Modern Approach to Orthodox Judaism: Azriel Hildesheimer (1820-1899) and Rab biner-Seminar Fuer Das Orthodoxe Judentum

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 2, 535 - 568, 29.12.2024

Mustafa Şahin

https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.34.2.1449735

Öz

The Enlightenment period and the subsequent emancipation process marked the beginning of a new phase of change and transformation for European Jews. The idea of change that is intended to be integrated with the modern world has also manifested itself in the religious field. In the 19th century, some approaches that sought harmony with modernity also emerged between Reform Judaism and the traditional religious understanding, which represented two opposite poles while adhering to the basic teachings of the rabbinic tradition. German rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer (1820-1899) is among those who put forward a new vision in this direction. Rabbiner-Seminar Fuer Das Orthodoxe Judentum, founded under his leadership in Berlin, is the first Orthodox educational institution based on Wissenschaft des Judentums. Although he was subjected to intense criticism from the traditional wing during his time, Hildesheimer’s influence can be felt considerably in the context of the Orthodox tradition centred on Yeshiva University in the United States.
With his attempt to provide open-mindedness to traditional religious thought, Hildesheimer was one of the few key f igures who shaped Modern Orthodox (Neo-Orthodox) Judaism. This article examines the nature, dimensions, and effects of Hildesheimer’s idea of modernising Orthodoxy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Modern Orthodox Judaism, Azriel Hildesheimer, Integration, Science of Judaism, Rabbiner-Seminar Fuer Das Orthodoxe Judentum, Jewish Unity

Ortodoks Yahudiliğe Modern Bir Yaklaşım: Azriel Hildesheimer (1820-1899) ve Rabbiner-Seminar Fuer Das Orthodoxe Judentum (Ortodoks Yahudilik Rabbani Okulu)

Öz

Aydınlanma dönemi ve ardından tecrübe edilen özgürleşme süreci, Avrupa Yahudileri için yeni bir değişim ve dönüşüm evresinin başlangıcı olmuştur. Modern dünyaya entegre olabilme amacına matuf değişim düşüncesi dini alanda da kendisini göstermiştir. 19. yüzyıl içerisinde iki karşıt kutbu temsil eden Reform Yahudiliği ile geleneksel din anlayışı arasında rabbani geleneğin temel öğretilerine bağlı kalmak kaydıyla modernite ile uyum arayışında olan yaklaşımlar da ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu doğrultuda yeni bir vizyon ortaya koyan isimlerin başında Alman rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer (1820-1899) gelir. Berlin’de onun liderliğinde kurulan Rabbiner-Seminar Fuer Das Orthodoxe Judentum (Ortodoks Yahudilik Rabbani Okulu), Wissenschaft des Judentums’u (Yahudilik Bilimi) temel alan ilk Ortodoks eğitim kurumu olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Kendi döneminde geleneksel kanadın yoğun eleştirisine maruz kalmış olsa da bugün Amerika’da Yeşiva Üniversitesi merkezli Ortodoks geleneğin arka planında Hildesheimer’ın etkisi önemli oranda hissedilmektedir.
Geleneksel din anlayışına düşünce genişliği kazandırma girişimiyle Hildesheimer, Modern Ortodoks (Neo-Ortodoks) Yahudiliğe rengini veren birkaç kilit isimden biridir. Bu makale, Hildesheimer’ın Ortodoksiyi modernize etme düşüncesinin mahiyeti, boyutları ve etkilerini inceleyecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Modern Ortodoks Yahudilik, Azriel Hildesheimer, Entegrasyon, Yahudilik Bilimi, Rabbiner-Seminar Fuer Das Orthodoxe Judentum, Yahudi Birliği

Kaynakça

• Altmann, Alexander. “Theology in Twentieth-Century German Jewry”. The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 1, no. 1 (1956): 193-216. google scholar
• Altuncu, Abdullah. “Haskala Sırasında Din-Bilim Çatışması: Onay Belgeleri, Bilim Kitapları ve Rabbani Din Adamları”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 59, no. 2 (2018): 113-138. google scholar
• Bağır, Muhammed Ali. “Ortodoks Yahudiliğin Tevrat Eleştirisine Yaklaşımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme”. Tarihten Günümüze Yahudilik, ed. Abdullah Altuncu, 187-223. Ankara: İlahiyât, 2022. google scholar
• Başaran, İsmail. Muhafazakâr Yahudilik: Tarih, Öğretiler, İbadetler ve Güncel Sorunlar. İstanbul: Arı Sanat Yayınevi, 2017. google scholar
• Berenbaum, Michael. “Jung, Leo”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. C 11. Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 575-576. google scholar
• Berk, Harvey. “B’nai B’rith”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. C 4. Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 13-17. google scholar
• Berman, Saul J. “The Ideology of Modern Orthodoxy”. Sh’ma: A Journal of Jewish Ideas, Şubat 1, 2001. http://shma.com/the-ideology-of-modern-orthodoxy/. google scholar
• Blutinger, Jeffrey C. “‘So-Called Orthodoxy’: The History of an Unwanted Label”. Modern Judaism 27, no. 3 (2007): 310-328. google scholar
• Bramer, Andreas. “The Dilemmas of Moderate Reform. Some Reflection on the Development of Conservative Judaism in Germany 1840-1880”. Jewish Study Quarterly 10, no. 1 (2003): 73-87. google scholar
• Breuer, Mordechai. The “Torah-Im-Derekh-Eretz” of Samson Raphael Hirsch. Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers, 1970. google scholar
• Brown, Benjamin. “Orthodox Judaism”. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism, ed. Jacob Neusner & Alan J. Avery-Peck, 311-334. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. google scholar
• Chyet, Stanley F. & Michael A. Meyer. “Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. C 8. Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 739-740. google scholar
• Davies, Philip R. “Judaism and the Hebrew Scriptures”, The Blackwell Companion to Judaism, ed. Jacob Neusner & Alan J. Avery-Peck, 37-57. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003. google scholar
• Eisner, Isi Jacob. “Reminiscences of the Berlin Rabbinical Seminary”. The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book 12, no. 1 (1967): 32-52. google scholar
• Eleff, Zev. “Jewish Immigrants, Liberal Higher Education, and the Quest for a Torah u-Madda Curriculum at Yeshiva Colllege. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 44, no. 2 (2011): 19-34. google scholar
• Eliav, Mordechai & David Derovan. “Hildesheimer, Azriel”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. C 9. Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 103-104. google scholar
• Eliav, Mordechai. “Various Approaches to Torah Im Derekh Eretz: Ideal and Reality”. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 26, no. 2 (1992): 99-108. google scholar
• Ellenson, David. “A Response by Modern Orthodoxy to Jewish Religious Pluralism: The Case of Esriel Hildesheimer”. Tradition: A Journal of the Orthodox Jewish Thought 17, no. 4 (1979): 74-89. google scholar
• Ellenson, David. “Church-Sect Theory, Religious Authority, And Modern Jewish Orthodoxy: A Case Study”. Approaches to Modern Judaism, ed. Marc Lee Raphael, 63-85. California: Scholars Press, 2020. google scholar
• Ellenson, David. Jewish Meaning in a World of Choice: Studies in Tradition and Modernity. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2014. google scholar
• Ellenson, David. Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer and the Creation of a Modern Jewish Orthodoxy. London: The University of Alabama Press, 1990. google scholar
• Ellenson, David. “Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer and The Quest for Religious Authority: The Earliest Years”. Modern Judaism 1, no. 3 (1981): 279-297. google scholar
• Ellenson, David & Richard Jacobs. “Scholarship and Faith: David Hoffmann and his Relationship to ‘Wissenschaft des Judentums’”. Modern Judaism 8, no. 1 (1988): 27-40. google scholar
• Ellenson, David. “The Orthodox Rabbinate and Apostasy in Nineteenth Century Germany and Hungary”. Jewish Apostasy in the Modern World, ed. Todd Endelman, 165-188. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1987. google scholar
• Ellenson, David. “The Role of Reform in Selected German-Jewish Orthodox Responsa: A Sociological Analysis”. Hebrew Union College Annual 53 (1982): 357-380. google scholar
• Epstein, Isidore (ed). The Babylonian Talmud. London: The Soncino Press, 1935-1952. google scholar
• Ferziger, Adam S. “Hildesheimer, Esriel”. Erişim: 02 Aralık 2023. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/ article.aspx/Hildesheimer_Esriel. google scholar
• Freud-Kandel, Miri. “Modernist Movements”. Modern Judaism: An Oxford Guide, ed. Nicholas de Lange & Miri Freud-Kandel, 81-93. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. google scholar
• Furst, Rachel. The Religious Implications of an Historical Approach to Jewish Studies (Jerusalem: Academy for Torah Initiatives and Directions in Jewish Education, 2001. google scholar
• Ginzberg, Louis. Students, Scholars and Saints. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1928. google scholar
• Goldman, Israel M. “Henry W. Schneeberger: His Rôle in American Judaism”. American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57, no. 2 (1967): 152-190. google scholar
• Gurock, Jeffrey S. “An Orthodox Conspiracy Theory: The Travis Family, Bernard Revel, and the Jewish Theological Seminary”. Modern Judaism 19, no. 3 (1999): 241-253. google scholar
• Gürkan, Salime Leyla. Yahudilik. İstanbul: İsam Yayınları, 2012. google scholar
• Graff, Gil. “Giving Voice to “Torah-True Judaism” in the U.S., 1922-1939: Leo Jung and the Legacy of the Rabbinerseminar”. Modern Judaism 34, no. 2 (2014): 167-187. google scholar
• Graff, Gil. “Toward An Appreciation of the American Legacy of Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer: The U.S. Rabbinate of Three Hildesheimer Students”. Modern Judaism 31, no. 2 (2011): 166-187. google scholar
• HaCohen, Ran. Reclaiming the Hebrew Bible: German-Jewish Reception of Biblical Criticism. trc. M. Engel. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010. google scholar
• Hartston, Barnet. Sensationalizing The Jewish Question: Anti-Semitic Trials and the Press in the Early German Empire. Boston: Brill, 2005. google scholar
• Hasanov, Eldar. Nuh Kanunları ve Nuhilik. İstanbul: İsam Yayınları, 2015. google scholar
• Heilman, Samuel C. “The Many Faces of Orthodoxy, Part I”. Modern Judaism 2, no. 1 (1982): 23-51. google scholar
• Heinemann, Isaac. “Marcus Horovitz”. Jewish Leaders (1750-1940), ed. Leo Jung, 259-273. New York: Bloch Publishing Company, 1953. google scholar
• Hildesheimer, Meir. “Religious Education in Response to Changing Times: Congregation Adass-Isroel Religious School in Berlin”. Zeitschrift für Religions-und Geistesgeschichte 60, no. 2 (2008): 111-130. google scholar
• Jacobson, Maxine. Modern Orthodoxy in American Judaism: The Era of Rabbi Leo Jung. Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2016. google scholar
• Katzburg, Nathaniel. “Orthodoxy”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. C 15. Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 493. google scholar
• Kurt, Ali Osman. “Yahudi Aydınlanma Hareketi: Haskala”. Milel Nihal 7, no. 1 (2010): 33-59. google scholar
• Kurzweil, Zvi E. “Samson Raphael Hirsch: Educationist and Thinker”. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 2, no. 2 (1960): 286-303. google scholar
• Kurzweill, Zvi E. The Modern Impulse of Traditional Judaism. New Jersey: Ktav Publishing House, 1985. google scholar
• Lamm, Norman. Torah Umadda: The Encounter of Religious Learning and Worldly Knowledge in the Jewish Tradition. London: Jason Aronson INC, 1990. google scholar
• Leiman, Shnayer Z. “Did Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer Label Rabbi Zechariah Frankel “An Apostate”?”. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 41, no. 2 (2008): 145-154. google scholar
• Leiman, Shnayer Z. “Rabbinic Openness to General Culture in the Early Modern Period in Western and Central Europe”. Judaism’s Encounter with Other Cultures: Rejection or Integration?, ed. Jacob J. Schacter, 143-217. New York: A Jason Aronson Book, 1997. google scholar
• Levi, Leo. “The Relationship of the Orthodox to Heterodox Organizations: From A Halakhic Analysis by Rabbi S.R. Hirsch”. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 9, no. 3 (1967): 95-102. google scholar
• Meyer, Michael A. Response to Modernity: A History of Reform Movement in Judaism. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995. google scholar
• Middle Way: The Emergence of Modern Religious Trends in Nineteenth-Century Judaism Responses to Modernity in the Philosophy of Z.H. Chajes, S.R. Hirsch, and S.D. Luzzatto, ed. Asael Abelman. Brighton: Academic Studies Press, 2014. google scholar
• Nadell. Pamela S. & Marc Lee Raphael. Conservative Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook. New York. Greenwood Press, 1988. google scholar
• Neusner, Jacob. Judaism: The Basics. London: Routledge, 2006. google scholar
• Özmen, Seda. 18. Yüzyıl Yahudi Aydınlanma Hareketi ve Moses Mendelssohn. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2014. google scholar
• Panitz, Michael. “Jewish Theological Seminary”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. C 11. Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 328-331. google scholar
• Patai, Raphael. The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996. google scholar
• Rakeffet-Rothkoff, Aaron. Bernard Revel: Builder of American Jewish Ortodoxy. New York: Feldheim, 1981. google scholar
• Rudavsky, David. “The Historical School of Zacharias Frankel”. The Jewish Journal of Sociology 5, no. 2 (1963): 224-245. google scholar
• Salihoğlu, Mahmut. “Isaac Mayer Wise: Amerikan Reform Yahudiliğinin Kurucusu”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 33 (2015): 167-178. google scholar
• Salihoğlu, Mahmut. “Avrupa’ya Bir “Giriş” Hikayesi Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888) ve Modern Ortodoks Yahudilik”. Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliğine Girişinin Din Boyutu Sempozyumu (Ankara: 2003): 173-177. google scholar
• Samet, Moshe. “The Beginnings of Orthodoxy”. Modern Judaism 8, no. 3 (1988): 249-269. google scholar
• Schorsch, Ismar. “Ideology and History in the Age of Emancipation”. Heinrich Graetz. The Structure of Jewish History and Other Essays, ed. Ismar Schorsch, 1-63. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1975. google scholar
• Schorsch, Ismar. Jewish Reactions to German Anti-Semitism, 1870-1914. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. google scholar
• Schorsch, Ismar. “Zacharias Frankel and the Europen Origins of Conservative Judaism”. Judaism 30, no. 3 (1981): 344-354. google scholar
• Schreiber, Aaron M. “The Hatam Sofer’s Nuanced Attitude Towards Secular Learning, ‘Maskilim’, and Reformers”. The Torah U-Madda Journal 11 (2002-03): 123-173. google scholar
• Schreiner, Stefan. “Protestant Bible Study and the Jewish Response in the 19th and 20th Centuries”. Jewish Studies Quarterly 10, no. 2 (2003): 140-171. google scholar
• Schwarzfuchs, Simon R. “Alliance Israelite Universelle”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. C 1. Detroit: Mac Millan Reference USA and Keter Publishing House, 2007, 671-674. google scholar
• Shapiro, Marc B. “Rabbi David Zevi Hoffmann on Torah and Wissenschaft”. The Torah U-Madda Journal 6 (1995-1996): 129-137. google scholar
• Shapiro, Marc B. “Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer’s Program of Torah u-Madda”. The Torah U-Madda Journal 9 (2000): 76-86. google scholar
• Shapiro, Marc B. “R. Esriel Hildesheimer on Torah Study for Women”. Tradition 54, no. 3 (2022): 136-144. google scholar
• Sherbok, Dan Cohn. Modern Judaism. London: Macmillan Press, 1996. google scholar
• Sherman, Moshe D. & Marc Lee Raphael. Orthodox Judaism in America: A Biographical Dictionary and Sourcebook. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996. google scholar
• Silber, Michael K. “The Emergence of Ultra-Orthodoxy: The Invention of a Tradition”. The Uses of Tradition: Jewish Continuity in the Modern Era, ed. Jack Wertheimer, 23-84. New York: Harvard University Press, 1992. google scholar
• Singer, David. “The New Orthodox Theology”. Modern Judaism 9, no. 1 (1989): 35-54. google scholar
• Singer, David. “Emanuel Rackman: Gadfly of Modern Orthodoxy”. Modern Judaism 28, no. 2 (2008): 134-148. google scholar
• Singer, Shmuel. “Modern Orthodoxy: Crisis and Solution”. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 23, no. 4 (1988): 47-53. google scholar
• Student, Gil. “Rav Hildesheimer’s Response to Ultra-Orthodoxy”. Hakirah, The Flatbush Journal of Jewish Law and Thought 24 (2018): 37-57. google scholar
• Unna, Isaac. “Ezriel (Israel) Hildesheimer”. Jewish Leaders (1750-1940), ed. Leo Jung, 213-233. New York: Bloch Publishing Company, 1953. google scholar
• Waxman, Chaim I. “American Modern Orthodoxy: Confronting Cultural Challenges”. The Edah Journal 4, no. 1 (2004): 1-13. google scholar
• Weiss, Avraham. “Open Orthodoxy! A Modern Orthodox Rabbi’s Creed”. Judaism 46, no. 4 (1997): 409-421. google scholar
• Wiese, Christian. Challenging Colonial Discourse: Jewish Studies and Protestan Theology in Wilhelmine Germany, Studies in European 10, ed. Giuseppe Veltri. Boston: Brill, 2005. google scholar
• Wurzburger, Walter S. “Cooperation with Non-Orthodox Jews”. Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 22, no. 2 (1986): 33-40. google scholar
• Yedidya, Assaf. “Abraham Berliner and the Making of Orthodox Wissenschaft des Judentums”. Jewish Historiography Between Past and Future: 200 Years of Wissenschaft des Judentums (Studia Judaica 102), ed. Paul Mendes-Flohr & Rachel Livneh-Freudenthal & Guy Miron, 7790. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019. google scholar
• Yedidya, Assaf. “Orthodox Reactions to ‘Wissenschaft des Judentums’”. Modern Judaism 30, no. 1 (2010): 69-94. google scholar
• Yedidya, Assaf. “Orthodox Strategies in the Research of the Wissenschaft des Judentums”, European Journal of Jewish Studies 5, no. 1 (2011): 67-79. google scholar