison processing and individual vulnerability. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10(2), 109. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0014691
• Huang, Q., Peng, W., & Ahn, S. (2021). When media become the mirror: A meta-analysis on media and body image. Media Psychology, 24(4), 437-489. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2020.1737545
• Kanayama, G., & Pope Jr, H. G. (2011). Gods, men, and muscle dysmorphia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 95-98. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229.2011.565250
• Krawiec, K. D. (2008). The effects of the mesomorphic ideal on men's body image, mood, self-esteem and muscle-building behaviour: Mechanisms of social comparison and body image investment. Master Thesis, University of Windsor. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/8196/
• Leit, R. A., Gray, J. J., & Pope Jr, H. G. (2002). The media's representation of the ideal male body: A cause for muscle dysmorphia?. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(3), 334-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10019
• Mitchell, L., Murray, S. B., Cobley, S., Hackett, D., Gifford, J., Capling, L., & O’Connor, H. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and associated psychological features in bodybuilders and non-bodybuilder resistance trainers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47, 233-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0564-3
• Mitchison, D., Mond, J., Griffiths, S., Hay, P., Nagata, J. M., Bussey, K., ... & Murray, S. B. (2022). Prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in adolescents: findings from the EveryBODY study. Psychological Medicine, 52(14), 3142-3149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720005206
• Mosley, P. E. (2009). Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review: The Professional Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 17(3), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.897
• Mueller, V. M., Forrer, F., Meyer, A. H., & Munsch, S. (2024). Psychological correlates of body dissatisfaction in Swiss youth over a one-year study-period. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1269364. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1269364
• Mueller, V. M., Forrer, F., Meyer, A. H., & Munsch, S. (2024). Psychological correlates of body. Frontiers, 14:1269364. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1269364
• Mullick, A., & Grieve, F. G. (2023). The effects of different pressure types on the development of muscle dysmorphia in high school students. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 84(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3101/KYAC-84-01-02
• Naumann, E., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Voderholzer, U., Schäfer, J., & Svaldi, J. (2016). Effects of emotional acceptance and rumination on media-induced body dissatisfaction in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 82, 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.021
• Olave, L., Estévez, A., Momeñe, J., Muñoz-Navarro, R., Gómez-Romero, M. J., Boticario, M. J., & Iruarrizaga, I. (2021). Exercise addiction and muscle dysmorphia: the role of emotional dependence and attachment. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 681808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.681808
• Olivardia, R. (2001). Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the largest of them all? The features and phenomenology of muscle dysmorphia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 9(5), 254-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/hrp.9.5.254.259
• Phillips, K. A., Pinto, A., & Jain, S. (2004). Self-esteem in body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image, 1(4), 385-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.07.001
• Pidgeon, A., & Harker, R. A. (2013). Body-focused anxiety in women: Associations with internalization of the thin-ideal, dieting frequency, body mass index and media effects. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 2(04), 17. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2013.24B004
• Pope Jr, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38(6), 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71400-2
• Pope, C. G., Pope, H. G., Menard, W., Fay, C., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (2005). Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image, 2(4), 395-400. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.bodyim.2005.09.001
• Readdy, T., Cardinal, B. J., & Watkins, P. L. (2011). Muscle dysmorphia, gender role stress, and sociocultural influences: An exploratory study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(2), 310-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367. 2011.10599759
• Richardson, N. (2016). Transgressive bodies: Representations in film and popular culture. Routledge.
• Rickard, A. D. (2014). Evaluation of the prevalence of muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and the association with dietary intake in college age males [Master's thesis, Kent State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1403695006
• Rizwan, B., Zaki, M., Javaid, S., Jabeen, Z., Mehmood, M., Riaz, M., ... & Omar, H. (2022). Increase in body dysmorphia and eating disorders among adolescents due to social media: Increase In body dysmorphia and eating disorders among adolescents. Pakistan BioMedical Journal, 5(3),148-152. https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i3.205
• Rohman, L. (2009). The relationship between anabolic androgenic steroids and muscle dysmorphia: A review. Eating Disorders, 17(3), 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640260902848477
• Scarth, M., Westlye, L. T., Havnes, I. A., & Bjørnebekk, A. (2023). Investigating anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence and muscle dysmorphia with network analysis among male weightlifters. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 342. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12888-023-04781-1
• Sherlock, M., & Wagstaff, D. L. (2019). Exploring the relationship between frequency of Instagram use, exposure to idealized images, and psychological well-being in women. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(4), 482. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/ppm0000182
• Şimşek, T. (2018). Televizyon yarışma programlarının liseli gençlerin kimlik gelişimi ve sosyalleşme sürecine etkilerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi: “Survivor” örneği. Sosyolojik Düşün, 3(1-2), 14-28. https://dergipark.org. tr/tr/download/article-file/613120
• Spurr, S., Berry, L., & Walker, K. (2013). Exploring adolescent views of body image: The influence of media. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 36(1-2), 17-36. https://doi.org/10.3109/01460862.2013.776145
• Strobel, C., Kolbeck, D., Mayer, I., Perras, M., & Wunderer, E. (2020). Muscle dys-morphia: the compulsive pursuit of a muscular body. Characteris-tics, prevalence, causes, treatment, prevention and nutritional im-plications. Ernahrungs Umschau, 67(12), 214-21. https://doi.org/10.4455/eu.2020.057
• Van den Berg, P., Paxton, S. J., Keery, H., Wall, M., Guo, J., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2007). Body dissatisfaction and body comparison with media images in males and females. Body Image, 4(3), 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.bodyim.2007.04.003
• Whitaker, D. L., Geyer-Kim, G., & Kim, E. D. (2021). Anabolic steroid misuse and male infertility: management and strategies to improve patient awareness. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 16(3), 109-122. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/17446651.2021.1921574
• Wolke, D., & Sapouna, M. (2008). Big men feeling small: Childhood bullying experience, muscle dysmorphia and other mental health problems in bodybuilders. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 595-604. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.10.002