Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2025, Sayı: 68, 379 - 413, 28.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1657763

Öz

Kaynakça

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  • Al-Rashid, Saud Al-Oud - Al-Rashidi, Nayel Salem. “Personality Patterns among Secondary School Principals in the Hail Educational Region and Their Relationship to Administrative Creativity from Their Point of View”. Jordan Educational Journal 105 (2010), 1-20.
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  • Baldacchino, Donia - Draper, Peter. “Spiritual Coping Strategies: A Review of the Nursing Research Literature”. Journal of Advanced Nursing 34/6 (2001), 833-841. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01814.x
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  • Brown, Kirk - Kasser, Tim. “Are Psychological and Ecological Well-Being Compatible? The Role of Values, Mindfulness, and Lifestyle”. Social Indicators Research 74 (2005), 349-368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-8207-8
  • Buzan, Tony. The Power of Spiritual Intelligence: 10 Ways to Tap into Your Spiritual Genius. London: Thorsons, 2001.
  • Cameron, C. Daryl - Fredrickson, Barbara L. “Mindfulness Facets Predict Helping Behavior and Distinct Helping-Related Emotions”. Mindfulness 6/5 (2015), 1211-1218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0383-2
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  • Demir, Volkan. Sanat Terapisi: Temel Psikoloji Kuramları ile Dışavurumcu Sanatın Bütünleştirilmesi -Uygulamaya Yönelik Müdahaleler. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2022.
  • Demir, Volkan. “Şiir Terapisinin Bireylerin Sürekli Öfke ve Benlik Saygısı Düzeylerine Etkisi”. Uluslararası İnsan ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi 7/4 (2022), 362-372.
  • Demircioğlu, Aytekin. “İslam Felsefesinde Açlığa Övgü: Erzurumlu İsmail Hakkı Örneği”. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 4/4 (2014), 73-88.
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  • Deslauriers, Daniel. “Dreamwork in the Light of Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence”. Advanced Development 9 (2000), 105-122.
  • Donald, James vd. “Does Your Mindfulness Benefit Others? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Link between Mindfulness and Prosocial Behaviour”. British Journal of Psychology 110 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12338
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Manevi Zekâ’nın Gelişimini Destekleyen Teorik Yaklaşımlar ve Pratik Metotlar

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 68, 379 - 413, 28.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1657763

Öz

Çoklu zekâ kuramının keşfiyle birlikte manevi zekâya dair yapılan çalışmalarda artış görülmektedir. Manevi zekâ kavramı ilk olarak Gardner tarafından kullanılmış, Emmons tarafından yapı olarak ele alınmıştır. Manevi zekâ benlik duygusunun ötesinde büyük bir bütünle bağlantılı olma yeteneği olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu bağlantı dikey olarak ilahî olana bağlanma, yatay olarak diğer insanlarla ve canlılarla bağlantılı olma ve onlara hizmet etme arzusu olarak meydana gelmektedir. Manevi zekânın alt boyutları olan yaşam amacını ve kendini anlayan, vicdanlı, merhametli olan, insani değerlere öncelik veren ve insanlığa bağlılık gösteren bireylerin manevi zekâ düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Manevi zekâ düzeyi yüksek olan bireyler olayları daha bütünsel açıdan değerlendirebilmekte ve yaşamda karşılaşılan zorluklarla daha iyi başa çıkma becerisi gösterebilmektedir. Zorlayıcı yaşam olayları sırasında dinî uygulamaların nevrotik eğilimleri arttırdığı görülebilmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalar bu gibi durumlarda manevi metotların stres, depresyon ve travma gibi durumlarda başa çıkmaya yardımcı olduğunu göstermektedir. Manevi zekânın gelişimini sağlayacak manevi metotların sağlık alanındaki faydalarının yanında eğitim alanında öğrenmeyi destekleyici unsur olduğu bilinmektedir. Manevi zekâsı yüksek olan bireylerin başarıya ulaşmakta ve sürdürmekte daha yüksek beceriye sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Manevi zekâ olumlu tutum ve davranışları sağlayarak duygusal gelişimi de desteklemektedir. İş yaşamında çalışanların manevi zekâlarının geliştirilmesi organizasyonların devamlılığının sağlanmasının en önemli yolu haline gelmiştir. Sağlık, eğitim ve iş yaşamında manevi zekânın önemi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu araştırmanın problemi bireylerin manevi zekâlarının gelişimini destekleyen metotların neler olduğudur. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı bireylerin yaşamlarındaki başarı ve mutluluğun önemli unsurlarından olan manevi zekânın gelişimini sağlayacak teorik yaklaşımları ve pratik metotları incelemektir. Araştırmada manevi zekânın alt boyutları incelenerek bu boyutları destekleyecek uygulamalar değerlendirilmiştir. Literatür taraması yoluyla tanıtma türünde bir derleme niteliğindeki araştırmanın sonuçları manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik süreci başta olmak üzere, ailede, okullarda ve işyerlerinde uygulanacak teorik yaklaşımlar ve pratik metotlarla manevi zekânın gelişimine rehberlik etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sonuç olarak manevi zekâ gelişimini destekleyen teorik yaklaşımlar olan anlam oluşturma, kabul etme, ahlaki değerler merkezli düşünme danışmanlık sürecinde uygulanabilir. Bu şekilde bilişsel düzeydeki eylemlerle manevi zekânın gelişimi sağlanılabilir. Davranışsal düzeydeki eylemlerle manevi zekâ gelişimini sağlayan pratik metotlar; bireysel, sosyal ve dinî metotlar olarak üç kategoride sınıflandırılmıştır. Bireysel pratik metotlar; ilimle meşgul olma, sorgulamaya teşvik etme, sükûnet, iyi fikirleri talep etme, tartışmalardan uzak durma, aşırı yemek yememe, şiir yazma ve sanatla meşgul olma olarak söylenebilir. Sosyal pratik metotlardan hediyeleşme ve gönüllülük esaslı yardımlarla manevi zekânın gelişmesi sağlanabilir. Dinî pratik uygulamalardan olumsuz dinî başa çıkmaya neden olmayacak şekilde dua, sabır, şükür, tevekkül, itikaf, tefekkür ve ibadetlerin manevi zekâyı geliştirdikleri söylenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Aghababaei, Naser vd. “The Relations of Gratitude to Religiosity, Well-being, and Personality”. Mental Health Religion & Culture 21 (2018), 408-417. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1504904
  • Aghababaei, Naser - Tabik, Mohammad Taghi. “Gratitude and Mental Health: Differences between Religious and General Gratitude in a Muslim Context”. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 16/8 (2013), 761-766. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2012.718754
  • Al-Rashid, Saud Al-Oud - Al-Rashidi, Nayel Salem. “Personality Patterns among Secondary School Principals in the Hail Educational Region and Their Relationship to Administrative Creativity from Their Point of View”. Jordan Educational Journal 105 (2010), 1-20.
  • Ambram, Yosi. The Contribution of Emotional and Spiritual Intelligences to Effective Business Leadership. Palo Alto, CA: Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, 2009.
  • Baldacchino, Donia - Draper, Peter. “Spiritual Coping Strategies: A Review of the Nursing Research Literature”. Journal of Advanced Nursing 34/6 (2001), 833-841. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01814.x
  • Binet, Alfred - Simon, Theophile. “The Development of the Binet-Simon Scale 1905-1908”. Readings in the History of Psychology. ed. Wayne Dennis. 412-424. Century Psychology Series. East Norwalk, CT, US: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1948.
  • Brown, Kirk - Kasser, Tim. “Are Psychological and Ecological Well-Being Compatible? The Role of Values, Mindfulness, and Lifestyle”. Social Indicators Research 74 (2005), 349-368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-8207-8
  • Buzan, Tony. The Power of Spiritual Intelligence: 10 Ways to Tap into Your Spiritual Genius. London: Thorsons, 2001.
  • Cameron, C. Daryl - Fredrickson, Barbara L. “Mindfulness Facets Predict Helping Behavior and Distinct Helping-Related Emotions”. Mindfulness 6/5 (2015), 1211-1218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0383-2
  • Çat, Sedat. Acil Yardım, Kurtarma ve Müdahale Çalışanlarının Ruhsal Zekâ ve Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Gümüşhane: Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2014.
  • Demir, Volkan. Sanat Terapisi: Temel Psikoloji Kuramları ile Dışavurumcu Sanatın Bütünleştirilmesi -Uygulamaya Yönelik Müdahaleler. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2022.
  • Demir, Volkan. “Şiir Terapisinin Bireylerin Sürekli Öfke ve Benlik Saygısı Düzeylerine Etkisi”. Uluslararası İnsan ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi 7/4 (2022), 362-372.
  • Demircioğlu, Aytekin. “İslam Felsefesinde Açlığa Övgü: Erzurumlu İsmail Hakkı Örneği”. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 4/4 (2014), 73-88.
  • Demirel, Erkan Turan. “Yaşam Amacının Girişimcilik Düşüncesini Biçimlendirmesi”. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 12/45 (2013), 123-143.
  • Deslauriers, Daniel. “Dreamwork in the Light of Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence”. Advanced Development 9 (2000), 105-122.
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Theoretical Approaches and Practical Methods to Support the Development of Spiritual Intelligence

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 68, 379 - 413, 28.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1657763

Öz

With the discovery of the theory of multiple intelligences, there has been an increase in studies on spiritual intelligence. The concept of spiritual intelligence was first used by Gardner and addressed as a construct by Emmons. Spiritual intelligence is defined as the ability to be connected to a greater whole beyond the sense of self. This connection occurs vertically as a connection to the divine and horizontally as a desire to be connected to other people and living beings and to serve them. Individuals who understand the sub-dimensions of spiritual intelligence, such as life purpose and self, who are conscientious, compassionate, prioritize human values, and are committed to humanity, are seen to have high levels of spiritual intelligence. Individuals with high levels of spiritual intelligence can evaluate events from a more holistic perspective and are better able to cope with the difficulties encountered in life. It can be seen that religious practices increase neurotic tendencies during challenging life events. Studies have shown that in such cases, spiritual methods help cope with situations such as stress, depression, and trauma. It is known that spiritual methods that will enable the development of spiritual intelligence are supportive for learning in (the field of) education, in addition to their health benefits. It is known that individuals with high spiritual intelligence have higher skills in achieving and sustaining success. Spiritual intelligence also supports emotional development by providing positive attitudes and behaviors. Developing the spiritual intelligence of employees in business life has become the most important way to ensure the continuity of organizations. The importance of spiritual intelligence in health, education and business life is increasing day by day. Therefore, the research question is identifying methods that support the development of individuals’ spiritual intelligence. In this context, the aim of the study is to examine theoretical approaches and practical methods that will enable the development of spiritual intelligence, which is an important element of success and happiness in the lives of individuals. In the research, the sub-dimensions of spiritual intelligence were examined and the practices that would support these dimensions were evaluated. The results of the research, which is a compilation introduced through literature review, aim to guide the development of spiritual intelligence with theoretical approaches and practical methods to be applied in the family, schools and workplaces, especially in the process of spiritual counseling and guidance. As a result, theoretical approaches that support the development of spiritual intelligence, such as meaning-making, acceptance, and moral values-centered thinking, can be applied in the counseling process. In this way, the development of spiritual intelligence can be achieved through actions at the cognitive level. Practical methods that provide the development of spiritual intelligence through actions at the behavioral level are classified into three categories: individual, social, and religious methods. Individual practical methods can be stated as being engaged in science, encouraging questioning, being calm, demanding good ideas, staying away from discussions, not overeating, writing poetry and being engaged in art. Among social practical methods, spiritual intelligence can be developed through gift giving and volunteering. Among religious practical applications, it can be stated that prayer, patience, gratitude, trust, itikaf, contemplation, and worship practices that do not cause negative religious coping develop spiritual intelligence.

Kaynakça

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  • Khoshtinat, Valiollah. “Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Religious (Spiritual) Coping among Students of Payame Noor University”. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 3/6 (2012), 1132-1139.
  • King, David Brian. Rethinking Claims of Spiritual Intelligence: A Definition, Model, and Measure. Applications of Modelling in the Natural and Social Sciences Program: Trent University, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2008.
  • Kişi, Mehmet Zeki. Psikolojik Sağlamlık Düzeylerinin Duygusal Zekâ ve Ruhsal Zekâ ile İlişkisi. İstanbul: Doğuş Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2020.
  • Krause, Neal vd. “Benevolent Images of God, Gratitude, and Physical Health Status”. J Relig Health 54 (Mayıs 2015), 1503-1519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0063-0
  • Krause, Neal vd. “Gratitude to God, Self-Rated Health, and Depressive Symptoms”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 53 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12110
  • Kumar, V. Vineeth - Mehta, Manju. “Scale for Spiritual Intelligence”. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t16725-000
  • Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Meâli. çev. Halil Altuntaş - Muzaffer Şahin. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 3. Basım, 2009.
  • McKnight, Patrick E. - Kashdan, Todd B. “Purpose in Life as a System That Creates and Sustains Health and Well-Being: An Integrative, Testable Theory”. Review of General Psychology 13/3 (2009), 242-251. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017152
  • McMahon, Brendan T - C. Biggs, Herbert. “Examining Spirituality and Intrinsic Religious Orientation as a Means of Coping with Exam Anxiety”. Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion 3/1 (2012), 14918. https://doi.org/10.3402/vgi.v3i0.14918
  • Nasel, Dagmar. Spiritual Orientation in Relation to Spiritual Intelligence: A Consideration of Traditional Christianity and New Age/Individualistic Spirituality. University of South Australia, 2004.
  • Neff, Kristin D. “The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion”. Self and Identity 2/3 (2003), 223-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
  • Nurochim vd. “Investigating the Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence, Emotional Regulation and Stress Coping Strategies in the Russian Education Industry”. International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion 13/3 (2022), 212-229. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWOE.2022.126952
  • Park, Crystal vd. “Intrinsic Religiousness and Religious Coping as Life Stress Moderators for Catholics Versus Protestants”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59/3 (1990), 562-574. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.59.3.562
  • Qasim Al-Ani, Intisar Kamal - Ali Al-Dajili, Shaima Muhammad. “Spiritual Intelligence and Its Relationship to the Vitality of Conscience among Intermediate School Students (Regular and Distinguished).” Library of Progress-Library Science, Information Technology & Computer 44/3 (20240715), 3089-3103.
  • Ronel, Natti - Gan, Ramat. “The Experience of Spiritual Intelligence”. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 40/1 (2008), 100-119.
  • Rosmarin, David vd. “Grateful to God or Just Plain Grateful? A Comparison of Religious and General Gratitude”. The Journal of Positive Psychology 6 (2011), 389-396. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.596557
  • Sahebalzamani, Mohammad vd. “The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence with Psychological Well-being and Purpose in Life of Nurses”. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 18/1 (2013), 38-41.
  • Sak, Uğur vd. Anadolu Sak Zeka Ölçeği Uygulayıcı Kitabı. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi ÜYEP Merkez, 2017.
  • Sak, Uğur. Üstün zekâlılar: Özellikleri, Tanılanmaları, Eğitimleri. Ankara: Vize Yayınları, 2014.
  • Sebuktekin, Derya. Travma Sonrası Büyüme, Temel İnançlarda Sarsılma ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Gaziantep: Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans, 2018.
  • Shamloo, Sheida. Clinical Psychology. Tehran: Roshd, 9. Basım, 1999.
  • Söylemez, Aydın. Manevi Zekânın Yaşamın Anlamı ve Yaşam Doyumunun Yordayıcısı Olarak İncelenmesi. Sakarya: SAÜ Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2016.
  • Söylemez, Aydın vd. “The Adaptation of Integrated Spiritual Intelligence Scale into Turkish”. Journal of Family Counseling and Education 1/1 (2016), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.237450
  • Stevens, Richard. Understanding the Self. New York: Sage Publications, 1996.
  • Şirin, Turgay. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi Yaklaşımıyla Bütünleştirilmiş Dini Danışmanlık Modeli. Sakarya: Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2013.
  • Tseng, Julie - Poppenk, Jordan. “Brain Meta-State Transitions Demarcate Thoughts across Task Contexts Exposing the Mental Noise of Trait Neuroticism”. Nature Communications 11/1 (13 Temmuz 2020), 3480. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17255-9
  • Ünal Aydin, Pınar vd. “Bilinçli Farkındalık ve Manevi Zekânın Depresyon ve Anksiyete Belirtileri Üzerindeki Rolünün Değerlendirilmesi”.
  • Watts, D. J. - Strogatz, S. H. “Collective Dynamics of ‘small-World’ Networks”. Nature 393/6684 (04 Haziran 1998), 440-442. https://doi.org/10.1038/30918
  • Wigglesworth, Cindy. Spiritual Intelligence and Why It Matters. UK: Innerworks Publishing, 2004.
  • Wigglesworth, Cindy. SQ21: The Twenty-One Skills of Spiritual Intelligence. Chicago: SelectBooks, 2014.
  • Wigglesworth, Cindy. “Why Spiritual Intelligence Is Essential to Mature Leadership”, Ağustos 2006. https://integralleadershipreview.com/5502-feature-article-why-spiritual-intelligence-is-essential-to-mature-leadership/
  • Wisesa, Anggara - Irenne, Irenne. “Analyzing How Spiritual Intelligence Affecting Stress Coping in Stress Management”. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Politik dan Humaniora 3 (2020), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.36624/jisora.v3i2.73
  • Yadollahpour, Behrouz. “Human Dignity and Its Consequences in the Holy Qur’an”. 551-555, 2011.
  • Yavuz, Yusuf Şevki. “Akıl maddesi”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. II/242-246. İstanbul: Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 1989.
  • Yıldırım, Murat vd. “Meaning in Life, Religious Coping, and Loneliness During the Coronavirus Health Crisis in Turkey”. Journal of Religion and Health 60/4 (Ağustos 2021), 2371-2385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01173-7
  • Zohar, Danah - Marshall, Ian. SQ: Connecting With Our Spiritual Intelligence. USA: Bloomsbury, 2000.
Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İslam Araştırmaları (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Zeynep Karlık 0000-0002-2940-6579

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 68

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Karlık, Zeynep. “Manevi Zekâ’nın Gelişimini Destekleyen Teorik Yaklaşımlar ve Pratik Metotlar”. Dini Araştırmalar 68 (Haziran2025), 379-413. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.1657763.