Çin'de Bölgesel Eşitsizlik: Kronolojik Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 5, 67 - 86, 19.02.2020

Veysel Tekdal

Öz

Son on yıllarda Çin’in ekonomik kalkınmadaki büyük atılımına bölgesel eşitsizliğin artışı eşlik etmiştir. Reformların başlangıcından bu yana, doğu bölgesi ülkenin ekonomik olarak en dinamik kısmı olarak ortaya çıkarken, batı, orta ve kuzeydoğu bölgeleri nispeten geride kalmıştır. Bu makale reform döneminde Çin’de bölgesel eşitsizliğin genel hatlarını değerlendirmektedir. Makale ilk olarak, bölgesel eşitsizliğin büyük ölçüde arttığı 1978'den 2000'lerin ortalarına kadar olan döneme odaklanmaktadır ve bu dönemde bölgesel eşitsizliğin artmasının ardında yatan faktörleri tartışmaktadır. Makalenin ikinci bölümünde, merkezi hükümetin dengeli bölgesel kalkınmaya dönüşü ve daha geniş makroekonomik eğilimler bağlamında 2000'lerin ortalarından bu yana bölgesel eşitsizliğin daralması incelenmektedir.
Makalenin son bölümü, Pekin’in son yıllarda izlemeye başladığı finansal riski ve aşırı kapasiteyi azaltma politikalarının bölgesel eşitsizliğe yansımalarını incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin, Bölgesel Eşitsizlik, Ekonomik Kalkınma, Reform Dönemi

Regional Disparity in China: A Chronological Overview

Öz

Widening regional disparity has accompanied China’s tremendous leap in economic development during recent decades. From the outset of reforms through today, the eastern region has emerged, by far, as the economically most dynamic part of the country, whereas the western, central, and northeast regions have relatively lagged behind. This paper reviews the broad contours of regional disparity in the reform China. The paper first focuses on the period from 1978 to the mid-2000s, during which regional disparity substantially widened, and discusses the drivers of regional disparity during that period. The second section surveys the narrowing of regional disparity since the mid-2000s amid the central government’s turn to balanced regional development and broader macroeconomic trends. The final section examines the implications of Beijing’s recent policies of financial de-risking and curbing overcapacity for the regional disparity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

China, Regional Disparity, Economic Development, Reform Era

Kaynakça

• ANG, Yuen Yuen (2018), “Domestic flying geese: industrial transfer and delayed policy diffusion in China.” The China Quarterly. Erken çevrimiçi basım, 1-24. doi:10.1017/S0305741018000516
• BRAMALL, Chris (2009), Chinese economic development, Oxon: Routledge.
• BRESLIN, Shaun (2007), China and the Global Political Economy, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• BULMAN, David J. (2016), Incentivized Development in China: Leaders, Governance, and Growth in China's Counties, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• CHEN, Zhao, ve Lu Ming (2009), “Is China sacrificing growth when balancing interregional and urban-rural development?”, İçinde Reshaping Economic Geography in East
• Asia, der. Huang Yukon ve Alessandro Magnoli Bocchi, 241-257. Washington DC: World Bank Publications.
• COCHRANE, Steven G., Shu Deng, Abhilasha Singh, Jesse Rogers, ve Britanny Merollo (2019), “China’s Provincial Economies: Growing Together or Pulling Apart?”. Report, Moody’s Analytics. https://www.moodysanalytics.com/-/media/article/2019/china-provincial-economies.pdf
• DONALDSON, John A. (2015), “Regional development policy and regional inequality”. İçinde Handbook of Politics of China, der. David S. Goodman, 187-204. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
• Economist (2016), “Rich province, poor province,” Ekim 1, 2016. https://www.economist.com/china/2016/10/01/rich-province-poor-province
• FAN, C.Cindy ve Mingjie Sun (2008), Regional inequality in China, 1978-2006. Eurasian geography and Economics 49, 1-18.
• FAN, Ziying, ve Guanghua Wan (2016), “The Fiscal Risk of Local Government Revenue in PRC.” Working paper, Asian Development Bank Institute.
• GARNAUT, Ross, Cai Fang, Ligang Song, ve Lauren Johnston (2016), “China’s New Sources of Economic Growth: A supply-side perspective”. İçinde China's new sources of economic growth: Reform, resources and climate change, vol.1, der. Ligang Song, Ross Garnaut, Cai Fang ve Lauren Johnston, 1-21. Canberra: Australian National University E Press.
• GOLLEY, Jane (2010), “Prospects for diminishing regional disparities”. İçinde China:The Next Twenty Years of Reform and Development, der. Ross Garnaut, Jane Golley, ve Ligang Song, 127-150. Canberra: Australian National University E Press.
• GOODMAN, David S.G. (2004), The campaign to “Open up the West”: national, provincial-level and local perspectives. The China Quarterly, 178, 317-334.
• GREWAL, Bhajan S., ve Abdullahi D. Ahmed (2011), “Is China's western region development strategy on track? An assessment.” Journal of Contemporary China, 20 (69), 161-181.
• GUTHRIE, Doug (2006), China and Globalization: the social, economic and political transformation of Chinese society. New York: Routledge.
• HANCOCK, Tom (2019), China’s regions hit by infrastructure spending downturn. Financial Times, 22 Ağustos. https://www.ft.com/content/1eb6d9ac-be6e-11e9-b350-db00d509634e
• HE, Canfei, ve Junsong Wang (2012), “Regional and sectoral differences in the spatial restructuring of Chinese manufacturing industries during the post-WTO period.” GeoJournal 77(3): 361-381.
• HE, Canfei (2009), “Industrial agglomeration and economic performance in transitional China”. İçinde Reshaping Economic Geography in East Asia, der. Yukon Huang ve Alessandro Magnoli Bocchi, 258-281. Washington DC: World Bank Publications.
• HEILMANN, Sebastian, der. (2017), China's Political System. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
• HUANG, Yukon, ve Xubei Luo (2009), "Reshaping economic geography: the China experience". İçinde Reshaping Economic Geography in East Asia, der. by Huang, Yukon, ve Alessandro Magnoli Bocchi. Washington DC: World Bank Publications, pp.196-217.
• KAMAL-CHAOUI, Lamia, Edward Leman, ve Zhang Rufei (2009), “Urban trends and policy in China”. Working paper, OECD.
• KROEBER, Arthur R. (2016), China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press.
• KROLIKOWSKI, Alanna (2017), "Brittle China? Economic and Political Fragility with Global Implications." Global Policy 8: 42-53.
• LAI, Hongyi Harry (2002), China’s western development program: Its rationale, implementation, and prospects. Modern China 28, 432-466.
• LAI, Hongyi Harry (2007), “Developing central China: a new regional programme.” China: An International Journal 5 (1): 109-128.
• LARDY, Nicholas (2015), “China’s economic reforms and growth prospects.” China Economic Journal 8 (2): 95-108.
• LIU, Feng (2009). “New Trends in China’s Regional Economic Development.” İçinde Regional Economic Development in China, der. by Saw Swee-Hock and John Wong, 9- 27. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
• MOSSAVAR-RAHMANİ, Sharmin, Jiming Ha, Maziar Minovi, ve Matheus Dibo (2016), “Walled In: China’s Great Dilemma.” Report, Goldman Sachs.
• National Bureau of Statistics (2017), China Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press.
• National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2016c), The 13th five-year plan for economic and social development of the People’s Republic of China (2016–2020). Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press. (Central Compilation and Translation Bureau, Central Committee of Communist Party of China,Trans.).
• NAUGHTON, Barry J. (2007), The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
• NAUGHTON, Barry J. (2004), “Western Development program”. İçinde Holding China together: Diversity and national integration in the post-Deng era, der. Barry J.
• Naughton, ve Dali L. Yang, 267-295. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• NIU, Wenyuan ve David Y.Q. Chen (2004), “Geographical Background and Sustainable Development”. İçinde Developing China’s West: A critical path to balanced national development, der Y.M. Yeung ve Shen Jianfa, 51-77. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press..
• SAICH, Tony (2001), Governance and politics of China. Hampshire: Palgrave.
• SOLINGER, Dorothy J. (1996), “Despite decentralization: disadvantages, dependence and ongoing central power in the inland-the case of Wuhan.” The China Quarterly 145: 1-34.
• TEKDAL, Veysel (2018), “China's Belt and Road Initiative: at the crossroads of challenges and ambitions”, Pacific Review, 31(3): 373-390.
• TSAI, Kellee S. (2004), “Off Balance: The Unintended Consequences of Fiscal Federalism in China.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 9 (2): 1-26.
• TSAI, Kellee S. (2016), “Cosmopolitan Capitalism: Local State-Society Relations in China and India.” The Journal of Asian Studies, 75(02): 335-361.
• WEI, Houkai (2013), “Regional Economic Development in China: Agglomeration and Relocation.” İçinde The micro-analysis of regional economy in China: a perspective of firm relocation (Vol. 3), der. Wei Houkai, Wang Yeqiang, and Mei Bai, 1-27. Singapore: World Scientific.
• WEI, Houkai (2014), “The achievements and obstacles of China’s western development.” İçinde China's Evolving Industrial Policies and Economic Restructuring, der. Zheng Yongnian, Sarah Y. Tong, 226-240. Oxon: Routledge.
• WU, Weiping, ve Gaubatz, Piper (2013), The Chinese City. Oxon: Routledge. YAO, Yang (2009), “The political economy of government policies toward regional inequality in
• China”. İçinde Reshaping Economic Geography in East Asia, der.Huang Yukon ve Alessandro Magnoli Bocchi. Washington DC: World Bank Publications, 218-240.
• YEUNG, Yue-man, ve Jianfa Shen (2009), “Coastal China’s urban-rural spatial restructuring under globalization.” İçinde Reshaping Economic Geography in East Asia, der.
• Huang Yukon ve Alessandro Magnoli Bocchi, 294-319. Washington DC: World Bank Publications. YU, Hong (2015), Chinese Regions in Change: Industrial Upgrading and Regional Development Strategies. New York and Oxon: Routledge.
• ZHAN, Jing Vivian (2009), “Decentralizing China: analysis of central strategies in China's fiscal reforms.” Journal of Contemporary China 18(60): 445-462.
• ZHANG, Jun, ve Jamie Peck (2014), “Variegated Capitalism, Chinese Style: Regional Models, Multi-scalar Constructions.” Regional Studies 50(1): 52-78. ZHANG, Jun (2014), “Global Economic Crisis and the ‘Spatial Fix’of China’s World Factory: The Great ‘Long March’Inland.” İçinde Global economic crisis and the politics of diversity, der. Yıldız Atasoy, 132-154. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ZHANG, Longmei (2016), “Rebalancing in China – Progress and Prospects”. Working paper, International Monetary
• Fund. ZHU, Shengjun, ve John Pickles (2014), “Bring in, go up, go west, go out: Upgrading, regionalisation and delocalisation in China’s apparel production networks.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 44 (1): 36-63.