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The Effectiveness of Online Learning and Teaching of Arabic as a Foreign Language in Turkish Universities

Yıl 2023, , 385 - 417, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2023.34.1.1190007

Öz

Since (and particularly during) the Covid-19 pandemic, online teaching and learning methods have been adopted worldwide by educational institutions to meet the needs of students; Teaching Arabic as a foreign language is no exception. This study aims to investigate learners’ and teachers’ perceptions of learning and teaching Arabic as a foreign language online and the extent to which online learning supported the development of learner autonomy. This study was conducted at two Turkish universities that teach Arabic language as a foreign language. Data was collected through semi-structured online interviews with teachers and students of Arabic and diaries from teachers and students. Findings suggest that although online education promoted learner autonomy, it complements face-to-face education rather than replaces it. Findings also reveal that social media has a role in supporting online learning and that there is a need for more training for teachers in technology and curriculum. Based on the results, a set of pedagogical implications and recommendations for language teachers and policy makers are discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, William. “Conducting Semi-Structured Interviews.” In Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation, Fourth Edition., 494-505. Jossey-Bass, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171386. ch19. google scholar
  • Adnan, Muhammad, and Kainat Anwar. “Online Learning amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Students Perspectives.” Journal of Pedagogical Research 1 (June 21, 2020): 45-51. https://doi.org/10.33902/ JPSP.2020261309. google scholar
  • Aktürk, Cemal, and S. Gulsecen. “Foreign Language Education and E-Learning.” Glokalde, January 2, 2017. google scholar
  • Alhamami, Munassir. “Learners’ Beliefs about Language-Learning Abilities in Face-to-Face & Online Settings.” International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 16, no. 1 (September 4, 2019): 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0162-1. google scholar
  • Alkhafaji, Alaa, Haider Mshalli, Carlo Giovannela, and Marcello Passarelli. “A Set of Challenges for Setting Distance-Learning Environments Based on University Students’ Experience at the Covid-19 Pandemic Time in Iraq,” February 22, 2021. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-253899/v1. google scholar
  • Almahasees, Zakaryia, Khaled Mohsen, and Mohammad Omar Amin. “Faculty’s and Students’ Perceptions of Online Learning During COVID-19.” Frontiers in Education 6 (May 12, 2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.638470. google scholar
  • Anglia, Nord. “The Importance of Online Learning to Students and Teachers,” 2021. https://www. nordangliaeducation.com/news/2021/03/17/the-importance-of-online-learning-to-students-and-teachers. google scholar
  • Arib, Rahima, Phd Student, and Salima Maouche. “Teachers’ Readiness for Learner Autonomy in Teaching/Learning English as a Foreign Language in the Algerian Context.” 06 (December 31, 2021): 1013-30. google scholar
  • Arkorful, Valentina, and Nelly Abaidoo. “The Role of E-Learning, Advantages and Disadvantages of Its Adoption in Higher Education.” International Journal of Education and Research 2, no. 12 (2014): 397-410. google scholar
  • Benson, Phil. “Language Learning and Teaching Beyond the Classroom: An Introduction to the Field,” in Beyond the Language Classroom, 7-16. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. https:// doi.org/10.1057/9780230306790_2. google scholar
  • Bowling, Ann. EBOOK: Research Methods in Health: Investigating Health and Health Services. UK: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. google scholar
  • Bozkurt, Aras, and Ramesh C Sharma. “Emergency Remote Teaching in a Time of Global Crisis Due to CoronaVirus Pandemic.” Asian Journal of Distance Education 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): i-vi. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3778083. google scholar
  • Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. “Thematic Analysis.,” in APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Vol. 2. Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological, 57-71. 2012. google scholar
  • ———. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (January 1, 2006): 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa. google scholar
  • Butnaru, Gina lonela, Valentin Nita, Alexandru Anichiti, and Geanina Brinza. “The Effectiveness of Online Education during Covid 19 Pandemic—A Comparative Analysis between the Perceptions of Academic Students and High School Students from Romania.” Sustainability 13, no. 9 (January 2021): 5311. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095311. google scholar
  • Chan, Carol K. K., and Yuen-Yan Chan. “Students’ Views of Collaboration and Online Participation in Knowledge Forum.” Computers & Education 57, no. 1 (2011): 1445. google scholar
  • Chiatoh, Blasius Agha-ah, and Jude Chia. “The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Challenge of Teaching English Online in Higher Institutions of Learning in Cameroon | Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics.” Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 2, no. 5 (2020). https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jeltal/article/view/745. google scholar
  • Cirocki, Andrzej. Developing Learner Autonomy through Tasks - Theory, Research, Practice. Halifax: LinguaBooks, 2016. google scholar
  • Creswell, John W. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research Pearson, 2015. google scholar
  • Dam, Len’, Rigmor Eriksson, Germ Gabrielsen, David Little, June Miliander, and Turid Trebbi. google scholar
  • “Towards a Definition of Autonomy.” In Third Nordic Workshop on Developing Autonomous Learning in the FL Classroom, 96-103. Bergen: University of Bergen, 1990. google scholar
  • Davies, Joseph Arthur, Laura Jane Davies, Brandon Conlon, Jamie Emerson, Hannah Hainsworth, and Hugh Gregory McDonough. “Responding to COVID-19 in EAP Contexts: A Comparison of Courses at Four Sino-Foreign Universities.” International Journal of TESOL Studies 2, no. 2 (2020): 32-51. https://doi.org/10.46451/ijts.2020.09.04. google scholar
  • El Omari, Samir. “The Effect of Computer-Assisted Language Learning on Improving Arabic as a Foreign Language (AFL) in Higher Education in the United States.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, The Proceedings of 2nd Global Conference on Conference on Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching, 192 (June 24, 2015): 621-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. sbspro.2015.06.109. google scholar
  • Eneau, Jérôme, and Christine Develotte. “Working Online Together to Enhance Learner Autonomy.” ReCALL 24 (January 4, 2012): 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344011000267. google scholar
  • Enkin, Elizabeth. “Intensive Online Foreign Language Learning at the Advanced Level: Insights from a Summer Online Spanish Course.” Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 67-86. https://doi.org/10.17011/apples/urn.201705172388. google scholar
  • Farrell, Thomas S. C. Reflective Practice in L2 Teacher Education. Routledge Handbooks Online, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315659824-4. google scholar
  • Harrell, Margaret C., and Melissa A. Bradley. “Data Collection Methods: Semi-Structured Interviews and Focus Groups.” RAND Corporation, December 14, 2009. https://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_ reports/TR718.html. google scholar
  • Hassan, Zailinawati Abu, Peter Schattner, and Danielle Mazza. “Doing A Pilot Study: Why Is It Essential?” Malaysian Family Physician : The Official Journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia 1, no. 2-3 (August 31, 2006): 70-73. google scholar
  • Hodges, Charles, Stephanie Moore, and Aaron Bond. “The Difference Between Emergency Remote Teaching and Online Learning.” EDUCAUSE Review, January 1, 2020. https://www.academia. edu/42679104/The_Difference_Between_Emergency_Remote_Teaching_and_Online_Learning. google scholar
  • Holec, Henri. Autonomy and foreign language learning. Council of Europe modern languages project. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981. google scholar
  • Kulal, Abhinandan, and Anupama Nayak. “A Study on Perception of Teachers and Students toward Online Classes in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi District.” Asian Association of Open Universities Journal 15, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 285-96. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-07-2020-0047. google scholar
  • Lapitan, Lorico DS., Cristina E. Tiangco, Divine Angela G. Sumalinog, Noel S. Sabarillo, and Joey Mark Diaz. “An Effective Blended Online Teaching and Learning Strategy during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Education for Chemical Engineers 35 (April 1, 2021): 116-31. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2021.01.012. google scholar
  • Little, David. “Language Learner Autonomy: Some Fundamental Considerations Revisited.” Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching 1, no. 1 (April 16, 2007): 14-29. https://doi.org/10.2167/ illt040.0. google scholar
  • MacIntyre, Peter D., Tammy Gregersen, and Sarah Mercer. “Language Teachers’ Coping Strategies during the Covid-19 Conversion to Online Teaching: Correlations with Stress, Wellbeing and Negative Emotions.” System 94 (November 1, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102352. google scholar
  • Muthuprasad, T., S. Aiswarya, K. S. Aditya, and Girish K. Jha. “Students’ Perception and Preference for Online Education in India during COVID -19 Pandemic.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100101. google scholar
  • Nunan, David, and Professor David Nunan. Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge University Press, 1992. google scholar
  • Porto, Melina. “Learning Diaries in the English as a Foreign Language Classroom: A Tool for Accessing Learners’ Perceptions of Lessons and Developing Learner Autonomy and Reflection.” Foreign Language Annals 40 (December 31, 2008): 672-96. https://doi.Org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2007. tb02887.x. google scholar
  • Pu, Haifeng. “Implementing Online ELT in the Time of Crisis: Ordeal or Opportunity?” ELT Journal 74, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 345-48. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccaa030. google scholar
  • Reinders, Hayo, and Cynthia White. “Learner Autonomy and New Learning Environments,” October 2011. https://www.researchbank.ac.nz/handle/10652/2497. google scholar
  • Salazar, Kim. “Diary Studies: Understanding Long-Term User Behavior and Experiences.” Nielsen Norman Group, 2016. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/diary-studies/. google scholar
  • Sari, Risna Rianti, and Albar Adetary Hasibuan. “Students’ Perception toward Social Media Assisted Language Learning (SMALL) for Arabic Learning.” Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature 2, no. 2 (2019): 101-14. https://doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v2i2.9911. google scholar
  • Smith, Richard. “Learner Autonomy.” ELT Journal 62, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 395-97. https:// doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccn038. google scholar
  • Van Teijlingen, Edwin, and Vanora Hundley. “The Importance of Pilot Studies.” Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 16 (June 19, 2002): 33-36. https://doi. org/10.7748/ns2002.06.16.40.33.c3214. google scholar
  • Vandeyar, Saloshna. “Educational Transmogrification: From Panicgogy to Pedagogy of Compassion.” Teaching in Higher Education 0, no. 0 (July 13, 2021): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1356251 7.2021.1952568. google scholar
  • Wagner, Nicole M., Khaled Hassanein, and Milena Head. “Who Is Responsible for E-Learning Success in Higher Education? A Stakeholders’ Analysis.” Educational Technology & Society 11, no. 3 (2008): 26-36. google scholar
  • Wang, Guoqiao, and Ligang Han. “On the Strategies to Cultivate College Students’ Autonomous English Learning Ability in the New Era.” English Language Teaching 13 (October 27, 2020): 94. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n11p94. google scholar
  • Wang, Xue, and Wei Zhang. “Improvement of Students’ Autonomous Learning Behavior by Optimizing Foreign Language Blended Learning Mode.” SAGE Open 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 21582440211071108. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211071108. google scholar
  • Yasmin, Musarat, and Ayesha Sohail. “Learner Autonomy: Pakistani English Teachers’ Perceptions” 40 (August 12, 2018): 179-94. google scholar
  • Zhong, Qunyan Maggie. “The Evolution of Learner Autonomy in Online Environments: A Case Study in a New Zealand Context.” Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal 9, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 71-85. https://doi.org/10.37237/090106. google scholar
Yıl 2023, , 385 - 417, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2023.34.1.1190007

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adams, William. “Conducting Semi-Structured Interviews.” In Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation, Fourth Edition., 494-505. Jossey-Bass, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171386. ch19. google scholar
  • Adnan, Muhammad, and Kainat Anwar. “Online Learning amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Students Perspectives.” Journal of Pedagogical Research 1 (June 21, 2020): 45-51. https://doi.org/10.33902/ JPSP.2020261309. google scholar
  • Aktürk, Cemal, and S. Gulsecen. “Foreign Language Education and E-Learning.” Glokalde, January 2, 2017. google scholar
  • Alhamami, Munassir. “Learners’ Beliefs about Language-Learning Abilities in Face-to-Face & Online Settings.” International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education 16, no. 1 (September 4, 2019): 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0162-1. google scholar
  • Alkhafaji, Alaa, Haider Mshalli, Carlo Giovannela, and Marcello Passarelli. “A Set of Challenges for Setting Distance-Learning Environments Based on University Students’ Experience at the Covid-19 Pandemic Time in Iraq,” February 22, 2021. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-253899/v1. google scholar
  • Almahasees, Zakaryia, Khaled Mohsen, and Mohammad Omar Amin. “Faculty’s and Students’ Perceptions of Online Learning During COVID-19.” Frontiers in Education 6 (May 12, 2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.638470. google scholar
  • Anglia, Nord. “The Importance of Online Learning to Students and Teachers,” 2021. https://www. nordangliaeducation.com/news/2021/03/17/the-importance-of-online-learning-to-students-and-teachers. google scholar
  • Arib, Rahima, Phd Student, and Salima Maouche. “Teachers’ Readiness for Learner Autonomy in Teaching/Learning English as a Foreign Language in the Algerian Context.” 06 (December 31, 2021): 1013-30. google scholar
  • Arkorful, Valentina, and Nelly Abaidoo. “The Role of E-Learning, Advantages and Disadvantages of Its Adoption in Higher Education.” International Journal of Education and Research 2, no. 12 (2014): 397-410. google scholar
  • Benson, Phil. “Language Learning and Teaching Beyond the Classroom: An Introduction to the Field,” in Beyond the Language Classroom, 7-16. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. https:// doi.org/10.1057/9780230306790_2. google scholar
  • Bowling, Ann. EBOOK: Research Methods in Health: Investigating Health and Health Services. UK: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. google scholar
  • Bozkurt, Aras, and Ramesh C Sharma. “Emergency Remote Teaching in a Time of Global Crisis Due to CoronaVirus Pandemic.” Asian Journal of Distance Education 15, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): i-vi. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3778083. google scholar
  • Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. “Thematic Analysis.,” in APA Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, Vol. 2. Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological, 57-71. 2012. google scholar
  • ———. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (January 1, 2006): 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa. google scholar
  • Butnaru, Gina lonela, Valentin Nita, Alexandru Anichiti, and Geanina Brinza. “The Effectiveness of Online Education during Covid 19 Pandemic—A Comparative Analysis between the Perceptions of Academic Students and High School Students from Romania.” Sustainability 13, no. 9 (January 2021): 5311. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095311. google scholar
  • Chan, Carol K. K., and Yuen-Yan Chan. “Students’ Views of Collaboration and Online Participation in Knowledge Forum.” Computers & Education 57, no. 1 (2011): 1445. google scholar
  • Chiatoh, Blasius Agha-ah, and Jude Chia. “The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Challenge of Teaching English Online in Higher Institutions of Learning in Cameroon | Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics.” Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics 2, no. 5 (2020). https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jeltal/article/view/745. google scholar
  • Cirocki, Andrzej. Developing Learner Autonomy through Tasks - Theory, Research, Practice. Halifax: LinguaBooks, 2016. google scholar
  • Creswell, John W. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research Pearson, 2015. google scholar
  • Dam, Len’, Rigmor Eriksson, Germ Gabrielsen, David Little, June Miliander, and Turid Trebbi. google scholar
  • “Towards a Definition of Autonomy.” In Third Nordic Workshop on Developing Autonomous Learning in the FL Classroom, 96-103. Bergen: University of Bergen, 1990. google scholar
  • Davies, Joseph Arthur, Laura Jane Davies, Brandon Conlon, Jamie Emerson, Hannah Hainsworth, and Hugh Gregory McDonough. “Responding to COVID-19 in EAP Contexts: A Comparison of Courses at Four Sino-Foreign Universities.” International Journal of TESOL Studies 2, no. 2 (2020): 32-51. https://doi.org/10.46451/ijts.2020.09.04. google scholar
  • El Omari, Samir. “The Effect of Computer-Assisted Language Learning on Improving Arabic as a Foreign Language (AFL) in Higher Education in the United States.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, The Proceedings of 2nd Global Conference on Conference on Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching, 192 (June 24, 2015): 621-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. sbspro.2015.06.109. google scholar
  • Eneau, Jérôme, and Christine Develotte. “Working Online Together to Enhance Learner Autonomy.” ReCALL 24 (January 4, 2012): 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344011000267. google scholar
  • Enkin, Elizabeth. “Intensive Online Foreign Language Learning at the Advanced Level: Insights from a Summer Online Spanish Course.” Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 67-86. https://doi.org/10.17011/apples/urn.201705172388. google scholar
  • Farrell, Thomas S. C. Reflective Practice in L2 Teacher Education. Routledge Handbooks Online, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315659824-4. google scholar
  • Harrell, Margaret C., and Melissa A. Bradley. “Data Collection Methods: Semi-Structured Interviews and Focus Groups.” RAND Corporation, December 14, 2009. https://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_ reports/TR718.html. google scholar
  • Hassan, Zailinawati Abu, Peter Schattner, and Danielle Mazza. “Doing A Pilot Study: Why Is It Essential?” Malaysian Family Physician : The Official Journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia 1, no. 2-3 (August 31, 2006): 70-73. google scholar
  • Hodges, Charles, Stephanie Moore, and Aaron Bond. “The Difference Between Emergency Remote Teaching and Online Learning.” EDUCAUSE Review, January 1, 2020. https://www.academia. edu/42679104/The_Difference_Between_Emergency_Remote_Teaching_and_Online_Learning. google scholar
  • Holec, Henri. Autonomy and foreign language learning. Council of Europe modern languages project. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981. google scholar
  • Kulal, Abhinandan, and Anupama Nayak. “A Study on Perception of Teachers and Students toward Online Classes in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi District.” Asian Association of Open Universities Journal 15, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 285-96. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-07-2020-0047. google scholar
  • Lapitan, Lorico DS., Cristina E. Tiangco, Divine Angela G. Sumalinog, Noel S. Sabarillo, and Joey Mark Diaz. “An Effective Blended Online Teaching and Learning Strategy during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Education for Chemical Engineers 35 (April 1, 2021): 116-31. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2021.01.012. google scholar
  • Little, David. “Language Learner Autonomy: Some Fundamental Considerations Revisited.” Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching 1, no. 1 (April 16, 2007): 14-29. https://doi.org/10.2167/ illt040.0. google scholar
  • MacIntyre, Peter D., Tammy Gregersen, and Sarah Mercer. “Language Teachers’ Coping Strategies during the Covid-19 Conversion to Online Teaching: Correlations with Stress, Wellbeing and Negative Emotions.” System 94 (November 1, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102352. google scholar
  • Muthuprasad, T., S. Aiswarya, K. S. Aditya, and Girish K. Jha. “Students’ Perception and Preference for Online Education in India during COVID -19 Pandemic.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100101. google scholar
  • Nunan, David, and Professor David Nunan. Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge University Press, 1992. google scholar
  • Porto, Melina. “Learning Diaries in the English as a Foreign Language Classroom: A Tool for Accessing Learners’ Perceptions of Lessons and Developing Learner Autonomy and Reflection.” Foreign Language Annals 40 (December 31, 2008): 672-96. https://doi.Org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2007. tb02887.x. google scholar
  • Pu, Haifeng. “Implementing Online ELT in the Time of Crisis: Ordeal or Opportunity?” ELT Journal 74, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 345-48. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccaa030. google scholar
  • Reinders, Hayo, and Cynthia White. “Learner Autonomy and New Learning Environments,” October 2011. https://www.researchbank.ac.nz/handle/10652/2497. google scholar
  • Salazar, Kim. “Diary Studies: Understanding Long-Term User Behavior and Experiences.” Nielsen Norman Group, 2016. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/diary-studies/. google scholar
  • Sari, Risna Rianti, and Albar Adetary Hasibuan. “Students’ Perception toward Social Media Assisted Language Learning (SMALL) for Arabic Learning.” Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature 2, no. 2 (2019): 101-14. https://doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v2i2.9911. google scholar
  • Smith, Richard. “Learner Autonomy.” ELT Journal 62, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 395-97. https:// doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccn038. google scholar
  • Van Teijlingen, Edwin, and Vanora Hundley. “The Importance of Pilot Studies.” Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 16 (June 19, 2002): 33-36. https://doi. org/10.7748/ns2002.06.16.40.33.c3214. google scholar
  • Vandeyar, Saloshna. “Educational Transmogrification: From Panicgogy to Pedagogy of Compassion.” Teaching in Higher Education 0, no. 0 (July 13, 2021): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1356251 7.2021.1952568. google scholar
  • Wagner, Nicole M., Khaled Hassanein, and Milena Head. “Who Is Responsible for E-Learning Success in Higher Education? A Stakeholders’ Analysis.” Educational Technology & Society 11, no. 3 (2008): 26-36. google scholar
  • Wang, Guoqiao, and Ligang Han. “On the Strategies to Cultivate College Students’ Autonomous English Learning Ability in the New Era.” English Language Teaching 13 (October 27, 2020): 94. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n11p94. google scholar
  • Wang, Xue, and Wei Zhang. “Improvement of Students’ Autonomous Learning Behavior by Optimizing Foreign Language Blended Learning Mode.” SAGE Open 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 21582440211071108. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211071108. google scholar
  • Yasmin, Musarat, and Ayesha Sohail. “Learner Autonomy: Pakistani English Teachers’ Perceptions” 40 (August 12, 2018): 179-94. google scholar
  • Zhong, Qunyan Maggie. “The Evolution of Learner Autonomy in Online Environments: A Case Study in a New Zealand Context.” Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal 9, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 71-85. https://doi.org/10.37237/090106. google scholar
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ahmet Derviş Müezzin 0000-0002-8702-6371

Maher Jesry 0000-0002-8035-5770

Mohammed Ateek 0000-0003-1342-7022

Marion Heron 0000-0002-6129-1265

Abdulhalim Abdullah 0000-0002-5298-9741

Suhaib Ajam 0000-0002-4381-3162

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Müezzin, Ahmet Derviş, Maher Jesry, Mohammed Ateek, Marion Heron, Abdulhalim Abdullah, ve Suhaib Ajam. “The Effectiveness of Online Learning and Teaching of Arabic As a Foreign Language in Turkish Universities”. Darulfunun Ilahiyat 34, sy. 2 (Aralık 2023): 385-417. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2023.34.1.1190007.