FEMALE SLAVERY THE EVOLUTION OF WOMEN IN THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY IN MESOPOTAMIA AND THE ANCIENT EGYPT

Öz

Kölelik, modern dünyada da hala varolan en eski kurumlardan biridir. İlk yerleşik toplumlardan, günümüze kadar, kölelik kurumu, toplumların ihtiyaçları, kültürleri ve diğer toplumlarla olan münasebetleriyle şekillenmiştir. İlk örneklerinde, savaş esirleri ve borçlu kişiler köle olarak alınırdı. Fakat daha sonraki uygulamaya ilişkin örneklerde, kişilerin borçlarını ödeyemediği durumlarda borçlarına karşılık olarak kasıtlı bir şekilde köleliği seçtiğini görmekteyiz. Sümerler ve Babiller gibi toplumlarda kölelerin sahip olduğu hakları düzenleyen yasal kurallar vardır. Köleliğin ilk örneklerinde cinsiyet farkına dair belli bir uygulama olmamasına ragmen, fadın kölelerin görev tanımları hizmetçilikten cariyeliğe doğru ciddi bir şekilde kaymıştır. Bu değişimin sebebi orta sınıf toplumlardaki ataerkil veya ev işlerine yönelik kölelikten daha gelişmiş toplumlardaki ‘mal’ anlayışı ile yürütülen köleliğe dönüşümün kölelik algısına ve uygulamasına etkisidir. Kısacası, bu çalışma Mesopotamya ve Antik Mısır medeniyetlerinde ki cinsiyetler arası uygulama farklarını analiz edip, bu farkların kölelik uygulamalarına yansımasını ve köleliği günlük hayata adapte eden toplumları değerlendirecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• kölelik,Mesopotamya,kadın köleliği,antik mısır,kölelik ve hukuk

FEMALE SLAVERY THE EVOLUTION OF WOMEN IN THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY IN MESOPOTAMIA AND THE ANCIENT EGYPT

Öz

Slavery has been one of the oldest institution that is still alive in modern world. From the first urban societies to the modern world, the institution of slavery has been evolved by societies’ needs, traditions and interaction among other societies. At first practices, war captives and indebted persons were taken into slavery. However, in later practices, we can notice that indebted persons, without any pressure, choose a being slave in order to pay their debts with their consent. Some societies such as Sumer and Babylonia have utilized specific legal norms to regulate slaves’ rights. Despite the fact that there were no certain differences among gender at first slavery practices, missions of female slaves have been dramatically transformed from servant to concubine. The reason of this is the transformation in perception and practice which mean evolution from household or “patriarchal” slavery within pre-class societies to “commodity” slavery within well-developed societies. In short, this study analyses differences in the gender-based practices of slavery in pre-class societies which are Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt and evaluates the reflections of them not only in general practices of slavery but also in societies that adopt slavery into their daily life.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mesopotamia,The Institution of Slavery,Ancient Egypt,Female Slavery,Slavery and Law

Kaynakça

1. Abadan, Y. (1943). Hukuk Başlangıcı ve Tarihi- Law and its History. First Edition. Istanbul: İ.Ü. Hukuk Fakültesi Talebe Cemiyeti. Bahar, Hİ. (2009). Sosyoloji. Ankara: USAK. Bales, K. (1999). Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. First Edition. California: University of California Press. Billard, J. B. (1978). Ancient Egypt: Discovering its Splendors. First Edition. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. Black, J. (2011). A Brief History of Slavery: A New Global History. First Edition. London: Constable and Robinson. Blundell S. (1995). Women in Ancient Greece. First Edition. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Bozkurt, G. (1981). Eski Hukuk Sistemlerinde Kölelik-Slavery in the Old Legal Systems. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(1-4), 65-103. Braund, D. (2009). The Slave Supply in Classical Greece. Bradley, K. and Cartledge, P. (eds.) The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 1, The Ancient Mediterranean World. First Edition. Cambridge University Press. Darga, A. M. (1984). Eski Anadolu’da Kadın- Women in Old Anatolia. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları. Digital History. The Origins and Nature of New World Slavery: Slavery in the Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern Worlds. Accessed at: 27.09.2017, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook_print.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3027 Driver, GR. and Miles, JC. (1960). The Babylonian Laws. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Engin, N. (1998). Osmanlı Devletinde Kölelik - Slavery in Ottoman Empire. First Edition. İstanbul: M.Ü İlahiyat Fakültesi Yayınları. Finley, M. (1981). Economy and Society in Ancient Greece. London: Chatto and Windus. Fynn-Paul, J. (2009). Empire, Monotheism and Slavery in the Greater Mediterranean Region from Antiquity to the Early Modern Era. Past&Present, 205(3), 3-40. Gardner, J.F. (2009). Slavery and Roman Law. Bradley, K. and Cartledge, P. (eds.) The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 1, The Ancient Mediterranean World. First Edition. Cambridge University Press. Hasting, J. (1911). Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (4.Cilt).New York: Charles Scribners Sons. History of Slavery. Accessed at 27.09.2017, http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac41 Kınal, F. (1987). Eski Anadolu Tarihi- Old Anatolian History. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu. Kışlalı, AT. (1984). Eski Yunan’da Demokrasi ve Demokratik Düşünce- Democracy in Antique Greece and Democratic Taught. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 17(1), 63-77. Kovalev S. and Diakov V. (2010). İlkçağ Tarihi Cilt 1: Orta Doğu, Uzak Doğu, Eski Yunan - Ancient History Vol. 1: Middle East, Far East, Ancient Greece. Second Edition. İstanbul: Yordam Yayınevi. Kyrtatas, D.J. (2009). Slavery and economy in the Greek World. Bradley, K. and Cartledge, P. (eds.) The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 1, The Ancient Mediterranean World. First Edition. Cambridge University Press. Langer, W. (1948). An Encyclopaedia of World History. Massachusetts: The Riverside Press. Malay, H. (1990). Çağlar Boyu Kölelik: Eski Yunan ve Roma - Slavery Through the Ages: Ancient Greece and Rome. Ankara: Gündogan Yayınları. Marx, K. (1973). The Grundrisse. London: Penguin. Mussio, S. (2008). Slavery in Ancient Greece. Accessed at: 27.02.2017, http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/sirrobhitch.suffolk/Portland%20State%20University%20Greek%20Civilization%20Home%20Page%20v2/docs/1/kirsten.html. (27.02.2012). Okandan, R. (1951). Umumi Hukuk Tarihi Dersleri - Common Law History Lessons. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınevi. Padgug, RA. (1976). Problems in the Theory of Slavery and Slave Society. Science & Society, 40(1), 3-27. Perry, M. (2012). Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society. Tenth Edition. Boston: Wadsworth. Plessis, P. (2010). Borkowski’s Textbook on Roman Law. Fourth Edition. Hampshire: Oxford University Press. Pomeroy, S. B. (2002). Spartan Women. First Edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Pomeroy, SB. (1995). Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity. Second Edition. New York: Schocken Books. Rihll, T.E. (2009). Classical Athens. Bradley, K. and Cartledge, P. (eds.) The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 1, The Ancient Mediterranean World. First Edition. Cambridge University Press. Rives, J. (1995). Human Sacrifice Among Pagans and Christians. Journal of Roman Studies, 85, 65-85 Roberts, JM. (2007). The New Penguin History of the World. Fifth Edition. London: Penguin. Saggs, HWF. (1968). The Greatness that was Babylon. First Edition. New York, Hawthorn Books Scheidel, W. (2009). The Roman Slave Supply. Bradley, K. and Cartledge, P. (eds.) The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 1, The Ancient Mediterranean World. First Edition. Cambridge University Press. Smith, W. (1875). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray. Sohm, R. (1970). Kirchenrecht, I Die geschichtlichen Grundlagen (Leipzig 1892). The Institute of Gaius. The Four Commentaries of Gaius on The Institutes of Civil Law. Accessed at: 09.03.2012, http://thelatinlibrary.com/law/gaius4.html. Tosun, M. (1973). Sümer, Babil, Asurlularda Hukuk - Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria and Law. Belleten, 37(148), 557, 581. Tosun, M. and Yalvaç, K. (1975). Sümer, Babil, Asur Kanunları ve Amni-saduqa Fermanı – Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian Laws and Amni- saduqa Prescript. Ankara: TTK. Walvin, J. (2006). Atlas of Slavery. First Edition. Edinburg: Pearson Longman. Woolley, CL. (1965). The Sumerians. New York: The North Library.