Araştırma Makalesi
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Termination of Marriages through Arbitration in Countries Where Muslims Are a Minority and the Challenges Encountered: The Case of the Netherlands

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 35 , 267 - 290, 28.02.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1524729

Öz

Within the scope of this article, the Netherlands, a country where Muslims are in minority, will be analysed. In the Netherlands, there are official religious authorities (arbitration boards) of the Jewish and Christian communities in divorce cases. These authorities play an active role in the finalisation of religious marriages. However, there is no similar official religious organisation for Muslims. This situation causes serious problems in the divorce process, especially for Muslim women. Although this problem is sometimes tried to be solved by local imams, sometimes by civil society organisations and sometimes by law, a permanent solution cannot be offered. The solutions offered by the imams are insufficient since they do not have legal sanction authority. Although CSOs provide religious and legal support, they also cannot compel husbands to divorce, making their efforts incomplete. Dutch courts also take Islamic family law into consideration from time to time based on international legal values such as women’s rights and freedom of religion. In this context, in some cases, courts may force husbands to divorce to meet the divorce demands of women. However, such decisions taken by the courts only provide temporary solutions in individual cases and do not address the lack of an overall system. Therefore, to overcome these difficulties in the divorce process of Muslim women, an official Islamic religious authority should be established in the Netherlands. This authority should have the authority to apply Islamic family law and deal with the divorce requests of Muslim women fairly. Within the scope of this article, the official institutions that other religious groups apply for divorce cases, the ways that Muslims can apply for divorce, whether these ways are sufficient or not, and suggestions for solutions will be presented.

Kaynakça

  • Adak, Nurşen. “Evlilik veya Evlilik Dışı Birlikte Yaşama: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Sosyoloji Dergisi 23/40 (2016), 23-40. google scholar
  • Berger, Maurits. Sharia Law in Canada- Also Possible in the Netherlands?. Crossing Borders Essays in European and Private İnternational Law Hollanda: Leiden University Press, 2006. 173-184. google scholar
  • Berger, Maurits S. “Responding to sharia in the Netherlands”. Can. J. of Netherlandic Studies 33/2 (2013). 129-152. google scholar
  • Blois, Matthijs. “Religious Law Versus Secular Law The Example of the Get Refusal in Dutch, English and Israeli law”. Utrecht Law Review 6/2 (2010). google scholar
  • Büchler, Andrea. “Islamic Family Law in Europe? From Dichotomies to Discourse or: Beyond Cultural and Religious İdentity in Family Law”. International Journal of Law in Context 8/2 (2012), 196-210. google scholar
  • De Kroon, Eefje. “Islamic Law, Secular Law, and Societal Norms:The Recognition of Islamic Legal Practices in them Netherlands and the Protection of Muslim Women’s Human Rights”. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 36/2 (2016), 153-183. google scholar
  • Deogratias, Benedicta. Trapped in a Religious Marriage. (Netherlands: Maastricht University, Doktora Tezi, 2019. google scholar
  • Eijk, Esther Van. “Khul' Divorce in the Netherlands: Dutch Muslim Women Seeking Religious google scholar
  • Divorce”. İslamic Law and Society 26 (2019). google scholar
  • Family Law. Erişim 15 Haziran 2021. https://www.government.nl/topics/family-law/marriage-registered-partnership-and cohabitation-agreements. google scholar
  • “Halachic Methods”. Erişim 27 Haziran 2024. google scholar
  • https://internationalbeitdin.org/halachic-methods/ google scholar
  • Hupkes, Marius. “How far do Dutch courts go in enforcing religious divorces?” Hupkes Advocaten. Erişim 28 Haziran 2024. https://www.hupkeslawyers.com/how-far-do-dutch-courts-go-in-enforcing-religious-divorces/ google scholar
  • Huussen, Jr. “Legislation on the Position of the Jews in the Dutch Republic”. The Legal History Review 69/1-2 (2001). google scholar
  • Historie van Joods Amsterdam. Erişim 26 Haziran 2024. https://www.nihs.nl/jga-nihs/historie/ historie-van-joods-amsterdam/ google scholar
  • In the Netherlands, Judges can lock up jewish man who refuse divorce. Erişim 30 Haziran 2024 https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/the-netherlands/in-the-netherlands-judges-can-lock-up-jewish-men-who-refuse-divorce/ google scholar
  • Invantarissen. Erişim 25 Haziran 2024 https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/details/714/keywords/ nihs google scholar
  • Investigation: No Sharia Courts in the Netherlands. Erişim 15 Haziran 2024. https://www.government. nl/latest/news/2010/04/23/investigation-no-sharia courts-in-the-netherlands google scholar
  • “Judicial system Netherlands”. Erişim 24 Haziran 2021. https://www.rechtspraak.nl/English google scholar
  • Keskin, Cevdet. “Hollanda’da İslam ve Müslümanlar”. Diyanet Aylık Dergi 314 (2017). google scholar
  • L. G. H. Bakker, Sharia in the Netherlands a Study of Islamic Counselling and Conflict Resolution Among Muslims in the Netherlands (Adalet Bakanlığı Araştırma ve Dokümantasyon Merkezi (Wetenschappelijk Onderzoeken Documentatie Centrum -WODC-, 2009), 3. google scholar
  • Liphshiz, Cnaan. “Dutch Judges can Sanction Jewish Men Who Refuse to Give Wives Religious Divorce”. The Times of Israel. Erişim 30 Haziran 2024. https://www.timesofisrael.com/dutch-judges-can-sanction-jewish-men-who-refuse-to-give-wives-religious-divorce/ google scholar
  • “Our vision”. Erişim 1 Temmuz 2024. https://internationalbeitdin.org/about/ google scholar
  • Rajani, Shayan. “Protest For The Prophet: The Production and Performance of the Anti- Ahmedı Movement”. Boston: Tufts University, Department of History, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2012. google scholar
  • Sportel, Iris. “Who’s Afraid of Islamic Family Law? Dealing with Shari‘a-based Family Law Systems in the Netherlands”. Religion&Gender 7/1 (2017), 53-69. google scholar
  • Vlaardingerbroek, Paul. “Marriage, Divorce, and Living Arrangements in the Netherlands”. Family Law Quarterly 29/3 (1995). google scholar

Müslümanların Azınlıkta Olduğu Ülkelerde Evliliklerin Tahkim İle Sonlandırılması ve Karşılaşılan Sorunlar: Hollanda Örneği

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 35 , 267 - 290, 28.02.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1524729

Öz

Bu makale kapsamında Müslümanların azınlıkta olduğu ülkelerden Hollanda incelenecektir. Hollanda’da boşanma davalarında Yahudi ve Hristiyan topluluklarının resmi dini otoriteleri (tahkim kurulları) bulunmaktadır. Bu otoriteler, dini nikahların sonlandırılmasında aktif rol oynamaktadırlar. Ancak Müslümanlar için benzer bir resmi dini kurum bulunmamaktadır. Bu durum, özellikle Müslüman kadınlar için boşanma sürecinde ciddi sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Bu sorun bazen yerel imamlar, bazen sivil toplum kuruluşları bazen de hukuk yolu ile halledilmeye çalışılsa da soruna kalıcı bir çözüm sunulamamaktadır. İmamların sunduğu çözümler, hukuki yaptırım yetkisi olmadığından yetersiz kalmaktadır. Sivil toplum kuruluşları (Stk)’nın çalışmaları da dini ve hukuki destek sunma noktasında yeterli gözükse de kocayı talak vermeye zorlama yetkileri olmadığından kalıcı bir çözüm değildir. Hollanda mahkemeleri de kadın hakları ve din özgürlüğü gibi uluslararası hukuki değerlere dayanarak zaman zaman İslam aile hukukunu dikkate almaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bazı durumlarda mahkemeler, kadınların boşanma taleplerini karşılamak adına kocaları boşanmaya zorlayabilmektedir. Ancak mahkemelerin aldığı bu tür kararlar, yalnızca bireysel vakalarda geçici çözümler sağlamaktadır ve genel bir sistem eksikliğini gidermemektedir. Bu nedenle Müslüman kadınların boşanma süreçlerindeki bu zorlukların üstesinden gelmek için, Hollanda’da Müslümanların işlerinin çözümü için resmi bir dini otoritenin kurulması gerekmektedir. Bu otorite, İslam aile hukukunu uygulayacak ve Müslüman kadınların boşanma taleplerini adil bir şekilde ele alacak yetkiye sahip olmalıdır. Bu makale kapsamında diğer dini grupların boşanma davalarında başvurdukları resmî kurumlar, Müslümanların boşanma için başvuracakları yollar ve bu yolların yeterli olup olmadığı ve çözüm önerileri sunulacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Adak, Nurşen. “Evlilik veya Evlilik Dışı Birlikte Yaşama: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Sosyoloji Dergisi 23/40 (2016), 23-40. google scholar
  • Berger, Maurits. Sharia Law in Canada- Also Possible in the Netherlands?. Crossing Borders Essays in European and Private İnternational Law Hollanda: Leiden University Press, 2006. 173-184. google scholar
  • Berger, Maurits S. “Responding to sharia in the Netherlands”. Can. J. of Netherlandic Studies 33/2 (2013). 129-152. google scholar
  • Blois, Matthijs. “Religious Law Versus Secular Law The Example of the Get Refusal in Dutch, English and Israeli law”. Utrecht Law Review 6/2 (2010). google scholar
  • Büchler, Andrea. “Islamic Family Law in Europe? From Dichotomies to Discourse or: Beyond Cultural and Religious İdentity in Family Law”. International Journal of Law in Context 8/2 (2012), 196-210. google scholar
  • De Kroon, Eefje. “Islamic Law, Secular Law, and Societal Norms:The Recognition of Islamic Legal Practices in them Netherlands and the Protection of Muslim Women’s Human Rights”. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 36/2 (2016), 153-183. google scholar
  • Deogratias, Benedicta. Trapped in a Religious Marriage. (Netherlands: Maastricht University, Doktora Tezi, 2019. google scholar
  • Eijk, Esther Van. “Khul' Divorce in the Netherlands: Dutch Muslim Women Seeking Religious google scholar
  • Divorce”. İslamic Law and Society 26 (2019). google scholar
  • Family Law. Erişim 15 Haziran 2021. https://www.government.nl/topics/family-law/marriage-registered-partnership-and cohabitation-agreements. google scholar
  • “Halachic Methods”. Erişim 27 Haziran 2024. google scholar
  • https://internationalbeitdin.org/halachic-methods/ google scholar
  • Hupkes, Marius. “How far do Dutch courts go in enforcing religious divorces?” Hupkes Advocaten. Erişim 28 Haziran 2024. https://www.hupkeslawyers.com/how-far-do-dutch-courts-go-in-enforcing-religious-divorces/ google scholar
  • Huussen, Jr. “Legislation on the Position of the Jews in the Dutch Republic”. The Legal History Review 69/1-2 (2001). google scholar
  • Historie van Joods Amsterdam. Erişim 26 Haziran 2024. https://www.nihs.nl/jga-nihs/historie/ historie-van-joods-amsterdam/ google scholar
  • In the Netherlands, Judges can lock up jewish man who refuse divorce. Erişim 30 Haziran 2024 https://eurojewcong.org/news/communities-news/the-netherlands/in-the-netherlands-judges-can-lock-up-jewish-men-who-refuse-divorce/ google scholar
  • Invantarissen. Erişim 25 Haziran 2024 https://archief.amsterdam/inventarissen/details/714/keywords/ nihs google scholar
  • Investigation: No Sharia Courts in the Netherlands. Erişim 15 Haziran 2024. https://www.government. nl/latest/news/2010/04/23/investigation-no-sharia courts-in-the-netherlands google scholar
  • “Judicial system Netherlands”. Erişim 24 Haziran 2021. https://www.rechtspraak.nl/English google scholar
  • Keskin, Cevdet. “Hollanda’da İslam ve Müslümanlar”. Diyanet Aylık Dergi 314 (2017). google scholar
  • L. G. H. Bakker, Sharia in the Netherlands a Study of Islamic Counselling and Conflict Resolution Among Muslims in the Netherlands (Adalet Bakanlığı Araştırma ve Dokümantasyon Merkezi (Wetenschappelijk Onderzoeken Documentatie Centrum -WODC-, 2009), 3. google scholar
  • Liphshiz, Cnaan. “Dutch Judges can Sanction Jewish Men Who Refuse to Give Wives Religious Divorce”. The Times of Israel. Erişim 30 Haziran 2024. https://www.timesofisrael.com/dutch-judges-can-sanction-jewish-men-who-refuse-to-give-wives-religious-divorce/ google scholar
  • “Our vision”. Erişim 1 Temmuz 2024. https://internationalbeitdin.org/about/ google scholar
  • Rajani, Shayan. “Protest For The Prophet: The Production and Performance of the Anti- Ahmedı Movement”. Boston: Tufts University, Department of History, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2012. google scholar
  • Sportel, Iris. “Who’s Afraid of Islamic Family Law? Dealing with Shari‘a-based Family Law Systems in the Netherlands”. Religion&Gender 7/1 (2017), 53-69. google scholar
  • Vlaardingerbroek, Paul. “Marriage, Divorce, and Living Arrangements in the Netherlands”. Family Law Quarterly 29/3 (1995). google scholar
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İslam Hukuku
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fezanur Gökçen 0000-0002-6644-6457

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 19 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 35

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Gökçen, Fezanur. “Müslümanların Azınlıkta Olduğu Ülkelerde Evliliklerin Tahkim İle Sonlandırılması Ve Karşılaşılan Sorunlar: Hollanda Örneği”. Darulfunun Ilahiyat 35, Şubat (Şubat 2025): 267-90. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1524729.