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Dehşet Yönetimi Kuramı Açısından Ölüm Kaygısının İngiltere’de Müslümanlara Yönelik Tutumların Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 55 (15-06-2019), 27 - 50, 15.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.15745/da.530472

Öz

İngiltere, Avrupa’da en fazla Müslüman nüfusa sahip
ülkelerden biridir ve Avrupa genelinde aşırı sağın yükselişe geçmesiyle paralel
olarak İngiltere’de Müslümanlara yönelik olumsuz tutumlar ve ayrımcılık
artmaktadır. Özelde Müslümanlara genelde ise tüm yabancılara yönelik olumsuz
tutumların birçok farklı psikolojik nedeni bulunmaktadır. Dehşet Yönetimi
Kuramı, bunlardan birisinin de bireylere ölümün hatırlatılması olduğunu iddia
etmektedir. Dehşet Yönetimi Kuramına göre, hayatta kalmak gibi güçlü bir
motivasyona sahip olan insan aynı zamanda tüm hayatta kalma çabalarının bir gün
başarısız olacağını bilir ve ölüm kaygısı yaşar. Bu kaygıdan kurtulmak için
kültürüne yönelir ve onu güçlü şekilde savunmaya başlar. Ölümün hatırlatıldığı
bireyler, ölüm kaygısının üstesinden gelmek için kendi kültürlerine
yöneldiklerinde, diğer kültürlere yani dış gruplara veya onların üyelerine
karşı önyargı geliştirirler veya onlara karşı olumsuz tutumlar edinirler. Bu
iddianın test edilmesi için 2018 yılı içerisinde İngiltere’de 50 kişinin katılımıyla
bir deney gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılar eşit iki gruba ayrılarak deney ve
kontrol grupları oluşturulmuştur. Ölümün hatırlatılmasının Müslümanlara yönelik
tutumlar üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi için deney grubuna ölümü hatırlatıcı
video izlettirilmiş ve daha sonra her iki gruba Müslümanlara yönelik tutumları
ölçen sorular yöneltilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler analiz edildiğinde, ölümün
hatırlatıldığı bireylerin (deney grubu), Müslümanlara yönelik tutumlarının
diğer bireylerden (kontrol grubu) daha olumsuz oldukları tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, T. (2004). After 9/11: British South Asian Muslims, Islamophobia, Multiculturalism, and the State. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 21(3), 26-38.
  • Aksüt-Çiçek, S. (2008). Dindarlık ile Saldırganlık Arasındaki Etkileşimin Terör Yönetimi Kuramı Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Mersin Üniversitesi, Mersin.
  • Alam, Y. & Husband, C. (2013) Islamophobia, Community Cohesion and Counter-Terrorism Policies in Britain. Patterns of Prejudice, 47(3), 235-252.
  • Allen, C. (2010). Islamophobia. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Altareb, B.Y. (1997). Attitudes Towards Muslims: Initial Scale Development (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Ball State University, Muncie.
  • Arrawood, R., Jong, J., Vail, K.E. & Hood, R.W. (2018). Guest Editors' Foreword: On The Importance Of Integrating Terror Management And Psychology Of Religion. Religion, Brain & Behaviour, 8(1), 1-3.
  • Atabey, C.M. (2011). Disability Saliance as an Indicator of Loss Anxiety: An Alternative Explanation For The Fundamental Fear of Human Beings (Unpublished Master Thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Awan, I. (2014). Islamophobia and Twitter: A Typology of Online Hate Against Muslims on Social Media. Policy and Internet, 6(2), 133-150.
  • Ayten, A. (2009). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Ölüm Kaygısı: Türk ve Ürdünlü Öğrenciler Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 9(4), 85-108.
  • Basmadji, A. (2007). Re/claiming Our Identities: Thinking Through Islamophobia, the Veil, and “The Muslim Women” in Canadian Cultural Productions (Unpublished Master Thesis). Ryerson University, Toronto.
  • Başaran, İ. & Özbay, H. (2017). Avrupa’da İslamofobi ve Aşırı Sağ Hareketin Yükselişi. Uluslararası İslamofobi ve Terör Sempozyumu, Azize Toper Kaygın & Cüneyd Aydın (Eds), Bartın: Bartın Üniversitesi Yayınları, 287-301.
  • Becker, E. (1973). The Denial of Death. New York: The Free Press.
  • Becker, E. (1975). Escape from Evil. New york: The Free Press.
  • Bevelander, P. & Otterbeck, J. (2012). Islamophobia in Sweden: Politics, Representatitons, Attitudes and Experiences. In Islamophobia in the West: Measuring and Explaining Individual Attitudes, Marc Helbling (Edt.), pp. 70-82, New york: Routledge.
  • Bleich, E. & Maxwell, R. (2012). Assessing Islamophobia in Britain: Where do Muslims Really Stand? In Islamophobia in the West: Measuring and Explaining Individual Attitudes, Marc Helbling (Edt.), pp. 39-55, New york: Routledge.
  • Bohman, A. & Hjerm, M. (2014). How the Religious Context Affects the Relationship between Religiosity and Attitudes towards Immigration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(6), 937-957.
  • Bozo, Ö., Tunc, A. & Şimşek, Y. (2009). The Effect of Death Anxiety and Age on Health-Promoting Behaviors: A Terror-Management Theory Perspective. The Journal of Psychology, 2009, 143(4), 377–389.
  • Bulut, M.B. (2015a). Terör Yönetimi Kuramı (Dehşet Yönetimi Kuramı). Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 5(1), 161-174.
  • Bulut, M.B. (2015b). The Effect of Mortality on Perceived Organizational Support. International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies, 2(10), 44-54.
  • Cesari, J. (2006). Securitization and Religious Divides in Europe: Muslims in Western Europe After 9/11. Submission to the Changing Landscape of Citizenship and Security 6th PCRD of European Commission.
  • Cesari, J. (2010). Securitization of Islam in Europe. In Muslims in the West after 9/11: Religion, Politics, and Law, Jocelyne Cesari (Edt), 9-27, London: Routledge.
  • Cihan, B. (2013). The Effects of Mortality Salience and Body-Related Social Norms on Attitudes towards Diet Pills: A Terror Management Health Model Perspective (Unpublished Master Thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Cinnirella, M. (2012). Think “Terrorists”, Think “Muslim”? Social-psychological Mechanisms Explaining Anti-Islamic Prejudice. In Islamophobia in the West: Measuring and Explaining Individual Attitudes, Marc Helbling (Edt.), pp. 179-214, New york: Routledge.
  • Çamlı, Ş. (2010). Attitudes towards Allowance of Headscarf in the Universities: A Terror Management Theory Perspective (Unpublished Master Thesis). The Middle East Technical Universities, Ankara.
  • Dalda, B. (2011). The Effects of Relationship Commitment and Gender on Death– Anxiety among Turkish Young Adults: A Terror Management Theory Perspective (Unpublished Master Thesis). The Middle East Technical Universities, Ankara.
  • Das, E., Bushman, B.J., Bezemer, M.D., Kerkhof, P. & Vermeulen, I.E. (2009). How Terrorism News Reports Increase Prejudice Against Outgroups: A Terror Management Account. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 453-459.
  • Dekker, H. & Noll, J.V. (2009). Islamophobia and Its Origins A study among Dutch Youth. Presented at IMISCOE Cross-Cluster Theory Conference: Interethnic Relations Multidisciplinary Approaches, 13-15 May 2009, Lisbon.
  • Doğulu, C. (2012). System Justification and Terror Management: Mortality Salience as a Moderator of System-Justifying Tendencies in Gender Context (Unpublished Master Thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Doğulu, C. & Uğurlu, N.S. (2015). Dehşet Yönetimi Kuramı Üzerine Bir Derleme. Türk Psikoloji Yayınları, 18(35), 33-47.
  • Dyson, K. (2012). No. No. Shari'a: United States and Canadian Islamophobia Expressed through Public Policy (Unpublished MA Thesis). University of Alberta, Edmonton.
  • Ekman, M. (2014). Online Islamophobia and the Politics of Fear: Manufacturing the Green Scare. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(11), 1986-2002.
  • EUMC (2006). Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia. Report by European Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia.
  • Eurostat (2015). People in the EU: Who are We and How do We Live? Eurostat Statistical Books. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Fetzer, J.S. & Soper, J.C. (2003). The Roots of Public Attitudes toward State Accommodation of European Muslims' Religious Practices before and after September 11. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(2), 247-258.
  • Gottschalk, P. & Greenberg, G. (2008). Islamophobia: Making Muslims the Enemy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
  • Gov.uk (2012). Hate Crimes, England and Wales 2011 to 2012. Erişim tarihi: 03.04.2018, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/hate-crimes-england-and-wales-2011-to-2012--2
  • Green, T.H. (2015). The Fear of Islam: An Introduction to Islamophobia in the West. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
  • Greenberg, J., Landau, M., Kosloff, S. & Solomon, S. (2009). How Our Dreams of Death Transcendence Breed Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Conflict: Terror Management Theory. In Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination, Todd D. Nelson (Edt), pp. 309-332, New York: Psychology Press.
  • Güler, E. (2014). Barışa İlişkin Tutumlar: Dehşet Yönetimi Kuramı ve Bazı Sosyo-Politik Değişkenler Açısından Bir İnceleme (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Haji-Ghasemi, A. (2013). Predictors of Islamophobia among Non-Muslim Americans (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Chicago Adler School of Professional Psychology, Chicago.
  • Helbling, M. (2014). Opposing Muslims and the Muslim Headscarf in Western Europe. European Sociological Review, 30(2), 242-257.
  • Home Office (2017). Hate Crime, England and Wales, 2016-17. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 17/17.
  • Hökelekli, H. (2008). Ölüm, Ölüm Ötesi Psikolojisi ve Din. İstanbul: Değerler Eğitimi Merkezi Yayınları.
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The Effect of Death Anxiety on Attitudes towards Muslims in the UK: A Terror Management Theory Perspective

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 55 (15-06-2019), 27 - 50, 15.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.15745/da.530472

Öz

The United Kingdom is one of the countries
with the highest Muslim population in Europe and in the UK, negative attitudes
and discrimination against Muslims are increasing in parallel with the rise of
far right in all around Europe. There are many different psychological reasons
for negative attitudes towards foreigners and especially towards Muslims.
Terror Management Theory claims that one of these reasons is the mortality
salience. According to the theory, human with a strong motivation to survive
knows that one day all his efforts will fail and he will die. This creates a
death anxiety. In order to get rid of this anxiety, the individual turns his
face to his culture or world view and begins to defend it strongly. Individuals,
whose deaths are reminded, develop prejudice or develop negative attitudes
toward other cultures, ie, outgroups or towards their members, when they turn
to their own culture to deal with the anxiety. In order to test this claim, an
experiment was conducted with participation of 50 people in the UK in 2018. The
participants were divided into two groups as experimental and control groups.
In order to examine the effect of the mortality salience on the attitudes
towards Muslims, the experimental group was shown a video about death, and
then, both groups were asked questions that measured attitudes towards Muslims.
As a result of the experiment, it has been found that the attitudes of participants
(experimental group) to whom the death was reminded, towards Muslims are more
negative than the attitudes of other participants (control group).

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, T. (2004). After 9/11: British South Asian Muslims, Islamophobia, Multiculturalism, and the State. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 21(3), 26-38.
  • Aksüt-Çiçek, S. (2008). Dindarlık ile Saldırganlık Arasındaki Etkileşimin Terör Yönetimi Kuramı Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Mersin Üniversitesi, Mersin.
  • Alam, Y. & Husband, C. (2013) Islamophobia, Community Cohesion and Counter-Terrorism Policies in Britain. Patterns of Prejudice, 47(3), 235-252.
  • Allen, C. (2010). Islamophobia. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Altareb, B.Y. (1997). Attitudes Towards Muslims: Initial Scale Development (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Ball State University, Muncie.
  • Arrawood, R., Jong, J., Vail, K.E. & Hood, R.W. (2018). Guest Editors' Foreword: On The Importance Of Integrating Terror Management And Psychology Of Religion. Religion, Brain & Behaviour, 8(1), 1-3.
  • Atabey, C.M. (2011). Disability Saliance as an Indicator of Loss Anxiety: An Alternative Explanation For The Fundamental Fear of Human Beings (Unpublished Master Thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Awan, I. (2014). Islamophobia and Twitter: A Typology of Online Hate Against Muslims on Social Media. Policy and Internet, 6(2), 133-150.
  • Ayten, A. (2009). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Ölüm Kaygısı: Türk ve Ürdünlü Öğrenciler Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 9(4), 85-108.
  • Basmadji, A. (2007). Re/claiming Our Identities: Thinking Through Islamophobia, the Veil, and “The Muslim Women” in Canadian Cultural Productions (Unpublished Master Thesis). Ryerson University, Toronto.
  • Başaran, İ. & Özbay, H. (2017). Avrupa’da İslamofobi ve Aşırı Sağ Hareketin Yükselişi. Uluslararası İslamofobi ve Terör Sempozyumu, Azize Toper Kaygın & Cüneyd Aydın (Eds), Bartın: Bartın Üniversitesi Yayınları, 287-301.
  • Becker, E. (1973). The Denial of Death. New York: The Free Press.
  • Becker, E. (1975). Escape from Evil. New york: The Free Press.
  • Bevelander, P. & Otterbeck, J. (2012). Islamophobia in Sweden: Politics, Representatitons, Attitudes and Experiences. In Islamophobia in the West: Measuring and Explaining Individual Attitudes, Marc Helbling (Edt.), pp. 70-82, New york: Routledge.
  • Bleich, E. & Maxwell, R. (2012). Assessing Islamophobia in Britain: Where do Muslims Really Stand? In Islamophobia in the West: Measuring and Explaining Individual Attitudes, Marc Helbling (Edt.), pp. 39-55, New york: Routledge.
  • Bohman, A. & Hjerm, M. (2014). How the Religious Context Affects the Relationship between Religiosity and Attitudes towards Immigration. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(6), 937-957.
  • Bozo, Ö., Tunc, A. & Şimşek, Y. (2009). The Effect of Death Anxiety and Age on Health-Promoting Behaviors: A Terror-Management Theory Perspective. The Journal of Psychology, 2009, 143(4), 377–389.
  • Bulut, M.B. (2015a). Terör Yönetimi Kuramı (Dehşet Yönetimi Kuramı). Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 5(1), 161-174.
  • Bulut, M.B. (2015b). The Effect of Mortality on Perceived Organizational Support. International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies, 2(10), 44-54.
  • Cesari, J. (2006). Securitization and Religious Divides in Europe: Muslims in Western Europe After 9/11. Submission to the Changing Landscape of Citizenship and Security 6th PCRD of European Commission.
  • Cesari, J. (2010). Securitization of Islam in Europe. In Muslims in the West after 9/11: Religion, Politics, and Law, Jocelyne Cesari (Edt), 9-27, London: Routledge.
  • Cihan, B. (2013). The Effects of Mortality Salience and Body-Related Social Norms on Attitudes towards Diet Pills: A Terror Management Health Model Perspective (Unpublished Master Thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Cinnirella, M. (2012). Think “Terrorists”, Think “Muslim”? Social-psychological Mechanisms Explaining Anti-Islamic Prejudice. In Islamophobia in the West: Measuring and Explaining Individual Attitudes, Marc Helbling (Edt.), pp. 179-214, New york: Routledge.
  • Çamlı, Ş. (2010). Attitudes towards Allowance of Headscarf in the Universities: A Terror Management Theory Perspective (Unpublished Master Thesis). The Middle East Technical Universities, Ankara.
  • Dalda, B. (2011). The Effects of Relationship Commitment and Gender on Death– Anxiety among Turkish Young Adults: A Terror Management Theory Perspective (Unpublished Master Thesis). The Middle East Technical Universities, Ankara.
  • Das, E., Bushman, B.J., Bezemer, M.D., Kerkhof, P. & Vermeulen, I.E. (2009). How Terrorism News Reports Increase Prejudice Against Outgroups: A Terror Management Account. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 453-459.
  • Dekker, H. & Noll, J.V. (2009). Islamophobia and Its Origins A study among Dutch Youth. Presented at IMISCOE Cross-Cluster Theory Conference: Interethnic Relations Multidisciplinary Approaches, 13-15 May 2009, Lisbon.
  • Doğulu, C. (2012). System Justification and Terror Management: Mortality Salience as a Moderator of System-Justifying Tendencies in Gender Context (Unpublished Master Thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Doğulu, C. & Uğurlu, N.S. (2015). Dehşet Yönetimi Kuramı Üzerine Bir Derleme. Türk Psikoloji Yayınları, 18(35), 33-47.
  • Dyson, K. (2012). No. No. Shari'a: United States and Canadian Islamophobia Expressed through Public Policy (Unpublished MA Thesis). University of Alberta, Edmonton.
  • Ekman, M. (2014). Online Islamophobia and the Politics of Fear: Manufacturing the Green Scare. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(11), 1986-2002.
  • EUMC (2006). Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia. Report by European Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia.
  • Eurostat (2015). People in the EU: Who are We and How do We Live? Eurostat Statistical Books. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Fetzer, J.S. & Soper, J.C. (2003). The Roots of Public Attitudes toward State Accommodation of European Muslims' Religious Practices before and after September 11. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(2), 247-258.
  • Gottschalk, P. & Greenberg, G. (2008). Islamophobia: Making Muslims the Enemy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
  • Gov.uk (2012). Hate Crimes, England and Wales 2011 to 2012. Erişim tarihi: 03.04.2018, https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/hate-crimes-england-and-wales-2011-to-2012--2
  • Green, T.H. (2015). The Fear of Islam: An Introduction to Islamophobia in the West. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
  • Greenberg, J., Landau, M., Kosloff, S. & Solomon, S. (2009). How Our Dreams of Death Transcendence Breed Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Conflict: Terror Management Theory. In Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination, Todd D. Nelson (Edt), pp. 309-332, New York: Psychology Press.
  • Güler, E. (2014). Barışa İlişkin Tutumlar: Dehşet Yönetimi Kuramı ve Bazı Sosyo-Politik Değişkenler Açısından Bir İnceleme (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Haji-Ghasemi, A. (2013). Predictors of Islamophobia among Non-Muslim Americans (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Chicago Adler School of Professional Psychology, Chicago.
  • Helbling, M. (2014). Opposing Muslims and the Muslim Headscarf in Western Europe. European Sociological Review, 30(2), 242-257.
  • Home Office (2017). Hate Crime, England and Wales, 2016-17. Home Office Statistical Bulletin 17/17.
  • Hökelekli, H. (2008). Ölüm, Ölüm Ötesi Psikolojisi ve Din. İstanbul: Değerler Eğitimi Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Hunsberger, B. & Jackson, L.M. (2005). Religion, Meaning, and Prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 807-826.
  • Jung, J.H. (2012). Islamophobia? Religion, Contact with Muslims, and the Respect for Islam. Revies of Religious Reseacrh, 54(1), 113-126.
  • Kalkan, K.O., Layman, G.C. & Uslaner, E.M. (2009). ‘‘Bands of Others’’? Attitudes toward Muslims in Contemporary American Society. The Journal of Politics, 71(3), 1–16.
  • Koca-Atabey, M. & Öner-Özkan, B. (2011). Defensive or Existential Religious Orientations and Mortality Salience Hypothesis: Using Conservatism as a Dependent Measure, Death Studies, 35(9), 852-865.
  • Kökdemir, D. & Yeniçeri, Z. (2010). Terror Management in a Predominantly Muslim Country: The Effects of Mortality Salience on University Identity and on Preference for the Development of International Relations. European Psychologist, 15(3), 165-174.
  • Kuzlak, A. (2014). Stereotyping among Football Fans in Turkey: A Terror Management Perspective (Unpublished Master Thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Landau, M.J., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Miller, C.H., Ogilvie, D.M. & Cook, A. (2004). Deliver Us from Evil: The Effects of Mortality Salience and Reminders of 9/11 on Support for President George W. Bush. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(9), 1136-1150.
  • Love, E. (2011). Confronting Islamophobia: Civil Rights Advocacy in the United States (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). University of California, Santa Barbara.
  • Nicolino, V.M. (2006). The Relationship Between Racism, Islamophobia, Religious Dogmatism and Attitudes toward War (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). California School of Professional Psychology, Alhambra.
  • Noll, J.V. (2010). Public Support for a Ban on Headscarves: A Cross-National Perspective. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4(2), 191-204.
  • Noll, J.V., Poppe, E. & Verkuyten, M. (2010). Political Tolerance and Prejudice: Differential Reactions Toward Muslims in the Netherlands. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32, 46-56.
  • Ogan, C., Willnat, L., Pennington, R. & Bashir, M. (2014). The Rise of Anti-Muslim Prejudice: Media and Islamophobia in Europe and the United States. The International Communication Gazette, 76(1), 27-46.
  • Padovan, D. & Alietti, A. (2012). The Racialization of Public Discourse. Eropean Societies, 14(2), 186-202.
  • Peach, C. & Gale, R. (2003). Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs in the New Religious Landscape of England. Geographical Review, 93(4), 469-490.
  • Pew (2011). The Future of the Global Muslim Population: Projections for 2010-2030. Report by Pew Research Center.
  • Pew (2014). How Americans Feel about Religious Groups. Report by Pew Research Center.
  • Rowatt, W.C., Franklin, L.M. & Cotton, M. (2005). Patterns and Personality Correlates of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Christians and Muslims. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44(1), 29–43.
  • Saedi, G.A. (2012). A Qualitative Study of Islamophobia Post 9/11 in the United States: Building a Theoretical Model of Identity Development of Muslım Amerıcan Youth Ten Years Following the Aftermath (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Indiana Notre Dame University, Notre Dame.
  • Saraglou, V., Lamkaddem, B., Pachterbeke, M.V. & Buxant, C. (2009). Host Society’s Dislike of Islamicv Veil: The Role of Subtle Prejudice, Values, and Religion. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33, 419-428.
  • Sevinç, K. & Ağılkaya-Şahin, Z. (2015). Past and Present of Psychology of Religion in Turkey. In Psychology of Religion in Turkey, Zuhal Ağılkaya-Şahin, Heinz Streib, Ali Ayten, Ralph W. Hood, Jr. (Edts), 3-30, Leiden: Brill.
  • Seyhan, B.Y. (2015). Ölüm Kaygısı ve Dua Tutumu Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Turkis Studies, 10(2), 863-882.
  • Shaheen, J.G. (2009). Reel Bad Arabs. Massachusetts: Elive Branch Press.
  • Sheridan, L. (2006). Islamophobia Pre- and Post-September 11th, 2011. Journal of Interpersonel Violence, 21(3), 317-336.
  • Solomon, S., Greenberg, J. & Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A Terror Management Theory of Social Behaviour: The Psychology Functions of Self-Esteem and Cultural Worldviews. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Mark, P. Zanna, (Edt), Vol. 24, pp. 93-160, San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
  • Sözen, A.I. (2014). Parasosyal Etkileşim, Terör Yönetimi Kuramı ve Futbol Fanatizmi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Stolz, J. (2005). Explaining Islamophobia. A Test of Four Theories Based on the Case of a Swiss City. Swiss Journal of Sociology, 31(3), 547-566.
  • Sturge, G. (2018). Migration Statistics: Briefing Paper. London: House of Commons Library.
  • Şimşek, Ö.F. (2005). Paths from Fear of Death to Subjective Well-Being: A Study of Structural Equation Modeling Based On the Terror Management Theory Perspective (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • tellmamauk.org (2018). Mosque Infographic. Erişim: 19.06.2018, https://tellmamauk.org/over-100-mosques-targeted-and-attacked-since-may-2013/mosque-infographic-15112016/
  • Uğurlar (2011). Tüketici Davranışlarının Terör Yönetimi Teorisi Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Uzunçayır, C. (2014). Göçmen Karşıtlığından İslamofobiye Avrupa Aşırı Sağı. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilmiler Dergisi, 2(2), 131-147.
  • Vail, K.E., Rothschild, Z.K., Weise, D.R., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T. & Greenberg, J. (2010). A Terror Management Analysis of the Psychological Functions of Religion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 84-94.
  • Wilkins-Laflamme, S. (2018). Islamophobia in Canada: Measuring the Realities of Negative Attitudes toward Muslims and Religious Discrimination. Canadian Review of Sociology, 55(1), 86-110.
  • YouTube (2018a). Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2018, https://youtu.be/E9swS1Vl6Ok
  • YouTube (2018b). Erişim tarihi: 02.02.2018, https://youtu.be/46xYaNBo5Y4
  • Zempi, I. & Chakraborti, N. (2014). Islamophobia, Victimisation and the Veil. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kenan Sevinç 0000-0002-6726-9827

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 55 (15-06-2019)

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Sevinç, Kenan. “Dehşet Yönetimi Kuramı Açısından Ölüm Kaygısının İngiltere’de Müslümanlara Yönelik Tutumların Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Dini Araştırmalar 22/15-06 (Haziran 2019), 27-50. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.530472.