Gelişen Biyoteknoloji, Ahlaki Kavşaklar ve Din: Hinduizm’den Bir Pencere

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 253 - 268, 06.12.2018

Rishi Raj Kishore

Öz

Bugünün dünyası, teknolojik ve piyasa odaklıdır. Ahlaki kanaatlerimiz, sıkı sıkıya bağlı kaldığımız ahlaki varsayımlarımızı

tehdit eden bilimsel vaat ve ticarileştirmenin gün yüzüne çıkan tahakkümlerine maruz kalmaktadır. Hâkim sosyal çevrede

doğru ve yanlış kavramları; heterojen grupların ve mevcut ve gelecek nesillerin menfaatleri güvence altına alınarak bireysel

ve toplumsal perspektifler bağlamında yorumlanmalıdır. Çeşitliliğin çoğulculukla harmanlanması gerekir. Çeşitlilik bazen,

benzersiz bir eşitlik ve meşruiyet çatışmasını yansıtır. Muntazam insan davranışlarının kökenleri, fıtri ve evrensel olup insan

uğraşlarının ahlaki esaslarının belirlenmesinde sade ve saf bir araç temin eden insani erdemlerde yatar. Yüzyıllardır din,

hikmetin ve muntazam davranışların ilahi bir yolunu açarak insani erdemlerin kalesi olmuştur. Din, gerçeğe yakınlaşma

noktasında eşsiz bir hususiyete sahiptir. Böylece din, bilgimizin ve kontrolümüzün ötesine geçen olgular için sezgi sağlayan

derinlemesine imkân sunan bir kurumdur. Bu makalede, Hint sezgisinde kutsal kabul edildiği şekliyle olumlu yansımaları,

yani Hinduizm olarak bilinen, maneviyat ve inancı harmanlayan, eşsiz hikmet ve sezgi ile kutsanmış, içsel insani erdemlerden

kaynağını alan; günümüzün teknolojik açıdan çalkantılı, insan bireyliğinin genişlediği, bilimsel vaatlerin geliştiği ve ahlaki

belirsizliğin arttığı dünyasına yön verme ve açıklık sağlama yeteneğine sahip yaşam yolunu inceliyorum.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyoteknolojik gelişme, Din, Erdem, Ahlak, Çeşitlilik, Çoğulculuk, Hinduizm

Advancing Biotechnology, Moral Crossroads and Religion: A Window through Hinduism

Öz

Today’s world is, technological and market driven. Our moral convictions are exposed to emerging imperatives of scientific

promise and commercialisation, threatening our long cherished assumptions of morality. In the prevailing milieu, the

concepts of right and wrong have to be interpreted in the context of individual and community perspectives, keeping intact

the interests of heterogeneous groups as well as the present and future generations. Diversity needs to be blended with

pluralism. At times, it reflects a unique conflict of equity and legitimacy. The roots of orderly human conduct lie in human

virtues, which are innate and universal, providing a chaste and candid tool to determine moral content of human pursuits.

For centuries, religion has been a bastion of human virtues, opening a divine path of wisdom and orderly conduct. Religion

has a unique property of convergence to truth. Religion is thus a profoundly enabling institution providing insights in to

phenomena, which lie beyond our knowledge and control. In this paper, I explore the positive reflections as enshrined in the

Indian perception, known as Hinduism, a way of life blending spirituality and belief, blessed with unique wisdom and insight,

rooted in intrinsic human virtues, having the capability to provide direction and clarity in today’s world of technological

turbulence, expanding human personhood, evolving scientific promise and growing moral ambiguity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biotechnological advancement, Religion, Virtue, Morality, Diversity, Pluralism, Hinduism

Kaynakça

• Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 htshttp://www.un.org/en/universaldeclaration-human-rights/
• Beauchamp, Tom L and James F. Childress. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
• Binion, Gayle. “Reproductive Freedom and the Constitution: The Limits on Choice.” 4 Berkeley Women’s L.J., 12, 1988. http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bglj/vol4/iss1/2]
• Boivin, J- Pennings, G. “Parenthood Should be Regarded as a Right”. Arch Dis Child 90 (2005): 784-785. [Available at http://adc.bmj.com/content/90/8/784.full.html]
• Byk, C. “A Map to a New Treasure Island: the Human Genome and the Concept of Common Heritage.” J Med Philos. 23, no.3 (1998): 234–46.
• Casini, Marina et. al., “Object of Property or Human Being: The Status of the Human Embryo before the European Court of Human Rights.” Journal for Medical Ethics and Bioethics 21, no.1-2 (2014): 2-13.
• Chinmayananda, Swami. The Art of Man Making, 114 Short Talks on The Bhagvad Gita. India: Cental Chinmaya Mission, 2000.
• Coleman, Carl H. “Assisted Reproductive Technologies and the Constitution.” Fordham Urban Law Journal 30, no.1, (2002), article 4 [Available at http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol30/iss1/4]
• European Court of Human Rights, Parrillo v. Italy, Application No. 46470/11, Judgment dated 27-08-15 (http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#)
• Fikes, Bradley J. “New Machines Can Sequence Human Genome in One Hour.” Illumina announces The San Diego Union-Tribune (January 9, 2017) https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/biotech/sd-me-illumina-novaseq-20170109-story.html
• JA., Robertson.Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
• Kaul, Inge- Grunberg, Isabelle- Stern, Marc A. (eds.). Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. NY: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• Kishore, R. R. “Human Organs, Scarcities and Sale: Morality Revisited.” Journal of Medical Ethics 31, (2005): 362-365.
• Kishore, R. R. “Biomedical Research and Mining of the Poor: The Need for Their Exclusion.” Science and Engineering Ethics 12, (2006): 175-183.
• Kishore, R. R. “Aruna Shanbaug and the Right to Die with Dignity: the Battle Continues.” Indian Journal of Medical Ethics 1, no.1, (2016): 38-46.
• Kishore, R. R., “Born from the Ashes: Ethics and Law of Posthumous Reproduction,” EJAIB (Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics) 27, no. 6, (2017): 190-201. http://www.eubios.info/EJAIB112017.pdf
• Meyer, Michelle N. “State’s Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technologies. What Does the U. S Constitution Allow?” Harvard Public Law Working Paper [http://www.rockinst.org/pdf/health_care/2009-07-States_Regulation_ART.pdf]
• Moore v. Regents of University of California, 793 P.2d 479 (Cal. 1990) California Supreme Court https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2608931/moore-v-regents-of-university-of-california/
• Morgan, Derek. “Rights and Legal Status of Embryos.” Australian Health Law Bulletin 4, no. 7, 1996.
• O’Rourke, Kevin D. “Is the Human Embryo a Person?.” Neiswanger Institute of Bioethics and Public Policy Stritch School of Medicine. Chicago: Loyola University. http://opcentral.org/resources/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Embryo-as-Person.pdf
• Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948, htshttp://www.un.org/en/universaldeclaration-human-rights/
• Renugadevi, R. “Environmental Ethics in the Hindu Vedas and Puranas in India.” African Journal of History and Culture (AJHC) 4, no. 1 (2012): 1-3. http://www.academicjournals.org/app/webroot/article/article1381908933_Renugadevi.pdf
• Robertson, John A. “Noncoital Reproduction and Procreative Liberty.” Southern California Law Review 59 (1986): 939-1041.
• Sataline, Suzanne- Sample, Ian. “Scientist in China Defends Human Embryo Gene Editing”, The Guardian (28 November, 2018). https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/nov/28/scientistin-china-defends-human-embryo-gene-editing
• Shaffer, Gregory. “International Law and Global Public Goods in a Legal Pluralist World.” European Journal of International Law 23, no. 3 (2012): 669–693. https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/23/3/669/39976.
• Shapo, Helene S. “Frozen Pre-Embryos and the Right to Change One’s Mind.” Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 12, no.75 (2002): 75-103.
• Velverde, J. L. “The Legal Challenge in Assisted Human Reproduction.” Pharmaceutical Policy and Law 9 (2007): 163-185.