الأدلة الشرعية من حيث العلم والظن عند السرخسي وأثره في التفسير

Öz

ينطلق السرخسي في تصن ف الأدلة إلى أدلة توجب العلم وأدلة توجب ي الظن، بناء على مع ار ما إذا كان محتوى الأدلة يدفع احتمال النقض تما اًً م ي ي أم لا. فالكتاب والسنة المتواترة والعلم المسموع من النبي )ص( بلا واسطة والإجماع أدلة توجب العلم. والخبر الواحد يوجب العمل إلى جانب وجوب الظن. والأدلة التي توجب الظن في تفس ر النصوص واستنباط الأحكام تخضع ي للأدلة التي توجب العلم. وهذا الموقف المنهجي حاسم في قضايا تعارض الأدلة والتخصص والنسخ والزيادة على النص وما شابه من قضايا تفس ر النصوص.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• السرخسي
• دليل
• علم
• ظن
• تخصيص
• نسخ

CERTAİNTY and DOUBTFULNESS of ISLAMİC LEGAL SOURCES ACCORDİNG to SARAKHSİ and ITS REFLECTİONS on INTERPRETATİON

Öz

Sarakhsi classifies Islamic legal sources as either ‘certainty- bearing’ or ‘doubt-bearing’ based on whether the information it contains eliminates the opposite possibility or not. The Qur’an, collective memory of prophetic practice (sunna mutavvatira), knowledge obtained directly from the Prophet (pbuh) and concensus (ijma) are legal sources that bear certainty (‘ilm). However, single reports (Khabar al-wahid) need to be treated with doubt (zann) and it is compulsory (vajib) to act accordingly. During the interpretation of legal sources and extraction of legal rulings, legal sources that bear doubt are being supervised and dominated by the sources that have certainty in their nature. This methodological approach is characteristic in classical issues like mutual contradiction of proof-texts (taarudh al-adillah), takhsis, abrogation (naskh), in addition to the text (ziyada ala al-nass).

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sarakhsi
• Evidence
• Certain knowledge
• Doubt
• Takhsis
• Abrogation

SERAHSÎ’DE İLİM-ZAN BAKIMINDAN ŞER‘Î DELİLLER ve YORUMA YANSIMALARI

Öz

Serahsî delilleri, içerdiği bilginin karşı ihtimali bütünüyle bertaraf edip etmemesi ölçütünden hareketle ilim gerektirenler, zan gerektirenler şeklinde tasnif eder. Kitap, mütevatir sünnet, Hz. Peygamber’den (s.a.s.) bizzat işitilen bilgi ve icmâ, ilim gerektiren delillerdir. Haber-i vâhidler, zan gerektirmekle birlikte gereğiyle amelde bulunmak vâciptir. Delillerin yorumlanması ve hüküm istinbatında zan gerektiren deliller, ilim gerektiren delillerin denetimine tabi kılınır. Bu metodik tavır, teâruzu’l-edille, tahsis, nesih ve nassa ziyade gibi yorum şekillerinin tamamında belirleyicidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Serahsî
• Delil
• İlim
• Zan
• Tahsis
• Nesih

Kaynakça

1. Apaydın, H. Yunus, “Haber-i vâhid”, DİA, 1996, XIV, 355-363.
2. Apaydın, H. Yunus, “Meşhur”, DİA, 2004, XXIX, 368-371.
3. el-Cessâs, Ebû Bekir Ahmed b. Ali er-Râzî, el-Fusûl fi’l-usûl, thk. Uceyl Câsim en-Neşemî, Kuveyt, 1986-1989.
4. ed-Debûsî, Ebû Zeyd Abdullah b. Muhammed b. Ömer b. İsa, Takvîmü’l-edille, thk. Halîl Muhyiddîn el-Meys, Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1421/2001.
5. el-Kâsânî, Alâüddin Ebû Bekir b. Mes‘ûd b. Ahmed el-Kâsânî, Bedâi‘u’s-sanâi‘ fî tertîbi’ş-şerâi‘, Beyrut, 1974.
6. Koca, Ferhat, İslam Hukuk Metodolojisinde Tahsis, İstanbul, 1996.
7. es-Serahsî, Ebû Bekir Şemsü’l-eimme Muhammed b. Ebî Sehl Ahmed, Usûlü’l-fıkh, thk. Ebü’l- Vefâ el-Afgânî, Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1414/1993.
8. Şâfiî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. İdrîs, er-Risâle, thk. Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir, Beyrut: el-Mektebetü’l-İlmiyye, ts.

9. Yargı, Mehmet Ali, Meşhur Sünnetin Dindeki Yeri, İstanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2009.
10. ez-Zemahşerî, Ebü’l-Kâsım Mahmud b. Ömer b. Muhammed el-Hârizmî, el- Keşşâf an hakâiki gavâmizi’t-tenzîl ve uyûni’l-ekâvîl fî vücûhi’t-te’vîl, thk. Abdürrezzâk el-Mehdî, 1997.