A Critical Comparison between the Classical Divorce Types of Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī Schools

Öz

Islamic law seeks the harmonious continuation of families and family structure, setting out detailed principles of family life in the main sources of sharī‘a, the Qur‘an and Sunna. That said, the termination of marriage is considered an acceptable solution by Islamic jurists, if the spouses do not fulfil their obligations toward each other due to inharmonious relationship or existing dissention and where there is no hope of reconciliation. This paper seeks to compare the types of divorce within the Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī schools in order to shed light on the classical period divorce practices and the methodologies of these two schools. Successful divorces are categorised into wājib, mubāh, makrūh, or ḥaram according to their legal validity. In addition to this, divorce practices are also divided into four main types which extend from their implementation and procedural methods; ṭalāq, khulʿ, ṭāliq or tafwīḍ, and tafrīq. The research aims to compare
the unilateral divorce right of the man (ṭalāq), woman-initiated divorce (khulʿ), conditional divorce (ṭāliq or tafwīḍ) and judicial termination (tafrīq) by focusing on the opinions of authoritative Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī scholars. Applying textual comparative methodology and legal perceptual analysis, the study aims to uncover the existent connection between Islamic legal methodologies and different schools when the scholars address any problems and issues related to divorce practice. Although both schools use different methodologies and sources, the similarity of rulings prevail over the differences due to the fact that the marital issues concerning divorce are mainly solved with the main sources (aslī) rather than secondary sources (fer‘ī). This comparative research, therefore, aims to shed lights on the similarities between these schools and to clarify the differences regarding the interpretation of legal sources. At the same time, the paper seeks
to identify the convergences and divergences between the divorce practices of the two schools. Comparative analysis of divorce types in Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī schools intents to offer a broad perspective to explore the contemporary divorce practices in Muslim countries whose citizens are the followers of these schools. Instead of making a general comparison between the Sunnī and Shi‘ī traditions, the research aims to compare the classical Ḥanbalī school which forms the basis of family law in contemporary Saudi jurisprudence with the classical Ja‘farī school which forms the basis of family law in the contemporary Iranian jurisprudence. This comparison brings out the influence of the classical schools upon the modern jurisprudences of Saudi Arabia and Iran.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Islamic law
• Ḥanbalī school of law
• Ja‘farī school of law
• Ṭalāq (divorce)
• Khul‘ (woman initiated divorce)

Klasik Hanbeli ve Caferi Mezheplerinde Uygulanan Boşanma Türlerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Öz

İslam hukuku evlilikle başlayan aile birliğinin kurulmasına ve bu birlikteliğin sürekliliğine önem vererek temel fıkıh kaynakları olan Kur‘an ve Sünnette ayrıntılı hükümler ortaya koymuştur. Eşler arasında çözülemeyecek derecede ortaya çıkan anlaşmazlık ve problemlere bağlı olarak, makul, meşru ve zorunlu durumlarda talak olarak bilinen boşanma şeri bir çözüm yöntemi olarak kabul edilir. Bu çalışma Hanbeli ve Caferi mezheplerinde klasik dönem alim ve fakihlerinin kabul ederek uyguladığı boşanma türlerini uygulamadaki benzerlik ve farklılıkları ön plana çıkararak karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemektedir. Boşanma hukuki geçerliliği bakımından vacip, mubah, mekruh, haram gibi tasniflere tabi tutulmakla birlikte, uygulanış şekli bakımından talak, hul’, taliq/tefwiz ve tefrik/fesh olarak ayrıma tabi tutulmaktadır. Çalışma, erkeğin boşanma hakkı olan talak, kadının boşanma hakkı olan hul’, evlilik sözleşmesindeki şartlara bağlı olarak gerçekleşen boşanma hakkı olan taliq/tefwiz, ve eşlerden birinin mahkemeye başvurması ile hakim tarafından mahkemede gerçekleştirilen boşanma hakkı olan tefrik/fesh boşanmalarını, alanında otorite olarak kabul edilen Hanbeli ve Caferi alimlerin görüşlerini baz alarak uygulama bakımından mukayese etmiştir. Klasik dönem Hanbeli ve Caferi mezheplerinde uygulanan boşanma türlerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi, günümüzde bu mezheplerin yaygın olduğu ülkelerdeki aile hukuku ile ilgili hüküm ve uygulamaların anlaşılması için ayrıntılı bir bakış açısı sunmakta ve bu ülkelerdeki boşanma uygulamalarının temelini açıklamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İslam hukuku
• Hanbeli mezhebi
• Caferi mezhebi
• Boşanma
• Talak
• Hul'

Destekleyen Kurum

Max-Plank Institute for Comparative and International Private Law

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