İKİDİLLİLERDE SESBİLİMSEL İŞLEMLEME VE DİL SİNİR AĞLARI

Öz

Nörogörüntüleme teknikleri ve analitik yöntemlerdeki ilerlemeler, ikidilliliğin insanlarda bilişsel ve beyin sistemleri üzerindeki etkisini araştıran çalışmaların çoğalmasını sağlamıştır. Çağımızda yüzlerce çalışma, dil sisteminin bileşenlerinin beyindeki işlemlenişine değinse de dilin ve konuşmanın sinirsel temelinin tanımlanmasına ilişkin açıklamalar giderek güncellenmekte ve hızla artmaktadır. İnsan sesinin üretimi ve algılanması sürecinde, dil bileşenlerinin beyinin salt bir merkezinde aktivasyon gösterdiği düşüncesi doğru değildir. Beyinde korteksaltı nöroanatomik bölgeler olarak bilenen ve konuşma eyleminin algılanması ve üretiminden sorumlu olan bölgeler birbirilerine ön (ventral) ve arka (dorsal) kortikal yolaklarla bağlı olup beynin her iki yarıküresinde de sesbilimsel işlemleme başta olmak üzre önemli görevler üstelenmektedirler. Bu bağlamda dilin bileşenlerinin işlemlemesi çerçevesinde, görevlerin yerine getirilmesinde kombinatorik bir işleyiş olduğu söylenebilir. Bu kombinatorik işleyiş beynin belirli bir yerinde sabit olmayıp bilateral ve sola yanallaşmış bir şekilde gerçekleşmektedir. Tekdilli ve ikidilli bireylerde sesbilimsel bileşene ilişkin işlemleme, sinirdilbilimi alanında öne çıkan bir konudur. Uzun süredir, yetişkinlikte dil işlemeyi destekleyen karmaşık dil ağının, olgunlaşma ve dile maruz kalmanın geçici olarak uzun süreli bir etkileşimin sonucu olduğu varsayılmıştır. Fonksiyonel sol yanallaşma ve frontal yapıların artan katılımı, dil-sinir etkileşiminin normal gelişimsel seyri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Beyinde sesbilimsel bileşene ilişkin işlemleme sürecinin tekdilli ve ikidilli bireylerde nasıl gerçekleştiğini ele alan çalışmaların sayesinde, sesbilimsel bileşenin dil sisteminin beyinde en erken işlemlenen bileşen olduğu artık bilinmektedir. Bu bileşen tekdilli ve ikidilli işlemleme sürecinde aynı adımları izlese de bireysel açıdan beyin ağlarının gelişiminde farklılık yarattığı yadsınamaz. Bu çalışmayla konuşmanın algılanması ve üretimi, konu kapsamında alanyazınında yer alan araştırmaların verilerine dayanarak açıklanmaya çalışılmış ve ikidillilerin sesbilimsel işlemlemesinin nöral temelleri açıklanmıştır. Bu çalışma, sesbilimsel algının EEG ve fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans görüntüleme çalışmalarına odaklanarak, ikidillilerde sesbilimsel işlemlemenin kortikal temelini açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Sonuçlar, uyaran özelliklerine, görev taleplerine ve katılımcıların ikinci dil sesleriyle ilgili önceki deneyimlerine bağlı olarak çalışmalar arasında farklılığın olduğunu gösterse de alanyazın, birinci ve ikinci dildeki sesbilimsel işleme sırasında ön ve arka korteksler dâhilolmak üzere dorsal işitsel-motor gibi beyin bölgelerinin dâhil olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca ikidillilerin genellikle tekdillilere görece dil yapılarının bileşenlerinde ve beyin alanları arasındaki bağlantı yollarında daha fazla hacim gösterdiği yapılan çalışmalarla ortaya konulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İkidillilik
• Sesbilimsel Dil İşlemleme
• Dil Sinir Ağları
• Nörodilbilim

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSING OF BILINGUALS AND LANGUAGE NEURAL NETWORKS

Öz

Advances in neuroimaging techniques and analytical methods have led to an increase in studies investigating the effects of bilingualism on human cognitive and brain systems. Although hundreds of studies in our age have addressed the processing of the components of the language system in the brain, explanations regarding the definition of the neural basis of language and speech are being updated and increasing rapidly. The idea that language components are activated in only one center of the brain during the production and perception of human speech is not correct. The regions known as subcortical neuroanatomical regions in the brain, which are responsible for the perception and production of the act of speech, are connected to each other by anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) cortical pathways and undertake important tasks, primarily phonological processing, in both hemispheres of the brain. In this context, it can be said that there is a combinatoric process in the performance of tasks within the framework of the processing of the components of language. This combinatoric process is not fixed in a certain part of the brain, but occurs bilaterally and lateralized to the left. The processing of the phonological component in monolingual and bilingual individuals is a prominent topic in the field of neurolinguistics. It has long been assumed that the complex language network supporting language processing in adulthood is the result of a temporally long-term interaction of maturation and language exposure. Functional left lateralization and increased involvement of frontal structures are considered normal developmental processes of neurolinguistic specialization. Thanks to studies examining how the processing of the phonological component in the brain occurs in monolingual and bilingual individuals, it is now known that the phonological component is the earliest processed component of the language system in the brain. Although this component follows the same steps in the processing process in monolinguals and bilinguals, it is undeniable that it creates differences in the development of brain networks from an individual perspective. In this study, the perception and production of speech have been attempted to be explained based on the data of the researches in the subject and the neural basis of the phonological processing of bilinguals has been explained. This study aims to elucidate the cortical basis of phonological processing in bilinguals by focusing on EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of phonological perception. Although the results show differences between studies depending on stimulus characteristics, task demands, and participants' previous experience with D2 sounds, the literature suggests that brain regions such as dorsal auditory-motor, including the frontal and posterior cortices, are involved in phonological processing in D1 and D2. Furthermore, studies have shown that bilinguals generally show greater volumes of language structure components and pathways between brain areas compared to monolinguals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bilingualism
• Phonological Language Processing
• Language Neural Networks
• Neurolinguistics

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