ADAPTATION STUDY OF THE WORKPLACE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE SCALE

Öz

This study aims to adapt the Workplace Psychological Resilience Scale into Turkish and to examine its validity and reliability. In this context, the study was conducted with a sample of 207 participants, 55% of whom were women and 45% men, working in various fields in the public and private sectors. To ensure linguistic equivalence, feedback was obtained from six academics specializing in both psychology and language.Validity and reliability analyses were conducted after the adaptation process. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the scale’s seven-factor structurewhich includes living authentically, finding one’s calling, maintaining perspective, managing stress, interacting cooperatively, staying healthy and building networks. The fit indices obtained from the analysis confirm that the seven-factor structure of the scale was preserved in the Turkish sample (χ 2 /sd=2,40, RMSEA=0,08, SRMR=0,08, CFI=0,96, GFI=0,80 and AGFI=0,72). The analysis conducted for the reliability of the scale, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated as 0,89, indicating high internal consistency. The results demonstrate that the Workplace Psychological Resilience Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for assessing psychological resilience levels among employees in the Turkish workplace context.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Resilience
• Workplace
• Scale adaptation
• Validity
• Reliability.

İŞ YERİNDE PSİKOLOJİK DAYANIKLILIK ÖLÇEĞİ UYARLAMA ÇALIŞMASI

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı İş Yerinde Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlamasını yapmak, geçerlik ve güvenirliğini incelemektir. Bu kapsamda kamu ve özel sektörde çeşitli alanlarda çalışan % 55’i kadın, % 45’i ise erkek olmak üzere 207 kişi üzerinde uygulama yapılmıştır. Dilsel eşdeğerliği sağlamak için hem psikoloji hem de dil alanında uzman toplam altı akademisyenden görüş alınmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalardan sonra geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin yedi faktörlü yapısını sınamak için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kullanılmıştır. Bu faktörler, otantik yaşamak, aradığını bulmak, perspektifi korumak, stresle başa çıkmak, işbirliği içinde etkileşim, sağlıklı kalmak ve ağ oluşturmaktır. Analiz sonrası elde edilen uyum indeksleri ölçeğin yedi boyutlu yapısının Türkiye örnekleminde de korunduğunu doğrulamaktadır (χ 2 /sd=2,40, RMSEA=0,08, SRMR=0,08, CFI=0,96, GFI=0,80 ve AGFI=0,72). Ölçeğin güvenirlik çalışması için yapılan analiz sonucunda Cronbach alfa değeri 0,89 olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda İş Yerinde Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği’nin, iş yerinde çalışanların psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyini değerlendirmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Psikolojik dayanıklılık
• İşyeri
• Ölçek uyarlama
• Geçerlik
• Güvenirlik

Kaynakça

1. Arslan, G. (2015). Yetişkin Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin (YPSÖ) Psikometrik Özellikleri: Düşük sosyoekonomik örneklemde geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 16 (2), 344-357.
2. Baumgartner, H., ve Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of Structural Equation Modeling in Marketing and Consumer Research: a review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161.
3. Basım, H. N., & Çetin, F. (2011). Yetişkinler için psikolojik dayanıklılık ölçeği’nin güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(2), 104-114.
4. Bonanno, G. A., Romero, S. A., & Klein, S. I. (2015). The temporal elements of psychological resilience: An integrative framework for the study of individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 139 –169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2015.992677
5. Brief, A. P., & Atieh, J. M. (1987). Studying job stress: Are we making mountains out of molehills? Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 8(2), 115–126.
6. Britt, T.W., Shen, W., Sinclair, R.R., Grossman, M.R., & Klieger, D.M. (2016). How much do we really know about employee resilience? Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 9, 378–404. doi: 10.1017/ iop.2015.107
7. Brown, R., Wey, H., & Foland, K. (2018). The Relationship Among Change Fatigue, Resilience, and Job Satisfaction of Hospital Staff Nurses. Journal of nursing scholarship:an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 50(3), 306–313.
8. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.

9. Cattell, R. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis. New York: Plenum.
10. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113
11. Cooke, F. L., Cooper, B., Bartram, T., Wang, J., ve Mei, H. (2019). "Mapping the relationships between high-performance work systems, employee resilience and engagement: A study of the banking industry in China": Erratum. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(8), 1418.
12. Coutu, D. L. (2002). How resilience works. Harvard Business Review, May, 46–55.
13. Crane, M. F. (Ed.). (2017). Managing for resilience: A practical guide for employee wellbeing and organizational performance. Routledge/Taylor&Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315648033
14. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik: SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
15. Delgado, C., Roche, M., Fethney, J., & Foster, K. (2021). Mental health nurses' psychological well-being, mental distress, and workplace resilience: A cross-sectional survey. International journal of mental health nursing, 30(5), 1234–1247.
16. Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
17. Doll, W.J., Xia, W., Torkzadeh, G. (1994). A confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument, MIS Quarterly, 18(4), 357–369.
18. Everitt, B. (1975). Multivariate analysis: The need for data, and other problems. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 237-240.
19. Fisher, D. M., Ragsdale, J. M., & Fisher, E. C. (2019). The importance of definitional and temporal issues in the study of resilience. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 68 (4), 583–620. doi: 10.1111/apps.12162
20. Fletcher, D. & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: a review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18:12-23.
21. Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 286–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286
22. Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Martinussen, M. (2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience: what are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment?. International journal of methods in psychiatric research, 12(2), 65–76.
23. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
24. Gattis, V. M. (2017). A case study of workplace bullying, resilience, and professional women (Doctoral dissertation). Phoenix, AZ: Grand Canyon University
25. Gilboa, S., Shirom, A., Fried, Y., & Cooper, C. (2008). A meta-analysis of work-demand stressors and job performance: Examining main and moderating effects. Personnel Psychology, 61, 227–271.
26. Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2. Baskı). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
27. Gürbüz, S. & Şahin, F. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: Felsefe-yöntem-analiz (2.Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
28. Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis Seventh Edition Prentice Hall.
29. Hambleton, R.K., & Patsula, L.N. (1999). Increasing the Validity of Adapted Tests: Myths to be Avoided and Guidelines for Improving Test Adaptation Practices.
30. IJntema, R. C., Burger, Y. D., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2019). Reviewing the labyrinth of psychological resilience: Establishing criteria for resilience-building programs. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 71(4), 288–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000147
31. Jackson, D., Firtko, A. ve Edenborough, M. (2007). Personal Resilience as a Strategy for Surviving and Thriving in the Face of Workplace Adversity: A Literature Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60, 1-9.
32. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS Command Language. Scientific Software International.
33. Kaiser, H. F. (1958). The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 23(3), 187-200.
34. Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York: Routledge.
35. Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 2nd ed, New York: Guilford Press
36. Luthans F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior,23,695–706.
37. Malik, P. & Garg, P. (2018). “Psychometric testing of the resilience at work scale using Indian sample”, The Journal of Decision Makers, Vol. 43 No. 2, pp. 77-91.
38. Mallak, L. A., & Yildiz, M. (2016). Developing a workplace resilience instrument. Work: Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation, 54(2), 241–253.
39. Masten, A. S., & Reed, M.-G. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74–88). Oxford University Press.
40. Menéndez Blanco, J. M., & Montes Botella, J. L. (2016). What contributes to adaptive company resilience? A conceptual and practical approach. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal, 30(4), 17–20.
41. Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory (2. Baskı). New York: McGraw-Hill.
42. Polizzi, C., Lynn, S.J., & Perry, A. (2020). Stress and Coping in the Time of COVID-19: Pathways to Resilience and Recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 59-62.
43. Ratzon, A., Farhi, M., Ratzon, N., & Adini, B. (2022). Resilience at Work, Burnout, Secondary Trauma, and Compassion Satisfaction of Social Workers Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 5500, p.1-14.
44. Shin, J., Taylor, M.S., & Seo, M. (2012). ‘Resources for change: the relationships of organizational inducements and psychological resilience to employees’ attitudes and behaviors toward organizational change’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp.727–748. doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0325
45. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine, 15(3), 194–200.
46. Soanes, C., & Stevenson, A. (2006). Oxford dictionary of English (2nd Ed). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
47. Southwick, S.M., Sippel, L., Krystal, J., Charney, D., Mayes, L., & Pietrzak, R. (2016). Why are some individuals more resilient than others: the role of social support. World Psychiatry. ;15(1):77-79.
48. Stapleton, C. D. (1997). Basic concepts and procedures of confirmatory factor analysis. Educational Research Association, Reports-Evaluative (142), Speeches / Meeting Papers (150)
49. Sweetman, J., Van Der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M., Elfeddali, I. & de Beurs, E. (2022). Validation of the Work Stress Screener (WOSS-13) and Resilience at Work Scale (ReWoS-24). Journal of Psychosomatic Research. (In press)
50. Ungar, M., & Liebenberg, L. (2011). Assessing resilience across cultures using mixed methods: Construction of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 5(2), 126–149.
51. Van Breda, A. (2018). A Critical Review of Resilience Theory and Its Relevance For Social Work. Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 54(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.15270/54-1-611
52. Winwood, P.C., Colon, R., & McEwen, K. (2013). A practical measure of workplace resilience: developing the resilience at work scale. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine ;55(10):1205-12. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182a2a60a
53. Working With Resilience. (2023). https://workingwithresilience.com.au/
54. Yun, Z., Zhou, P., & Zhang, B. (2022). High-Performance Work Systems, Thriving at Work, and Job Burnout among Nurses in Chinese Public Hospitals: The Role of Resilience at Work. Healthcare, 10, 1935.