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Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders from an Islamic Perspective

Yıl 2022, , 411 - 437, 30.12.2022

Hatice Kubra Memis

https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2022.33.1.1096891

Öz

In modern medicine and technologies, it is commonly accepted and recognized by the laws in western countries that patients have decision-making rights regarding the end of their lives. While people can choose medical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), some may refuse it for personal, moral, social, or religious reasons. Sometimes, when treatment is futile, it is possible to make an end-of-life decision with a recommendation from a doctor. Therefore, issues that must be addressed in both ethical and Islamic terms surround end-of-life decisions. One of these issues involves Do-NotResuscitate (DNR) orders. DNR is a decision that means treatment methods are not applied to a patient when their breathing or heart has stopped for some reason. This decision is taken either because of a testament signed by the person when they were healthy or because the doctor cannot perform any curative intervention. In this study, the status and applicability of DNR orders will be investigated from an Islamic Bioethics perspective, and fatwas will be cited to clarify the status of DNR orders in Islam. Additionally, because DNR is essentially the refusal or withholding of medical treatment, the provisions of Islam concerning seeking medical treatment and withholding treatment have been extensively researched. This study aims to demonstrate that DNR instructions are Islamically applicable in cases where treatment is unnecessary, considering classical and contemporary Islamic sources.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islamic Law Islamic Bioethics End-of-Life DNR orders Seeking Remedy Withholding Treatment Islam Hukuku Islami Biyoetik Yasam sonu kararlari DNR talimatları Tedavi olma Tedavinin Esirgenmesi

Kaynakça

  • Abdallah, Fatima S, Mahdy S Radaeda, Maram K Gaghama, and Basma Salameh. ‘Intensive Care Unit Physician’s Attitudes on Do Not Resuscitate Order in Palestine’. Indian Journal of Palliative Care 22, no. 1 (2016): 38–41. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.173947.
  • Adams, Derrick H., and David P. Snedden. ‘How Misconceptions Among Elderly Patients Regarding Survival Outcomes of Inpatient Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Affect Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders’. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 106, no. 7 (1 July 2006): 402–4. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2006.106.7.402.
  • Aksoy, Sahin, Ebru Çevik, and Zehra Edisan. ‘Yaşamın Sonunda Verilen Kararlara Ilişkin Bir Etik Tartışma’. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History 10, no. 4 (2002): 263–68.
  • Al-Bar, Mohammed Ali. Khalq al-Insan bayn al-Tib wal-Qur’an. Saudi Arabia, 1995.
  • Albar, Mohammed Ali. ‘Seeking Remedy, Abstaining from Therapy and Resuscitation:An Islamic Perspective’. Saudi Journalof Kidney Diseases and Transplant 18, no. 4 (2007): 629–37.
  • Al-Bar, Mohammed Ali, and Hassan Chamsi-Pasha. Contemporary Bioethics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18428-9.
  • Al-Jawziyya, Ibn Kayyim, and Abdel Qader. The Prophetic Medicine. Egypt: Al-Mansoura: Dar al-Ghadd al-Gadeed, 2003.
  • Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf. ‘Islam’s Stance on Euthanasia’. Online, 2021. https://archive.islamonline.net/1005.
  • Alwani, Taha Jabir Al. Issues in Contemporary Islamic Thought. IIIT, 2005.
  • Arabi, Yaseen M., Abdulla A. Al-Sayyari, and Mohamed S. Al Moamary. ‘Shifting Paradigm: From “No Code” and “Do-Not-Resuscitate” to “Goals of Care” Policies’. Annals of Thoracic Medicine 13, no. 2 (2018): 67–71. https://doi.org/10.4103/atm.ATM_393_17.
  • At-Tirmidhi, Imam Hafiz Abu ’Elsa Mohammad Ibn ’Eisa. English Translation of Jami’ At-Tirmidhi. Translated by Abu Khaliyl. Vol. 4. Darussalam, n.d. Azmi, Mufti Nizamuddin. Muntakhbat Nizam Ul Fatawa. Vol. 1. Ifa publication, 2013.
  • Baştürk, Engin. ‘Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Talimatının Temel Etik İlkeler Açısından Değerlendirilmesi’. T Klin Tıp Etiği-Hukuku-Tarihi 11 (2003): 12–21.
  • Breault, Joseph L. ‘DNR, DNAR, or AND? Is Language Important?’ Ochsner Journal 11, no. 4 (21 December 2011): 302–6.
  • Calder, Norman, and M. B. Hooker. ‘S̲h̲arīʿa’. In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill, 24 April 2012. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/sharia-COM_1040?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.au=%22M.B.+Hooker%22&s.q=S%CC%B2h%CC%B2ar%C4%AB%CA%BFa.
  • Castledine, George. ‘Nurses Should Be More Involved in DNR Decisions’. British Journal of Nursing 13, no. 3 (February 2004): 175–175. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2004.13.3.12115.
  • Chamsi-Pasha, Hassan, and Mohammed Ali Albar. ‘Ethical Dilemmas at the End of Life: Islamic Perspective’. Journal of Religion and Health 56, no. 2 (1 April 2017): 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0181-3.
  • Cheraghi, Mohammad Ali, Fatemeh Bahramnezhad, Neda Mehrdad, and Kazem Zendehdel. ‘Development of the Draft Clinical Guideline on How to Resuscitate Dying Patients in the Iranian Context: A Study Protocol’. Indian Journal of Palliative Care 22, no. 3 (2016): 335–42. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.185078.
  • Cooper, Jonas A, Joel D. Cooper, and Joshua M. Cooper. ‘Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | Circulation’ 114, no. 25 (2006): 2839–49.
  • Danciu, Sorin C., Liviu Klein, Maziyar Mir Hosseini, Lamia Ibrahim, Bryan W. Coyle, and Richard F. Kehoe. ‘A Predictive Model for Survival after In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest’. Resuscitation 62, no. 1 (1 July 2004): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.01.035.
  • Deakin, Charles D., Jerry P. Nolan, Jasmeet Soar, Kjetil Sunde, Rudolph W. Koster, Gary B. Smith, and Gavin D. Perkins. ‘European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 4. Adult Advanced Life Support’. Resuscitation 81, no. 10 (October 2010): 1305–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.017.
  • ‘Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu : Dini Bilgilendirme Platformu’. Accessed 1 April 2022. https://kurul.diyanet.gov.tr/Ana-Konu-Detay/1071/tip-ve-%20saglik?enc=qa%2B3h8UGDkeSyDWQQ2nyig%3D%3D.
  • Erkoç, Tuğba. ‘Fikhî Açidan Hayatin Sonuna Ilişkin Tibbi Sorunlar:Ötanazi’. In Hayatın Başlangıcı ve Sonu, edited by Hakan Ertin and Merve Özdemir, 257–95. Istanbul: ISAR, 2013.
  • Fallahi, Masood, Homayion Banaderakhshan, Alireza Abdi, Fariba Borhani, Rasool Kaviannezhad, and Hassan Ali Karimpour. ‘The Iranian Physicians Attitude toward the Do Not Resuscitate Order’. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 9 (29 June 2016): 279–84. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S105002.
  • Dar Al-Ifta Al-Misriyyah. ‘Fatawa - Euthanasia’, 2022. https://www.dar-alifta.org/Foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=453&text=euthanasia.
  • Ghaly, Mohammed. Islam and Disability: Perspectives in Theology and Jurisprudence. London: Routledge, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203865088. Gouda, Alaa, Ahmad Al-Jabbary, and Lian Fong. ‘Compliance with DNR Policy in a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia’. Intensive Care Medicine 36, no. 12 (December 2010): 2149–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-010-1985-3.
  • Hinkka, H., E. Kosunen, R. Metsänoja, U. K. Lammi, and P. Kellokumpu-Lehtinen. ‘To Resuscitate or Not: A Dilemma in Terminal Cancer Care’. Resuscitation 49, no. 3 (June 2001): 289–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9572(00)00367-1.
  • Hooper, C. A. ‘The Mejelle. Articles 1-100’. Arab Law Quarterly 1, no. 4 (1986): 373–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/3381414.
  • IMANA Ethics Committee. ‘Islamic Medical Ethics: The IMANA Perspective | Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America’ 37, no. 1 (2005). https://jima.imana.org/article/view/5528.
  • Inbasegaran, Dato K. ‘Consensus on Withdrawal and Withholding of Life Support in the Critically Ill’. Berita Anestesiologi 6, no. 1 (2004).
  • Islāmī, Majmaʻ al-Fiqh al-. Resolutions and Recommendations of the Council of the Islamic Fiqh Academy 1985-2000. Islamic Research and Training Institute Islamic Development Bank, 2000.
  • Jan, Mohammed M. ‘The Decision of “Do Not Resuscitate” in Pediatric Practice’. Saudi Med J 32, no. 2 (2011): 115–22.
  • Kasule, Omar Hasan K. ‘Outstanding Ethico-Legal-Fiqhi Issues’. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 7, no. 1 (1 August 2012): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2012.07.003.
  • Loertscher, Laura, Darcy A. Reed, Michael P. Bannon, and Paul S. Mueller. ‘Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: A Guide for Clinicians’. The American Journal of Medicine 123, no. 1 (1 January 2010): 4–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.029.
  • Malek, Mohammad Mustaqim, Noor Naemah Abdul Rahman, and Mohd Shahnaz Hasan. ‘DO NOT RESUSCITATE (DNR) ORDER: ISLAMIC VIEWS’. Al-Qanatir: International Journal of Islamic Studies 9, no. 1 (2 July 2018): 35–43.
  • Miah, Mohammed Tosir. ‘Death & Burial, Fatwa Number: 70’. Darul Ifta Birmingham, 2011.
  • Mogadasian, Sima, Farahnaz Abdollahzadeh, Azad Rahmani, Caleb Ferguson, Fermisk Pakanzad, Vahid Pakpour, and Hamid Heidarzadeh. ‘The Attitude of Iranian Nurses About Do Not Resuscitate Orders’. Indian Journal of Palliative Care 20, no. 1 (2014): 21–25. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.125550.
  • Monti, Martin M., Steven Laureys, and Adrian M. Owen. ‘The Vegetative State’. BMJ 341 (2 August 2010): c3765. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c3765.
  • Oh, Do-Youn, Jee-Hyun Kim, Dong-Wan Kim, Seock-Ah Im, Tae-You Kim, Dae Seog Heo, Yung-Jue Bang, and Noe Kyeong Kim. ‘CPR or DNR? End-of-Life Decision in Korean Cancer Patients: A Single Center’s Experience’. Supportive Care in Cancer 14, no. 2 (1 February 2006): 103–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-005-0885-5.
  • Padela, Aasim I., and Omar Qureshi. ‘Islamic Perspectives on Clinical Intervention near the End-of-Life: We Can but Must We?’ Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy 20, no. 4 (December 2017): 545–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-016-9729-y.
  • Padela, Aasim I., Hasan Shanawani, and Ahsan Arozullah. ‘Medical Experts & Islamic Scholars Deliberating over Brain Death: Gaps in the Applied Islamic Bioethics Discourse’. The Muslim World 101, no. 1 (2011): 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2010.01342.x.
  • Park, Young-Rye, Jin-A Kim, and Kisook Kim. ‘Changes in How ICU Nurses Perceive the DNR Decision and Their Nursing Activity after Implementing It’. Nursing Ethics 18, no. 6 (1 November 2011): 802–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733011410093.
  • Pasha, Hassan Chamsi, and Mohammed Ali Albar. ‘Do Not Resuscitate, Brain Death, and Organ Transplantation: Islamic Perspective’. Avicenna Journal of Medicine 07, no. 2 (April 2017): 35–45. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0770.203608.
  • Peberdy, Mary Ann, William Kaye, Joseph P. Ornato, Gregory L. Larkin, Vinay Nadkarni, Mary Elizabeth Mancini, Robert A. Berg, Graham Nichol, and Tanya Lane-Trultt. ‘Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Adults in the Hospital: A Report of 14 720 Cardiac Arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation’. Resuscitation 58 (2003): 297–308.
  • Rahman, M., Y. Arabi, N. Adhami, B. Parker, S. Al Malik, and A. Al Shimemeri. ‘Current Practice of Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders in a Saudi Arabian Tertiary Care Center’. Critical Care 5, no. 1 (2 March 2001): P257. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc1322.
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Yıl 2022, , 411 - 437, 30.12.2022

Hatice Kubra Memis

https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2022.33.1.1096891

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islamic Law Islamic Bioethics End-of-Life DNR orders Seeking Remedy Withholding Treatment Islam Hukuku Islami Biyoetik Yasam sonu kararlari DNR talimatları Tedavi olma Tedavinin Esirgenmesi Islamic Law Islamic Bioethics End-of-Life DNR orders Seeking Remedy Withholding Treatment Islam Hukuku Islami Biyoetik Yasam sonu kararlari DNR talimatları Tedavi olma Tedavinin Esirgenmesi

Kaynakça

  • Abdallah, Fatima S, Mahdy S Radaeda, Maram K Gaghama, and Basma Salameh. ‘Intensive Care Unit Physician’s Attitudes on Do Not Resuscitate Order in Palestine’. Indian Journal of Palliative Care 22, no. 1 (2016): 38–41. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.173947.
  • Adams, Derrick H., and David P. Snedden. ‘How Misconceptions Among Elderly Patients Regarding Survival Outcomes of Inpatient Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Affect Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders’. Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 106, no. 7 (1 July 2006): 402–4. https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2006.106.7.402.
  • Aksoy, Sahin, Ebru Çevik, and Zehra Edisan. ‘Yaşamın Sonunda Verilen Kararlara Ilişkin Bir Etik Tartışma’. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History 10, no. 4 (2002): 263–68.
  • Al-Bar, Mohammed Ali. Khalq al-Insan bayn al-Tib wal-Qur’an. Saudi Arabia, 1995.
  • Albar, Mohammed Ali. ‘Seeking Remedy, Abstaining from Therapy and Resuscitation:An Islamic Perspective’. Saudi Journalof Kidney Diseases and Transplant 18, no. 4 (2007): 629–37.
  • Al-Bar, Mohammed Ali, and Hassan Chamsi-Pasha. Contemporary Bioethics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18428-9.
  • Al-Jawziyya, Ibn Kayyim, and Abdel Qader. The Prophetic Medicine. Egypt: Al-Mansoura: Dar al-Ghadd al-Gadeed, 2003.
  • Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf. ‘Islam’s Stance on Euthanasia’. Online, 2021. https://archive.islamonline.net/1005.
  • Alwani, Taha Jabir Al. Issues in Contemporary Islamic Thought. IIIT, 2005.
  • Arabi, Yaseen M., Abdulla A. Al-Sayyari, and Mohamed S. Al Moamary. ‘Shifting Paradigm: From “No Code” and “Do-Not-Resuscitate” to “Goals of Care” Policies’. Annals of Thoracic Medicine 13, no. 2 (2018): 67–71. https://doi.org/10.4103/atm.ATM_393_17.
  • At-Tirmidhi, Imam Hafiz Abu ’Elsa Mohammad Ibn ’Eisa. English Translation of Jami’ At-Tirmidhi. Translated by Abu Khaliyl. Vol. 4. Darussalam, n.d. Azmi, Mufti Nizamuddin. Muntakhbat Nizam Ul Fatawa. Vol. 1. Ifa publication, 2013.
  • Baştürk, Engin. ‘Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Talimatının Temel Etik İlkeler Açısından Değerlendirilmesi’. T Klin Tıp Etiği-Hukuku-Tarihi 11 (2003): 12–21.
  • Breault, Joseph L. ‘DNR, DNAR, or AND? Is Language Important?’ Ochsner Journal 11, no. 4 (21 December 2011): 302–6.
  • Calder, Norman, and M. B. Hooker. ‘S̲h̲arīʿa’. In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill, 24 April 2012. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/sharia-COM_1040?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.au=%22M.B.+Hooker%22&s.q=S%CC%B2h%CC%B2ar%C4%AB%CA%BFa.
  • Castledine, George. ‘Nurses Should Be More Involved in DNR Decisions’. British Journal of Nursing 13, no. 3 (February 2004): 175–175. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2004.13.3.12115.
  • Chamsi-Pasha, Hassan, and Mohammed Ali Albar. ‘Ethical Dilemmas at the End of Life: Islamic Perspective’. Journal of Religion and Health 56, no. 2 (1 April 2017): 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0181-3.
  • Cheraghi, Mohammad Ali, Fatemeh Bahramnezhad, Neda Mehrdad, and Kazem Zendehdel. ‘Development of the Draft Clinical Guideline on How to Resuscitate Dying Patients in the Iranian Context: A Study Protocol’. Indian Journal of Palliative Care 22, no. 3 (2016): 335–42. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.185078.
  • Cooper, Jonas A, Joel D. Cooper, and Joshua M. Cooper. ‘Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | Circulation’ 114, no. 25 (2006): 2839–49.
  • Danciu, Sorin C., Liviu Klein, Maziyar Mir Hosseini, Lamia Ibrahim, Bryan W. Coyle, and Richard F. Kehoe. ‘A Predictive Model for Survival after In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest’. Resuscitation 62, no. 1 (1 July 2004): 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.01.035.
  • Deakin, Charles D., Jerry P. Nolan, Jasmeet Soar, Kjetil Sunde, Rudolph W. Koster, Gary B. Smith, and Gavin D. Perkins. ‘European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 4. Adult Advanced Life Support’. Resuscitation 81, no. 10 (October 2010): 1305–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.017.
  • ‘Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu : Dini Bilgilendirme Platformu’. Accessed 1 April 2022. https://kurul.diyanet.gov.tr/Ana-Konu-Detay/1071/tip-ve-%20saglik?enc=qa%2B3h8UGDkeSyDWQQ2nyig%3D%3D.
  • Erkoç, Tuğba. ‘Fikhî Açidan Hayatin Sonuna Ilişkin Tibbi Sorunlar:Ötanazi’. In Hayatın Başlangıcı ve Sonu, edited by Hakan Ertin and Merve Özdemir, 257–95. Istanbul: ISAR, 2013.
  • Fallahi, Masood, Homayion Banaderakhshan, Alireza Abdi, Fariba Borhani, Rasool Kaviannezhad, and Hassan Ali Karimpour. ‘The Iranian Physicians Attitude toward the Do Not Resuscitate Order’. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 9 (29 June 2016): 279–84. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S105002.
  • Dar Al-Ifta Al-Misriyyah. ‘Fatawa - Euthanasia’, 2022. https://www.dar-alifta.org/Foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=453&text=euthanasia.
  • Ghaly, Mohammed. Islam and Disability: Perspectives in Theology and Jurisprudence. London: Routledge, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203865088. Gouda, Alaa, Ahmad Al-Jabbary, and Lian Fong. ‘Compliance with DNR Policy in a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia’. Intensive Care Medicine 36, no. 12 (December 2010): 2149–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-010-1985-3.
  • Hinkka, H., E. Kosunen, R. Metsänoja, U. K. Lammi, and P. Kellokumpu-Lehtinen. ‘To Resuscitate or Not: A Dilemma in Terminal Cancer Care’. Resuscitation 49, no. 3 (June 2001): 289–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9572(00)00367-1.
  • Hooper, C. A. ‘The Mejelle. Articles 1-100’. Arab Law Quarterly 1, no. 4 (1986): 373–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/3381414.
  • IMANA Ethics Committee. ‘Islamic Medical Ethics: The IMANA Perspective | Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America’ 37, no. 1 (2005). https://jima.imana.org/article/view/5528.
  • Inbasegaran, Dato K. ‘Consensus on Withdrawal and Withholding of Life Support in the Critically Ill’. Berita Anestesiologi 6, no. 1 (2004).
  • Islāmī, Majmaʻ al-Fiqh al-. Resolutions and Recommendations of the Council of the Islamic Fiqh Academy 1985-2000. Islamic Research and Training Institute Islamic Development Bank, 2000.
  • Jan, Mohammed M. ‘The Decision of “Do Not Resuscitate” in Pediatric Practice’. Saudi Med J 32, no. 2 (2011): 115–22.
  • Kasule, Omar Hasan K. ‘Outstanding Ethico-Legal-Fiqhi Issues’. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 7, no. 1 (1 August 2012): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2012.07.003.
  • Loertscher, Laura, Darcy A. Reed, Michael P. Bannon, and Paul S. Mueller. ‘Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: A Guide for Clinicians’. The American Journal of Medicine 123, no. 1 (1 January 2010): 4–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.029.
  • Malek, Mohammad Mustaqim, Noor Naemah Abdul Rahman, and Mohd Shahnaz Hasan. ‘DO NOT RESUSCITATE (DNR) ORDER: ISLAMIC VIEWS’. Al-Qanatir: International Journal of Islamic Studies 9, no. 1 (2 July 2018): 35–43.
  • Miah, Mohammed Tosir. ‘Death & Burial, Fatwa Number: 70’. Darul Ifta Birmingham, 2011.
  • Mogadasian, Sima, Farahnaz Abdollahzadeh, Azad Rahmani, Caleb Ferguson, Fermisk Pakanzad, Vahid Pakpour, and Hamid Heidarzadeh. ‘The Attitude of Iranian Nurses About Do Not Resuscitate Orders’. Indian Journal of Palliative Care 20, no. 1 (2014): 21–25. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.125550.
  • Monti, Martin M., Steven Laureys, and Adrian M. Owen. ‘The Vegetative State’. BMJ 341 (2 August 2010): c3765. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c3765.
  • Oh, Do-Youn, Jee-Hyun Kim, Dong-Wan Kim, Seock-Ah Im, Tae-You Kim, Dae Seog Heo, Yung-Jue Bang, and Noe Kyeong Kim. ‘CPR or DNR? End-of-Life Decision in Korean Cancer Patients: A Single Center’s Experience’. Supportive Care in Cancer 14, no. 2 (1 February 2006): 103–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-005-0885-5.
  • Padela, Aasim I., and Omar Qureshi. ‘Islamic Perspectives on Clinical Intervention near the End-of-Life: We Can but Must We?’ Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy 20, no. 4 (December 2017): 545–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-016-9729-y.
  • Padela, Aasim I., Hasan Shanawani, and Ahsan Arozullah. ‘Medical Experts & Islamic Scholars Deliberating over Brain Death: Gaps in the Applied Islamic Bioethics Discourse’. The Muslim World 101, no. 1 (2011): 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2010.01342.x.
  • Park, Young-Rye, Jin-A Kim, and Kisook Kim. ‘Changes in How ICU Nurses Perceive the DNR Decision and Their Nursing Activity after Implementing It’. Nursing Ethics 18, no. 6 (1 November 2011): 802–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733011410093.
  • Pasha, Hassan Chamsi, and Mohammed Ali Albar. ‘Do Not Resuscitate, Brain Death, and Organ Transplantation: Islamic Perspective’. Avicenna Journal of Medicine 07, no. 2 (April 2017): 35–45. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0770.203608.
  • Peberdy, Mary Ann, William Kaye, Joseph P. Ornato, Gregory L. Larkin, Vinay Nadkarni, Mary Elizabeth Mancini, Robert A. Berg, Graham Nichol, and Tanya Lane-Trultt. ‘Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Adults in the Hospital: A Report of 14 720 Cardiac Arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation’. Resuscitation 58 (2003): 297–308.
  • Rahman, M., Y. Arabi, N. Adhami, B. Parker, S. Al Malik, and A. Al Shimemeri. ‘Current Practice of Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders in a Saudi Arabian Tertiary Care Center’. Critical Care 5, no. 1 (2 March 2001): P257. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc1322.
  • Rathor, Mohammad Yousuf, Azarisman Shah Bin Mohamad Shah, and Sheikh Farid Uddin Akter. ‘The Principle of Autonomy as Related to Personal Decision Making Concerning Health and Research from an “Islamic Viewpoint”’. Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America 43, no. 1 (2011). https://jima.imana.org/article/view/6396.
  • Rustom, Christopher T. Le M., James Palmer, and Gareth L. Thomas. ‘Ethical Issues in Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine’. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 11, no. 1 (1 January 2010): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2009.11.001.
  • Sachedina, Abdulaziz. ‘End-of-Life: The Islamic View’. The Lancet 366, no. 9487 (August 2005): 774–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67183-8.
  • ———. Islamic Biomedical Ethics: Principles and Application. Oxford University Press, USA, 2009.
  • Saeed, Fahad, Nadia Kousar, Sohaib Aleem, Owais Khawaja, Asad Javaid, Mohammad Fasih Siddiqui, and Jean L Holley. ‘End-of-Life Care Beliefs Among Muslim Physicians’. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 32, no. 4 (1 June 2015): 388–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909114522687.
  • Sahadevan, S, and W.S Pang. ‘Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: Towards a Policy in Singapore’. Singapore Medical Journal 36 (1995): 267–70.
  • Sahih Bukhari. Sahih Bukhari. Translated by Muhsin Khan. 1st ed., 2009.
  • Saiyad, Salem. ‘Do Not Resuscitate: A Case Study from the Islamic Viewpoint | Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America’. Accessed 1 April 2022. https://jima.imana.org/article/view/4477.
  • Samuels, Alec. ‘Do Not Resuscitate: Lawful or Unlawful?’ Medico-Legal Journal 84, no. 4 (1 December 2016): 191–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025817216664649.
  • Takrouri, M., and T. Halwani. ‘An Islamic Medical and Legal Prospective of Do Not Resuscitate Order in Critical Care Medicine’. Internet J Health 7, no. 1 (2008): 12–16.
  • Yuen, Jacqueline K., M. Carrington Reid, and Michael D. Fetters. ‘Hospital Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: Why They Have Failed and How to Fix Them’. Journal of General Internal Medicine 26, no. 7 (July 2011): 791–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1632-x.

Canlandırmayın (DNR) Talimatlarının İslam Hukukuna Göre Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2022, , 411 - 437, 30.12.2022

Hatice Kubra Memis

https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2022.33.1.1096891

Öz

Günümüzde insanlar hayatlarının sonu hakkında karar vermeyi kişisel hak olarak görüyorlar. Tıbbi olarak kardiyopulmoner resüsitasyon (KPR) şansına sahip olsalar da bazı insanlar kişisel, sosyal veya dini motivasyonları nedeniyle bunu kullanmayı reddedebilir. Bazen doktorlar hastanın durumuna göre tedavinin sonuçsuz kalacağını öngörerek, hastayı canlandırmama kararı verebilmektedirler. Bu nedenle, hayatın sonu kararları hem etik hem de İslami açıdan ele alınması gereken konuları içerebilmektedir. Bu sorunlardan biri Canlandırmama (DNR) emirleridir. DNR, herhangi bir nedenle kişinin solunumu veya kalbi durduğunda hastaya tedavi yöntemlerinin uygulanmaması kararıdır. Bu karar, ya kişinin sağlıklıyken imzaladığı vasiyetname nedeniyle ya da hastanın durumunun umutsuz olduğu durumlarda doktorun tedavi için herhangi bir tedavi edici müdahalede bulunamaması nedeniyle alınır. Bu araştırmada, İslami Biyoetik perspektifinden DNR emirlerinin durumu ve uygulanabilirliği araştırılacak ve DNR emirlerinin İslam’daki statüsünü netleştirmek için konu ile alakalı verilen fetvalar incelenecektir. Ayrıca, DNR özünde tedaviyi reddetme ya da tedavi uygulamamayı barındırdığı için, İslam’da tıbbi yardım alma hükümleri ve tedavinin esirgenmesi konuları kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı tedavinin yararsız olduğu durumlarda DNR talimatlarının fıkhi açıdan uygulanabilir olduğunu klasik İslam ve günümüz İslam kaynakları ışığında göstermektir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islam Hukuku Islami Biyoetik Yasam sonu kararlari DNR talimatları Tedavi olma Tedavinin Esirgenmesi

Kaynakça

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  • Hinkka, H., E. Kosunen, R. Metsänoja, U. K. Lammi, and P. Kellokumpu-Lehtinen. ‘To Resuscitate or Not: A Dilemma in Terminal Cancer Care’. Resuscitation 49, no. 3 (June 2001): 289–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9572(00)00367-1.
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  • Rahman, M., Y. Arabi, N. Adhami, B. Parker, S. Al Malik, and A. Al Shimemeri. ‘Current Practice of Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders in a Saudi Arabian Tertiary Care Center’. Critical Care 5, no. 1 (2 March 2001): P257. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc1322.
  • Rathor, Mohammad Yousuf, Azarisman Shah Bin Mohamad Shah, and Sheikh Farid Uddin Akter. ‘The Principle of Autonomy as Related to Personal Decision Making Concerning Health and Research from an “Islamic Viewpoint”’. Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America 43, no. 1 (2011). https://jima.imana.org/article/view/6396.
  • Rustom, Christopher T. Le M., James Palmer, and Gareth L. Thomas. ‘Ethical Issues in Resuscitation and Intensive Care Medicine’. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 11, no. 1 (1 January 2010): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2009.11.001.
  • Sachedina, Abdulaziz. ‘End-of-Life: The Islamic View’. The Lancet 366, no. 9487 (August 2005): 774–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67183-8.
  • ———. Islamic Biomedical Ethics: Principles and Application. Oxford University Press, USA, 2009.
  • Saeed, Fahad, Nadia Kousar, Sohaib Aleem, Owais Khawaja, Asad Javaid, Mohammad Fasih Siddiqui, and Jean L Holley. ‘End-of-Life Care Beliefs Among Muslim Physicians’. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 32, no. 4 (1 June 2015): 388–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909114522687.
  • Sahadevan, S, and W.S Pang. ‘Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: Towards a Policy in Singapore’. Singapore Medical Journal 36 (1995): 267–70.
  • Sahih Bukhari. Sahih Bukhari. Translated by Muhsin Khan. 1st ed., 2009.
  • Saiyad, Salem. ‘Do Not Resuscitate: A Case Study from the Islamic Viewpoint | Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America’. Accessed 1 April 2022. https://jima.imana.org/article/view/4477.
  • Samuels, Alec. ‘Do Not Resuscitate: Lawful or Unlawful?’ Medico-Legal Journal 84, no. 4 (1 December 2016): 191–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0025817216664649.
  • Takrouri, M., and T. Halwani. ‘An Islamic Medical and Legal Prospective of Do Not Resuscitate Order in Critical Care Medicine’. Internet J Health 7, no. 1 (2008): 12–16.
  • Yuen, Jacqueline K., M. Carrington Reid, and Michael D. Fetters. ‘Hospital Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: Why They Have Failed and How to Fix Them’. Journal of General Internal Medicine 26, no. 7 (July 2011): 791–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1632-x.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hatice Kubra Memis 0000-0003-3919-153X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Memis, Hatice Kubra. “Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders from an Islamic Perspective”. Darulfunun Ilahiyat 33, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 411-37. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2022.33.1.1096891.