DETERMINANTS OF INTERNATIONAL OUTSOURCING TRADE

Öz

During the last decades, the improvements in technology have allowed firms to fragment their production process across countries to reduce their production costs and also gain some competitive advantage in international markets. Therefore, in today’s world, production of a final good is fragmented across different parts and each parts of the production process can be outsourced by firms to plants located in different countries. These outsourced parts are imported by home country firms to produce final goods. Thus, international outsourcing has gained importance as a new form of trade in this process, and has received considerable attention both in economic research and political debates. Theoretical and empirical contributions highlight the importance of declining trade barriers, decreasing costs for service links, differences in labor costs among countries, and exchange rates as the main determinants of international outsourcing. The aim of this study is to analyze the main determinants of international outsourcing in manufacturing industries of 31 countries during the period 1995-2010. The results obtained from a panel data analysis has revealed that international outsourcing is mainly explained by the trade costs and exchange rate variables. Accordingly, both decrease in trade costs and appreciation in national currencies have positive effects on international outsourcing.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• International Outsourcing
• International Trade
• Panel Data

ULUSLARARASI DIŞ KAYNAKLANMA TİCARETİNİN BELİRLEYİCİLERİ

Öz

Son yıllarda teknolojideki ilerlemeler firmalara üretim maliyetlerini düşürmek ve aynı zamanda uluslararası piyasalarda rekabetçi üstünlük sağlamak amacıyla üretim süreçlerini ülkeler arasında parçalama olanağı tanımıştır. Bu nedenle bugünün dünyasında, bir nihai malın üretimi farklı parçalar boyunca parçalanmakta ve üretim sürecinin her parçası firmalar tarafından yurtdışında konumlanmış firmalara kaydırılabilmeketedir. Dış kaynaklanmaya (Outsourcinge) konu parçalar ev sahibi ülke tarafından nihai malın üretminde kullanılmak üzere ithal edilmektedir. Böylece uluslararası dış kaynaklanma (Uluslararası Outsourcing) bu süreçte yeni bir ticaret biçimi olarak önem kazanmış ve hem ekonomik araştırmalarda hem de politik tartışmalarda önemli derecede ilgi görmüştür. Teorik ve ampirik katkılar azalan ticaret engellerini, azalan hizmet köprüsü maliyetlerini, ülkeler arasında emek maliyetlerindeki farklılıkları ve döviz kurunu uluslararası dış kaynaklanmanın temel belirleriyicileri olarak vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı 1995-2010 döneminde 31 ülkenin imalat sanayinde uluslararası dış kaynaklanma ticaretinin temel belirleyicilerini analiz etmektir. Panel veri analizinden elde edilen sonuçlar uluslararası dış kaynaklanmanın temel olarak ticaret maliyetleri ve döviz kuru değişkenleri tarafından açıklandığını ortaya koymuştur. Buna göre hem ticaret maliyetlerindeki azalışlar hem de ulusal paralardaki değerlenme uluslararası dış kaynaklanma üzerinde pozitif etkilere sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Uluslararası Outsourcing
• Uluslararası Ticaret
• Panel Veri

Kaynakça

1. Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58 (2), 277-297.
2. Arvis, J.F., Shepherd, B., Duval, Y., Utoktham, C., (2013). Trade Costs and Development: A New Data Set, The World Bank
3. Asteriou, D., & Hall, S. (2007). Applied Econometrics: a modern approach, revised edition. China: Palgrave Macmillan.
4. Athukorala, P. C., & Yamashita, N. (2006). Production fragmentation and trade integration: East Asia in a global context. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 17 (3), 233-256.
5. Aysan, A. F., & Hacihasanoglu, Y. S. (2007). Investigation on the determinants of Turkish Export-Boom in 2000s.
6. Baldone, S., Sdogati, F., & Tajoli, L. (2001). Patterns and determinants of international fragmentation of production: Evidence from outward processing trade between the EU and Central Eastern European countries. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 137 (1), 80-104.
7. Baldwin, J. R., & Gu, W. (2008). Outsourcing and offshoring in Canada. Statistics Canada.
8. Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons.

9. Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of econometrics, 87 (1), 115-143.
10. Coşar, E. E. (2002). Price and income elasticities of Turkish export demand: A panel data application. Central Bank Review, 2(2), 19-53.
11. Egger, H., & Egger, P. (2003). Outsourcing and skill‐specific employment in a small economy: Austria after the fall of the Iron Curtain. Oxford Economic Papers, 55 (4), 625-643.
12. Egger, H., & Egger, P. (2005). The determinants of EU processing trade. The World Economy, 28 (2), 147-168.
13. Garín-Munoz, T. (2006). Inbound international tourism to Canary Islands: A dynamic panel data model. Tourism Management, 27 (2), 281-291.
14. Helg, R., & Tajoli, L. (2005). Patterns of international fragmentation of production and the relative demand for labor. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 16 (2), 233-254.
15. Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data, Cambridge Univerdsity Press
16. Jones, R. W., & Kierzkowski, H. (1990). The Role of Services in Production and International Trade: A Theoretical Framework. Published in The Political Economy of International Trade, edited by Ronald W. Jones and Anne O. Krueger, Basil Blackwell. Erişim:http://www.econ.rochester.edu/people/jones/Role_of_Services.pdf
17. Jones, R. W., & Kierzkowski, H. (2000). A Framework for Fragmentation. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, TI 2000-056/2. Erişim: http://papers.tinbergen.nl/00056.pdf
18. Jones, R., Kierzkowski, H., & Lurong, C. (2005). What does evidence tell us about fragmentation and outsourcing?. International Review of Economics & Finance, 14 (3), 305-316.
19. Kimura, F., Takahashi, Y., & Hayakawa, K. (2007). Fragmentation and parts and components trade: Comparison between East Asia and Europe. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 18 (1), 23-40.
20. Miroudot, S., Lanz, R., & Ragoussis, A. (2009). Trade in intermediate goods and services (No. 93). OECD Publishing.
21. Nayan, S., Kadir, N., Ahmad, M., & Abdullah, M. S. (2013). Revisiting Energy Consumption and GDP: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 42-47.
22. Roodman, D. (2006). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to “difference” and “system” GMM in stata. Center for Global Development, Working Paper Number 103.
23. Sequeira, T. N., & Macas Nunes, P. (2008). Does tourism influence economic growth? A dynamic panel data approach. Applied Economics, 40 (18), 2431-2441.
24. Swenson, D. L., (2000). Firm Outsourcing Decision: Evidence From U.S. Foreign Trade Zones, Economic Inquiry, Vol: 38, No:2, 175-189
25. Tarı, R. (2010). Ekonometri. Umuttepe Yayaınları. İstanbul.
26. Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT press.
27. Worrall, J. L. (2010). A user‐friendly introduction to panel data modeling. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 21 (2), 182-196.
28. Yamashita, N. (2010). International Fragmentation of Production: The Impact of Outsourcing on the Japanese Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. UK.
29. Yi, K. M. (2003). Can vertical specialization explain the growth of world trade?. Journal of Political Economy, 111 (1), 52-102.
30. Zeddies, G. (2011). Determinants of international fragmentation of production in European Union. Empirica, 38 (4), 511-537.