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TÜRKİYE’DE TURİZM GELİRİNİN MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ1

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 203 - 220, 30.04.2015

Öz

Türk turizm sektörü son yıllarda kayda değer bir büyüme sergilemektedir. Bununla birlikte turist sayısı son 10 yılda %250 artış gösterirken turizm geliri ancak %233 oranında artabilmiştir. Ayrıca turist başı ortalama harcama miktarının yıllar itibari ile düştüğü göze çarpan parametreler arasındadır.

Çalışmada Türkiye’nin turizm gelirinin belirleyicileri, 1995-2011 yılları için, Türkiye’ye en çok turist gönderen ilk 20 ülke örnekleminde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada uluslararası turizm geliri belirleyicileri arasında yer alan kişi başına gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla, turistik mal ve hizmetlerin fiyatı, döviz kuru gibi makroekonomik değişkenler ve politik istikrar değişkenleri panel veri analizi yöntemi ile test edilmiştir.

Modelde kullanılan tüm değişkenlerin turizm gelirine katkı sağladığı ancak kişi başına gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla ve reel döviz kuru değişkenlerinin Turizm gelirinin belirleyicileri arasında önemli bir yere sahip olduğu elde edilen bulgular arasındadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aktaş, C, (2005), Türkiye’nin Turizm Gelirini Etkileyen Değişkenler İçin En Uygun Regresyon Denkleminin Belirlenmesi, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 6 (2): 215-174. Aslan, A, Kaplan, M, ve Kula, F, (2009), International Tourism Demand for Turkey: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach, Research Journal of Internatıonal Studies, 9(65). Asteriou, D. ve Hall, S.G, (2007), Applied Econometrics: A Modern Approach Using Eviews and Microfit Revisited Edition. Palgrave Macmillan, Newyork. Bahar, O. ve Bozkurt, K, (2010), Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Turizm-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21(2): 255-265. Bahar, O. ve Kozak, M, (2012), Turizm Ekonomisi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık. Baltagi, B.H, Bai, H. ve Kao, C, (2000), “Nonstationary Panels, Cointegration in panels: A Survey”, Center for Policy Research Working Paper No.16. Baltagi, H.B, (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Third Edition, John Wiley & Songs Ltd.:West Sussex, England. Blanke, J. ve Chiesa, T, (2013), The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report. World Economic Forum. Bonham, C. S., Fuleky, P. ve Zhao, Q, (2013), Estimating Demand Elasticities in Non-Stationary Panels: The Case of Hawaii’s Tourism Industry, The Economic Resarch Organization, University of Hawai Working Paper No. 2013-2. Dristakis, N, (2004), Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece Using Causality Analysis, Tourism Economics,10(3): 305–316. Dritsakis, N, (2012), Tourism Development And Economic Growth in Seven Mediterranean Countries: A Panel Data Approach, Tourism Economics, 18(4): 801-816. Dünya Bankası İstatistikî Veri Tabanı, (WDI), http://web.worldbank.org/website/externa/datastatstıcs/html (04 Ocak 2013). Egeli, H. A, (1997), Türk Turizminin Gelişimini Etkileyen Faktörler ve Diğer Sektörlerle İlişkisi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 12(2): 111. Eilat, Y. ve Einav, L, (2004), Determinants of International Tourism: A Tree-Dimensional Panel Data Analysis, Applied Economics, 36: 1315-1327. Eita, J. H. Jordaan, A. C, ve Jordaan, Y, (2011), An Econometric Analysis Of The Determinants Impacting on Businesses in the Tourism Industry, African Journal of Business Management, 5(3): 666-675. Ekanayake, E. M, Halkides, M, Ledgerwood, J. R, (2012), Inbound International Tourism to The United States: A Panel Data Analysis, International Journal of Management And Marketing Research, 5(3): 15-27. Emsen, Ö. S. ve Değer, K, (2004), Turizm Üzerine Terörizmin Etkileri: 1984-2001 Türkiye Deneyimi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, (4)7. Erdoğan, H, (1996), Ekonomik, Sosyal, Kültürel ve Çevresel Yönleriyle Uluslararası Turizm. Uludağ Üniversitesi Yayını, Çanakkale, 11-489. Erkan, B, Kara, O. ve Harbalıoğlu, M, (2013), Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler E-Dergisi, Türk Dünyası Kırgız-Türk Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 39, Kasım- Aralık 2013:1-20. Eugenio-Martin, J.L, Moralis, N.M. ve Scarpa, R, (2004), Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: A Panel Data Approach, Nota Di Lavoro 26:1-28. Fayissa, B. Nsiah, C. ve Tadasse, B, (2008), The Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth and Development in Africa, Tourism Economics, 14 (4): 807-818. Gallego, M. S. Ledesma, F. ve Pérez-Rodríguez, J. V, (2011), Tourism and Trade in OECD Countries, A Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel Data Analysis, Empirical Economics, 41(2): 533-554. Garin Munoz, T, (2007), German Demand for Tourism in Spain, Tourism Management 28: 12–22. Garin-Munoz, T, (2005), Inbound international tourism to Canary Islands: A dynamic Panel Data Model, Tourism Management, 27: 281-291. Garin-Muñoz, T. ve Montero-Martín, L. F, (2007), Tourism in the Balearic Islands: A Dynamic Model for International Demand using Panel Data, Tourism Management, 28, 1224-1235. Gholipour, H. F. Tajaddini, R. ve Al-mulali, U, (2014), Does Personal Freedom Influence Outbound Tourism?, Tourism Management, 41: 19-25. Goeldner, C. R. ve Ritchie, B. J, (2012), Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. Twelfth edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New Jersey. Güvenek, B. ve Alptekin, V, (2010), Enerji Tüketimi ve Büyüme İlişkisi: OECD Ülkelerine İlişkin Bir Panel Veri Analizi, Enerji, Piyasa ve Düzenleme 1(2): 172-193. Im, K. S, Pesaran, M. H. and Shin, Y, (2003), Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1): 53-74. İbrahim, M. A. M. A, (2011), The Determinants of International Tourism Demand for Egypt: Panel Data Evidence, European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 30: 52-57. Kao, C. ve Chiang, M.H, (2000), On the Estimation and Inference of a Cointegrated Regression in Panel Data, Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels. 15: 179-222. Kozak, N, Kozak M.A. ve Kozak, M, (2013), Genel Turizm İlkeler-Kavramlar. Detay Yayıncılık. 5. Baskı. Ankara. Lee, C.C ve Chang, C.P, (2008), Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels, Tourism Management, 29, 180–192. Levin, A., Lin, C.F. ve Chu, J, (2002), Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties, Journal of Econometrics, 108(1): 1-24. Lim, C, (1997), Review of International Tourism Demand Models, Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4): 835-849. Maloney, W. F. ve Rojas, G. V. M, (2013), How Elastic are Sea, Sand and Sun? Dynamic Panel Estimates of the Demand for Tourism, Applied Economics Letters, 12(5): 277-280. Marcouiller, D. W., Kim, K. K., Deller, S. C, (2004), Natural Amenities, Tourism and Income Distribution, Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4): 1031-1050. Massidda, C. ve Etzo, I, (2012), The Determinants of Italian Domestic Tourism: A Panel Data Analysis, Tourism Management, 33: 603-610. Mervar, A. ve Payne, J. E, (2007), An Analysis of Foreign Tourism Demand for Croation Destinations: Long-Run Elasticity Estimates, Radni Materijali EIZ-a EIZ Working Papers EIZ-WP-0701. Munoz, T.G, (2007), German Demand for Tourism in Spain. Tourism Management, 28(1): 12-22. Naude, A.W. and Saayaman, A, (2005), Determinants of Tourist Arrivals in Africa: A Panel Data Regression Analysis, Tourism Economics, 11(3): 365-391. Nazlıoğlu, Ş, Lebe, F. ve Kayhan, S, (2011), Nuclear Energy Consumption And Economic Growth in OECD Countries: Cross-Sectionally Dependent Heterogeneous Panel Causality Analysis, Energy Policy, 39: 6615–6621. Nazlıoğlu, Ş. ve Soytas, U, (2012), Oil Price, Agricultural Commodity Prices, and The Dollar: A Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis, Energy Economics, 34: 1098–1104. Pedroni, P, (1999), Critical Values for Cointegrating Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1): 653-570. Pedroni, P, (2000), Fully Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels, In: Baltagi, B.H. (Ed.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels. Advances in Econometrics, 15: 93-130. Pedroni, P, (2001), Purchasing Power Parity Tests in Cointegrated Panels. Review of Economics and Statistics, 83: 727-931. Pedroni, P, (2004), Panel Cointegration, Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis, Econometric Theory, 20(3): 597-625. Pesaran, M. H, (2004), General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, No 435, University of Cambridge. Pesaran, M. H, (2006), Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure, Econometrica, 74(4): 967-1012. Pesaran, M. H, (2007), A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22 (2): 265-312. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., Smith, R. P, (1999), Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446): 621-624. Proença, S. A and Soukiazis, E, (2005), Demand for Tourism in Portugal: A Panel Data Approach, Discussion Paper 29. Saray, O. ve Karagöz, K, (2010), Determinants of Tourist Inflows in Turkey: Evidence From Panel Gravity Model, ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(11): 33–46. Seeteram, N, (2010), A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis of the Immigration and Tourism Nexus, Monash University Department of Economics,Discussion paper 39/10. Škuflić, L. ve Štoković, I, (2013), Demand Function for Croatian Tourist Product: A Panel Data Approach, Modern Economy, 2: 49-53. Surugiu, C., Leitao, N.C. ve Surugiu, M.R, (2011), A Panel Data Modelling of International Tourism Demand: Evidences for Romania, Ekonomska istrazivanja, 24(1): 134-145. TÜRSAB, (Türkiye Seyahat Acenteleri Birliği), (30 Eylül 2013) http://www.tursab.org.tr/tr/istatistikler adresinden alınmıştır. UNWTO, (2013), Tourism Highlights http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr_0.pdf. (15 Ağustos 2013). UNWTO, (2013), World Tourism Barometer. Vol:11, April, 1-5. Walle, Y. M, (2010), Tourist Flows and Its Determinants in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Development Research Institute EDRI Working Paper 01. Webb, A. J. ve Chotithamwattana, C, (2013), Who Visits Thailand and Why? An Econometric Model of Tourist Arrivals by Country of Origin, 8th Asian Business Research Conference April 2013, Bangkok, Thailand. World Travel&Tourism Council, (2013), World Travel & Tourism Economic Impact World.1-24. Yardımcıoğlu, F. ve Gülmez, A, (2013), Türk Cumhuriyetlerinde İhracat Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 8(1): 145-161.
Yıl 2015, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 203 - 220, 30.04.2015

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aktaş, C, (2005), Türkiye’nin Turizm Gelirini Etkileyen Değişkenler İçin En Uygun Regresyon Denkleminin Belirlenmesi, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 6 (2): 215-174. Aslan, A, Kaplan, M, ve Kula, F, (2009), International Tourism Demand for Turkey: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach, Research Journal of Internatıonal Studies, 9(65). Asteriou, D. ve Hall, S.G, (2007), Applied Econometrics: A Modern Approach Using Eviews and Microfit Revisited Edition. Palgrave Macmillan, Newyork. Bahar, O. ve Bozkurt, K, (2010), Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Turizm-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21(2): 255-265. Bahar, O. ve Kozak, M, (2012), Turizm Ekonomisi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık. Baltagi, B.H, Bai, H. ve Kao, C, (2000), “Nonstationary Panels, Cointegration in panels: A Survey”, Center for Policy Research Working Paper No.16. Baltagi, H.B, (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Third Edition, John Wiley & Songs Ltd.:West Sussex, England. Blanke, J. ve Chiesa, T, (2013), The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report. World Economic Forum. Bonham, C. S., Fuleky, P. ve Zhao, Q, (2013), Estimating Demand Elasticities in Non-Stationary Panels: The Case of Hawaii’s Tourism Industry, The Economic Resarch Organization, University of Hawai Working Paper No. 2013-2. Dristakis, N, (2004), Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece Using Causality Analysis, Tourism Economics,10(3): 305–316. Dritsakis, N, (2012), Tourism Development And Economic Growth in Seven Mediterranean Countries: A Panel Data Approach, Tourism Economics, 18(4): 801-816. Dünya Bankası İstatistikî Veri Tabanı, (WDI), http://web.worldbank.org/website/externa/datastatstıcs/html (04 Ocak 2013). Egeli, H. A, (1997), Türk Turizminin Gelişimini Etkileyen Faktörler ve Diğer Sektörlerle İlişkisi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 12(2): 111. Eilat, Y. ve Einav, L, (2004), Determinants of International Tourism: A Tree-Dimensional Panel Data Analysis, Applied Economics, 36: 1315-1327. Eita, J. H. Jordaan, A. C, ve Jordaan, Y, (2011), An Econometric Analysis Of The Determinants Impacting on Businesses in the Tourism Industry, African Journal of Business Management, 5(3): 666-675. Ekanayake, E. M, Halkides, M, Ledgerwood, J. R, (2012), Inbound International Tourism to The United States: A Panel Data Analysis, International Journal of Management And Marketing Research, 5(3): 15-27. Emsen, Ö. S. ve Değer, K, (2004), Turizm Üzerine Terörizmin Etkileri: 1984-2001 Türkiye Deneyimi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, (4)7. Erdoğan, H, (1996), Ekonomik, Sosyal, Kültürel ve Çevresel Yönleriyle Uluslararası Turizm. Uludağ Üniversitesi Yayını, Çanakkale, 11-489. Erkan, B, Kara, O. ve Harbalıoğlu, M, (2013), Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler E-Dergisi, Türk Dünyası Kırgız-Türk Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 39, Kasım- Aralık 2013:1-20. Eugenio-Martin, J.L, Moralis, N.M. ve Scarpa, R, (2004), Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: A Panel Data Approach, Nota Di Lavoro 26:1-28. Fayissa, B. Nsiah, C. ve Tadasse, B, (2008), The Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth and Development in Africa, Tourism Economics, 14 (4): 807-818. Gallego, M. S. Ledesma, F. ve Pérez-Rodríguez, J. V, (2011), Tourism and Trade in OECD Countries, A Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel Data Analysis, Empirical Economics, 41(2): 533-554. Garin Munoz, T, (2007), German Demand for Tourism in Spain, Tourism Management 28: 12–22. Garin-Munoz, T, (2005), Inbound international tourism to Canary Islands: A dynamic Panel Data Model, Tourism Management, 27: 281-291. Garin-Muñoz, T. ve Montero-Martín, L. F, (2007), Tourism in the Balearic Islands: A Dynamic Model for International Demand using Panel Data, Tourism Management, 28, 1224-1235. Gholipour, H. F. Tajaddini, R. ve Al-mulali, U, (2014), Does Personal Freedom Influence Outbound Tourism?, Tourism Management, 41: 19-25. Goeldner, C. R. ve Ritchie, B. J, (2012), Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. Twelfth edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New Jersey. Güvenek, B. ve Alptekin, V, (2010), Enerji Tüketimi ve Büyüme İlişkisi: OECD Ülkelerine İlişkin Bir Panel Veri Analizi, Enerji, Piyasa ve Düzenleme 1(2): 172-193. Im, K. S, Pesaran, M. H. and Shin, Y, (2003), Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1): 53-74. İbrahim, M. A. M. A, (2011), The Determinants of International Tourism Demand for Egypt: Panel Data Evidence, European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 30: 52-57. Kao, C. ve Chiang, M.H, (2000), On the Estimation and Inference of a Cointegrated Regression in Panel Data, Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels. 15: 179-222. Kozak, N, Kozak M.A. ve Kozak, M, (2013), Genel Turizm İlkeler-Kavramlar. Detay Yayıncılık. 5. Baskı. Ankara. Lee, C.C ve Chang, C.P, (2008), Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels, Tourism Management, 29, 180–192. Levin, A., Lin, C.F. ve Chu, J, (2002), Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties, Journal of Econometrics, 108(1): 1-24. Lim, C, (1997), Review of International Tourism Demand Models, Annals of Tourism Research, 24(4): 835-849. Maloney, W. F. ve Rojas, G. V. M, (2013), How Elastic are Sea, Sand and Sun? Dynamic Panel Estimates of the Demand for Tourism, Applied Economics Letters, 12(5): 277-280. Marcouiller, D. W., Kim, K. K., Deller, S. C, (2004), Natural Amenities, Tourism and Income Distribution, Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4): 1031-1050. Massidda, C. ve Etzo, I, (2012), The Determinants of Italian Domestic Tourism: A Panel Data Analysis, Tourism Management, 33: 603-610. Mervar, A. ve Payne, J. E, (2007), An Analysis of Foreign Tourism Demand for Croation Destinations: Long-Run Elasticity Estimates, Radni Materijali EIZ-a EIZ Working Papers EIZ-WP-0701. Munoz, T.G, (2007), German Demand for Tourism in Spain. Tourism Management, 28(1): 12-22. Naude, A.W. and Saayaman, A, (2005), Determinants of Tourist Arrivals in Africa: A Panel Data Regression Analysis, Tourism Economics, 11(3): 365-391. Nazlıoğlu, Ş, Lebe, F. ve Kayhan, S, (2011), Nuclear Energy Consumption And Economic Growth in OECD Countries: Cross-Sectionally Dependent Heterogeneous Panel Causality Analysis, Energy Policy, 39: 6615–6621. Nazlıoğlu, Ş. ve Soytas, U, (2012), Oil Price, Agricultural Commodity Prices, and The Dollar: A Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis, Energy Economics, 34: 1098–1104. Pedroni, P, (1999), Critical Values for Cointegrating Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1): 653-570. Pedroni, P, (2000), Fully Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels, In: Baltagi, B.H. (Ed.), Nonstationary Panels, Panel Cointegration and Dynamic Panels. Advances in Econometrics, 15: 93-130. Pedroni, P, (2001), Purchasing Power Parity Tests in Cointegrated Panels. Review of Economics and Statistics, 83: 727-931. Pedroni, P, (2004), Panel Cointegration, Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis, Econometric Theory, 20(3): 597-625. Pesaran, M. H, (2004), General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, No 435, University of Cambridge. Pesaran, M. H, (2006), Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure, Econometrica, 74(4): 967-1012. Pesaran, M. H, (2007), A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross Section Dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22 (2): 265-312. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., Smith, R. P, (1999), Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446): 621-624. Proença, S. A and Soukiazis, E, (2005), Demand for Tourism in Portugal: A Panel Data Approach, Discussion Paper 29. Saray, O. ve Karagöz, K, (2010), Determinants of Tourist Inflows in Turkey: Evidence From Panel Gravity Model, ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(11): 33–46. Seeteram, N, (2010), A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis of the Immigration and Tourism Nexus, Monash University Department of Economics,Discussion paper 39/10. Škuflić, L. ve Štoković, I, (2013), Demand Function for Croatian Tourist Product: A Panel Data Approach, Modern Economy, 2: 49-53. Surugiu, C., Leitao, N.C. ve Surugiu, M.R, (2011), A Panel Data Modelling of International Tourism Demand: Evidences for Romania, Ekonomska istrazivanja, 24(1): 134-145. TÜRSAB, (Türkiye Seyahat Acenteleri Birliği), (30 Eylül 2013) http://www.tursab.org.tr/tr/istatistikler adresinden alınmıştır. UNWTO, (2013), Tourism Highlights http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr_0.pdf. (15 Ağustos 2013). UNWTO, (2013), World Tourism Barometer. Vol:11, April, 1-5. Walle, Y. M, (2010), Tourist Flows and Its Determinants in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Development Research Institute EDRI Working Paper 01. Webb, A. J. ve Chotithamwattana, C, (2013), Who Visits Thailand and Why? An Econometric Model of Tourist Arrivals by Country of Origin, 8th Asian Business Research Conference April 2013, Bangkok, Thailand. World Travel&Tourism Council, (2013), World Travel & Tourism Economic Impact World.1-24. Yardımcıoğlu, F. ve Gülmez, A, (2013), Türk Cumhuriyetlerinde İhracat Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Panel Nedensellik Analizi, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 8(1): 145-161.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ceyhun Can Özcan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Kasım 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özcan, C. C. (2015). TÜRKİYE’DE TURİZM GELİRİNİN MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ1. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(1), 203-220.