A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TOOLS IN SCIENCE FICTION AND PRESENT AND FUTURE AI-BASED TRANSLATION TECHNOLOGIES

Öz

Throughout history, human beings have strived to attain more power, whether by crossing geographical boundaries, overcoming physical limitations, or surmounting technological obstacles. Today, various technological advancements reflect this inherent will to power in human nature. Humans are now able to travel to space and hold online video calls across continents, overcoming previous limitations. Presently, humans possess rapidly advancing artificial intelligence-based technology that ensures the instant translation of many foreign languages, enabling comprehension and communication. At this point, some philosophers, thinkers and scientists have sought to define this will to power in the modern world and examine its potential consequences for humanity through the lenses of transhumanism and posthumanism. This study analyses the development and evolution of today’s translation technology, as well as the language translation tools depicted in works of fantasy and science fiction, through a comparative study in the light of the philosophical frameworks of transhumanism and post-humanism. By examining translation elements featured in science fiction works that shed light on today's AI-based translation technologies, the study provides insights into the possible directions and implications of future developments in machine translation technologies for humanity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• AI-based Language translation tools
• Transhumanism
• Post-humanism
• Science Fiction

BİLİM KURGUDAKİ ÇEVİRİ ARAÇLARI İLE GÜNÜMÜZ VE GELECEKTEKİ YAPAY ZEKÂ TABANLI ÇEVİRİ TEKNOLOJİLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ

Öz

Tarih boyunca insanoğlu, daha fazla güce sahip olabilmek için kimi zaman coğrafi sınırları, kimi zaman bedensel sınırlılıkları, kimi zaman da teknolojik sınırları zorlayarak mücadele vermiştir. Günümüzde çeşitli teknolojik gelişmeler, insanın doğasında bulunan bu güç istencine işaret etmektedir. İnsan, sınırlarını zorlayarak en nihayetinde uzaya seyahat edebilmekte, kıtalar arası anlık görüntülü iletişim kurabilmektedir. Günümüzde hızla gelişen, onlarca yabancı dili anlık dilimize çevirebilmemizi, anlayabilmemizi ve karşılık verebilmemizi sağlayan yapay zekâ tabanlı teknolojiye sahibiz. İşte tam da bu noktada, bazı düşünürler felsefeciler ve bilim insanları, modern dünyamızda bu güç istencini tanımlamak, insanlığa getireceği ve insanlardan götüreceği muhtemel sonuçları anlamak için, transhümanizm ve posthümanizm felsefesi üzerinde çalışmışlardır. Bu çalışmada, günümüz çeviri teknolojisinin gelişimi ve evrimleşmesi ile fantastik edebiyat ve bilim kurgu eserlerinde yer alan dilin çeviri araçları, transhümanizm ve post-hümanizm felsefesi ışığında analiz edilip karşılaştırmalı çalışması yapılacaktır. Bu çalışma, bilimkurgu eserlerinde yer alan ve günümüzdeki yapay zekâ tabanlı çeviri teknolojisine ışık tutan çeviri unsurlarını inceleyerek, gelecekte insanları bekleyen yapay zekâ tabanlı çeviri teknolojilerine dair fikirler sunacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yapay Zekâ Tabanlı Dilin Çeviri Araçları
• Transhümanizm
• Posthümanizm
• Bilim Kurgu.

Kaynakça

1. Adams, D. (1979). Otostopçunun galaksi rehberi. Arthur Baker.
2. Archer, M. S. (2019). Bodies, persons and human enhancement: Why these distinctions matter. In I. Al-Amoudi & J. Morga (Eds.), Realist responses to post-human society: Ex machina (pp. 10-31). Routledge.
3. Badmington, N. (2004). Alien chic: Posthumanism and the other within. Routledge.
4. Badmington, N. (ed.). (2000). Posthumanism. Macmillan.
5. Blake, C. Molloy, C., & Shakespeare, S. (Yay. haz.). (2012). Beyond human from animality to transhumanism. Continuum International Publishing Group.
6. Bostrom, N. (2002). Existential risks: Analyzing human extinction scenarios and related hazards. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9. 06 Ocak 20019 tarihinde alınmıştır. https://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.pdf
7. Bostrom, N. (2003). Human genetic enhancements: A transhumanist perspective. Journal of Value Inquiry, 37(4), 493–506.
8. Bostrom, N. (2003). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press.

9. Bostrom, N. (2005). A history of transhumanist thought. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 14(1), 1-25.
10. Bostrom, N. (2009). The Transhumanist FAQ. D M. Kaplan Rowman (Yay. haz.), Reading in the philosophy of technology. Littlefield Publishers (pp. 395-413)
11. Bostrom, N. vd. (2003). The Transhumanist FAQ: A General Introduction, Version 2.1. The World Transhumanist Association. E-kitap. 28 Şubat 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır. https://www.nickbostrom.com/views/transhumanist.pdf
12. Braidotti, R. (2013). The Posthuman. Polity Press.
13. Callus, I., & Herbrechter, S. (2012). Introduction: Posthumanist subjectivities, or, Coming after the Subject. Subjectivity, 5(3), 241−264.
14. Choi, Heeyoul et al. (2017). Context-dependent word representation for neural machine translation. Computer Speech Language, (45), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2017.01.007
15. Clement, H. (1950). Needle. Gnome Press.
16. Cronin, Michael. (2003). Translation and Globalization. Routledge.
17. Cronin, Michael. (2009). Translation goes to the Movies. Routledge
18. Cronin, Michael. (2013). Translation in the Digital Age. Routledge.
19. Cronin, Michael. (2020). Translation and posthumanism. The Routledge. Handbook of Translation and Ethics. Routledge.
20. Davies, R. T. (Executive Producer). (2005–present). Doctor Who [TV series]. BBC.
21. Edman, T. B. (2019a). Değişim Adaptasyon Dijitalleşme ve Mukayeseli Edebiyatın Yeni Nesille Buluşması. Kastaş Yayınları.
22. Edman, T. B. (2019b). Dünya edebiyatı ve izdüşümü: ‘Tercümedya’. Rumeli Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (16), 657-664 . https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.619683
23. Elgin, S. H. (1984). Native tongue. The Women’s Press.
24. Firat, O., Kyunghyun C. vd. (2017). Multi-way, multilingual neural machine translation. Computer Speech & Language, (45)- 236252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2016.10.006
25. FM-2030. (1989). Are you a transhuman? Warner Books.
26. Foster, A. D. (1992). The False Mirror (The Damned, #2). Random House Value Publishing.
27. Foster, A. D. (1992). The false mirror. Ballantine Books.
28. Freudenthal, H. (1960). The man from the first century. Harper & Row.
29. Fukuyama, F. (2002). Our posthuman future: Consequences of the biotechnology revolution. London: Profile Books.
30. Fukuyama, F. (2004). Transhumanism. Foreign Policy, (Eylül/Ekim), 42-43.
31. Garland, A. (Director). (2015). Ex machina [Film]. DNA Films; Film4 Productions.
32. Halberstam, J., & Livingston, I. (Ed.). (1995). Posthuman bodies. Indiana University Press.
33. Hamilton, J. (1960). The haunted stars. Gnome Press
34. Haraway, D. (1991). Simians, cyborgs, and women: The reinvention of nature. New York, NY: Routledge.
35. Haraway, D. J. (1985). A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century. Socialist Review, (80), 65-108. https://doi.org/10.5749/minnesota/9780816650477.003.0001
36. Haraway, D. J. (1991). Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. Routledge.
37. Hassan, I. (1977). Prometheus as performer: Toward a posthumanist culture?. The Georgia Review, 31(4), 830–850.
38. Henson, J. (Producer). (1999–2003). Farscape [TV series]. Nine Network; Syfy.
39. Huxley, J. (1957). New bottles for new wine: Ideology and scientific knowledge. Harper.
40. Joy, B. (2000). Why the future doesn’t need us. Wired, 8(4). 28 Ocak 2020 tarihinde alınmıştır. https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/
41. Kong L. (2022). Artificial Intelligence-Based Translation Technology in Translation Teaching. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, (June)2022, 1-9. DOI: 10.1155/2022/6016752
42. Kube-McDowell, M. (1985). Emprise. Pocket Books.
43. Kurzweil, R. (1999). The age of spiritual machines, when computers exceed human intelligence. Viking.
44. Kurzweil, R. (2014). How to Create a Human Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed. Duckworth.
45. Laaksonen, J., & Koskinen (2020). K. Koskinen, Kaisa, Nike K. Pokorn (editors). Venuti and the ethics of difference. The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Ethics (Routledge Handbooks in Translation and Interpreting Studies). Routledge.
46. Laaksonen, Jenni, Kaisa Koskinen. (2020). Venuti and the ethics of difference”. The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Ethics. Routledge.
47. Lem, S. (1968). His master's voice (J. & K. F. McGuire, Trans.). Houghton Mifflin.
48. Lilley, S. (2013). Transhumanism and society: The social debate over human enhancement. Springer Briefs in Philosophy springer.
49. Lucas, G. (Director). (1977). Star Wars [Film]. 20th Century Fox.
50. Luchianchicova, M. M. (2021). Artificial intelligence, transhumanism and translation as a universal property of thinking. Bulletin of Integrative Psychiatry, 27(3), 109+.
51. Maccarini, A. M. (2019). Trans-human (life-)time emergent biographies and the ‘deep change’ in personal reflexivity. I. Al-Amoudi ve J. Morgan (Yay. haz.), Realist Responses to Post-Human Society: Ex Machina (138-164). NY: Routledge.
52. Mamane, W. (Ocak 28,2022). The Future of Machine Translation and AI. Marketing AI Institute. Erişim tarihi: 24 Eylül 2022, erişim: https://www.marketingaiinstitute.com/blog/the-future-of-machine-translation-and-artificial-intelligence-in-the-evolution-of-languages
53. McDevitt, J. (1986). The Hercules text. Ace Books.
54. Miah, A. (2008). Posthumanism: A critical history. B. Gordijn ve R. M. Chadwick (Yay. haz.), Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity (The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 2) (71-94). Springer.
55. Mitchell-Schuitevoerder, R. (2020). A Project-Based Approach to Translation Technology. London: Routledge.
56. Moffat, S. (Executive Producer). (2005–present). Doctor Who [TV series]. BBC.
57. Mohamed, S. A. vd. (2021) Neural machine translation: past, present, and future. Neural Computing and Applications. 33(12),1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06268-0
58. Moorcock, M. (1972). An alien heat. Berkley Books.
59. Mossop, B. (2014). The Image of Translation in Science Fiction & Astronomy. Translator, 2(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.1996.10798961
60. Munz, Tanja vd. (2022). Visualization-based improvement of neural machine translation. Computers & Graphics, 103 (2022), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2021.12.003
61. Nichols T. P., & Campano, G. (2017). Post-humanism and literacy studies. Language Arts, 94(4), 245-251.
62. Nietzsche, F. (2017). The Will to Power. Penguin Classics.
63. O'Thomas, M. (2017). Humanum ex machine: Translation in the post-global, posthuman World. Target, 29(2), 284-300. https://doi.org/10.1075/target.29.2.05oth
64. Olohan, M. (2011). Translators and translation technology: The dance of Agency. Translation Studies, 4(3), 342-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2011.589656
65. Regalado, A. (2017). The Entrepreneur with the $100 Million Plan to Link Brains to Computers, Tech big shots are charging into neuroscience, but do they even have a clue?. MIT Technology Review, Humans and Technology. (Mart 16, 2017). 24 Eylül 2022 tarinde alınmıştır. https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/03/16/153211/the-entrepreneur-with-the-100-million-plan-to-link-brains-to-computers/
66. Regis, E. (1990). Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition. Perseus.
67. Roddenberry, G. (Creator). (1966–1969). Star Trek. CBS.
68. Sagan, C. (1985). Contact. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
69. Sakamoto, A. (2018). Unintended consequences of translation technologies: from project managers’ Perspectives. Perspectives, Studies in Translation Theory and Practice, 27(1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2018.1473452
70. Sin-wai, C. (2017). The Future of Translation Technology. Towards a World without Babel. Routledge.
71. Singh, S. (Kasım 20, 2017). Transhumanism And The Future Of Humanity: 7 Ways The World Will Change By 2030. Forbes. Erişim tarihi: 24 Eylül 2022, erişim: https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2017/11/20/transhumanism-and-the-future-of-humanity-seven-ways-the-world-will-change-by-2030/
72. Sorgner, S. L. (2021). Translator’s Introduction: Transhumanism in Translation. On Transhumanism, University Park. Penn State University Press. vii-xxviii. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780271088433-002
73. Tolkien, J.R.R. (1999). On Fairy-Stories. Tree and Leaf. HarperCollins. 3-85.
74. Turkle, S. (2008). Always-on/Always-on-You: The Tethered Self. Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies. (pp. 121-137).
75. Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books.
76. Türkmen, B. (2021). The wearable translation technologies from futurist and transhumanist perspectives. International Journal of Language Academy, 9 (4), 237-249. DOI:10.29228/ijla.54219
77. Vance, J. (1966). The eyes of the overworld. Ace Books.
78. White, C. (1927). Retreat to Mars. Black Mask.
79. Zheng, Z, Hao Zhou vd. (2018). Modeling Past and Future for Neural Machine Translation. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Volume 6. (pp. 145–157). MIT Press.