THE HUMAN SECURITY OPTION FOR EUROPEAN UNION ENLARGEMENT POLICY: BOSNIA- HERZEGOVINA EXAMPLE

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 56 - 71, 30.04.2018

Selahattin Ertürk Çiftçi

Öz

Balkans in which war, instability, ethnic problems and crime are escalated with the disintegration of

Yugoslavia, have importance for Europe through either economic or security concerns. In accordance with these

concerns, European Union has started being interested to the region and developing policies since the beginning

of the nineties. Firstly, European Union has continued the security approach, which was taken over from US.

However, either emergence of human security or change about the threats and security perceptions in the region

forced European Union to review its current enlargement policy. Bosnia-Herzegovina protests in 2014 resemble

these changing security perceptions. In this article, feasibility of implementation of human security concept in

European Union’s enlargement policy will be debated specific to Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union, Enlargement Policy, Human Security, Western Balkans, Bosnia- Herzegovin

AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ GENİŞLEME POLİTİKASI İÇİN İNSAN GÜVENLİĞİ SEÇENEĞİ: BOSNA-HERSEK ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Yugoslavya’nın dağılmasıyla birlikte savaş, istikrarsızlık, etnik sorunlar ve suçun iyice tırmandığı

Balkanlar, Avrupa açısından da gerek ekonomik gerekçeler gerekse güvenlik kaygıları sebebiyle önem

taşımaktadır. Bu kaygılar doğrultusunda Avrupa Birliği, doksanların başından itibaren bölgeye ilgi duymaya ve

politikalar geliştirmeye başlamıştır. Bu politikalar kapsamında AB öncelikle ABD’den devralmış olduğu güvenlik

anlayışını devam ettirmiştir. Fakat gerek insan güvenliği kavramının gelişimi gerekse bölgedeki tehdit ve güvenlik

algılamalarının değişimi Avrupa Birliği’ni, mevcut genişleme politikasını gözden geçirmeye zorlamaktadır.

Bosna-Hersek’te 2014 yılında meydana gelen protestolar ise bu değişen güvenlik algılamalarının en güzel

örneğini teşkil etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Bosna-Hersek özelinden hareketle Avrupa Birliği genişleme

politikasında insan güvenliği konseptinin uygulanabilirliği tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği, Genişleme Politikası, İnsan Güvenliği, Batı Balkanlar, Bosna-Hersek

Kaynakça

• Abramowitz, M. ve Hurlburt, H. (2002). “Can EU Hack the Balkans? A Proving Ground for Brussels”, Foreign Affairs, Cilt 81, Sayı 5, ss. 2-7.
• Ağır, B. S. ve Arman, M. N. (2014). “Deepening of Security Conception and Violent Non-State Actors as the Challengers of Human Security”, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, ss. 105-116.
• Ağır, B. S. ve Gürsoy, B. (2016). “The European Union’s State-Building Efforts In The Case Of Bosnia And Herzegovina”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt 15, Sayı 1, ss. 1-27.
• Ağır, B. S., Gürsoy, B. ve Arman, M. N. (2016). “European Perspective of Human Security and the Western Balkans”, Revue Des Sciences Politiques, Cilt 50, ss. 41-54.
• Arman, M. N. ve Mandacı, N. (Ed.). (2014). Çağdaş Balkan Siyaseti: Devletler, Halklar, Parçalanma ve Bütünleşme, 2. Baskı, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Bajpai, K. (2003). “The Idea of Human Security”, International Studies, Cilt 40, Sayı 3, ss. 195-228.
• Belloni, R. (2009). “European Integration and the Western Balkans: Lessons, Prospects, and Limits”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Cilt 11, Sayı 3, ss. 313-331.
• Bideleux, R. ve Jeffries, I. (2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History, Londra: Routledge.
• Bojicic-Dzelilovic, V. Kostovicova, D. ve Randazzo, E. (2016). EU in the Western Balkans: Hybrid Development, Hybrid Security and Hybrid Justice, Human Security Study Group, London, http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/london/12373.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2018).
• Branczik, A. ve Nash, W. (2005). Forgotten İntervention? What the United States Needs to Do in the Western Balkan, New York: Council on Foreign Relations.Brown, A. ve Attenborough, M. (2007). EU Enlargement: the Western Balkans, House of Commons Library, Research Paper 14 March 2007.
• Calic, M. (2005). The Western Balkans on the Road Towards European Integration, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung International Policy Analysis Unit, http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/03273.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 28.02.2018).
• Commission of the European Communities, Council Regulation Establishing An Instrument For Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/com/com_com(2004)0627_/com_com(2004)0627_en.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2018).Council of European Union, (2003). EU-Western Balkans Summit Thessaloniki Declaration, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_PRES-03-163_en.htm , (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2018).
• Council of the European Union, (2000). Zagreb Summit Final Declaration, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/hu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/er/declang4.doc.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.02.2018).Demetropoulou, L. (2002). “Europe and the Balkans: Membership Aspiration, EU Involvement and Europeanization Capacity in South Eastern Europe”, Southeast European Politics, Cilt 3, Sayı 3, ss. 87-106.
• Djurdjevic-Lukic, S. ve Dimitrijevic, V. (2010). “Human Security and Peace-Building in the Western Balkans”, Wolfgang Benedek, Christopher Daase, Vojin Dimitrijevic ve Petrus Van Duyne (Ed.) Transnational Terrorism, Organized Crime and Peace-Building: Human Security in the Western Balkans (ss. 17-37). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• EUR-Lex. (1996). Council Regulation (EC) No 1628/96 of 25 July 1996 relating to aid for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:31996R1628, (Erişim Tarihi: 28.02.2018).EUR-Lex. (2000). COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 2666/2000 of 5 December 2000 on assistance for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/financial_assistance/cards/publications/cards_regulation_en.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2018).
• Euronews, (2014). Factory Closures Trigger Clashes in Bosnia, http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/05/factory-closures-trigger-clashes-in-bosnia, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2018).
• European Commission, (2014). Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2014-15, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2014/20141008-strategy-paper_en.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2018).
• European Parliament, (2000). Santa Marıa Da Feıra European Councıl Conclusıons Of The Presıdency, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/fei1_en.htm?textMode=on , (Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2018).
• European Parliament, Directorate-General for External Policies Policy Department (DGEFP), (2015). Supporting European Security and Defence with Existing EU Measures and Procedures, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/534993/EXPO_STU(2015)534993_EN.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: (03.03.2018).General Affairs and E xternal Relations Council (GAERC), (2003). The Thessaloniki Agenda For The Western Balkans Annex A, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/76201.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2017).
• Günal, A. (2015). “Avrupa Birliği’nin Balkanlar’a Yönelik Politikası”, Uğur Burç Yıldız (Ed.) Avrupa Birliği’nin Dış İlişkileri (ss.265-301), Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Hombach, B. (2000). “Stability Pact For South-Eastern Europe: A New Perspectıve For The Region”, Perceptions, Cilt 5, Sayı 3.
• Human Security Unit. (2014). Strategic Plan: 2014-2017, New York: United Nations, https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/HSU/HSU%20Strategic%20Plan%202014-2017%20Web%20Version.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.02.2018).
• Judah, T. (2014). Bosnian protests: A Balkan Spring?, BBC, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26093160 , (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2018).
• Jukic, E. (2014). Tuzla Gets New Govt After Mass Protests, BalkanInsight, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/tuzla-gets-first-govt-after-mass-protests , (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2018).
• Kaldor, M,. Martin M. ve Selchow S. (2007). “Human Security: A New Strategic Narrative for Europe”, İnternational Affairs, Cilt 83, Sayı, 2, ss. 273-288.
• Kotsopoulos, J. (2006). “A human security agenda for the EU?”, European Securıty & Global Governance, European Policy Center Issue Paper No. 48.
• Krause, K. (2004). “Is Human Security More than Just a Good Idea?”, Promoting Security: But How and For Whom? Contributions to BICC’s Ten-year Anniversary Conference (ss.43-47). Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversion.
• Minic, J. (2009). “A Decade of Regional Cooperation in South Eastern Europe – Sharing Guidance, Leadership and Ownership”, Dialogues: Ownership For Regional Cooperation İn The Western Balkan (ss. 13-31), Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
• Pasic, L. (2014). Who is behind Bosnia's riots?, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/02/who-behind-bosnia-riots-201429132930915905.html , (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2018).
• Pond, E. (2006). Endgame in the Balkans: Regime Change, European Style, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
• Ruvic, D. ve Zuvela, M. (2014). Bosnia rocked by spreading anti-government unrest, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-bosnia-unrest-idUSBREA160UU20140207 , (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2018).
• Sander, O. (1969). Balkan Gelişmeleri ve Türkiye 1945-1965. Ankara: Sevinç Matbaası.
• Stefes, C. (2006). Understanding Post-Soviet Transitions: Corruption, Collusion and Clientelism, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Steil, B. ve Woodward, S. (1999). “A European New Deal for the Balkans”, Foreign Affairs, Cilt 78, Sayı 6, ss. 95-105.
• The Barcelona Report of Study Group on European Security Capabilities. (2004). A Human Security Doctrine for Europe, Barcelona. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/solana/040915CapBar.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 03.03.2018).
• Todorova, M. (2015). Balkanlar’ı Tahayyül Etmek (Çev. D. Şendil), 5. Baskı, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Tsardanidis, C. (2011). “EU And South-Eastern Europe: From Asymmetrical İnter-Regionalism To Dependencia Sub-Regionalism?”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Cilt 11, Sayı 4, ss. 489-509.
• Türkeş, M. ve Gökgöz, G. (2006). “The European Union's Strategy towards the Western Balkans: Exclusion or Integration?”, East European Politics & Societies, Cilt 20, Sayı 4, ss. 659-690.
• Tzifakis, N. (2012). “Bosnia’s Slow Europeanization”, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Cilt 13, Sayı 2, ss. 131-148.
• Uçkan-Dağdemir, E. (2004). “Batı Balkan Ülkeleri İle Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği'ne Tam Üyelik Olasılıkları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 59, Sayı 1, ss. 89-117.
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), (1994). Human Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
• UNDP. (2010). Human Development Report 2010 (HDR), http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/270/hdr_2010_en_complete_reprint.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 31.02.2018).
• UNDP. (2015). Human Development Report 2015, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf , (Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2018).
• UNDP. (2016). Briefing Note for Countries on the 2016 Human Development Report, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/BIH.pdf ,(Erişim Tarihi: 30.02.2018).
• Usul, A. R. (2008). “Avrupa Birliği’nin Demokrasi/Siyasi Şartlılığında Çekme-İtme Dengesi ve Bu Dengenin Bozulması”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 5, Sayı 17, ss. 105-125.
• Uzgel, İ. (2000). “Doksanlarda Türkiye için Bir İşbirliği ve Reakabet Alanı Olarak Balkanlar”, Şule Kut ve Gencer Özcan (Der.), En Uzun Onyıl (ss. 393-435), 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Büke Yayınları.
• Wittkowski, A. (2000). “South-Eastern Europe And The European Union - Promoting Stability Through İntegration?”, Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, Cilt 3, Sayı 1, ss. 79-96.
• Žižek, S. (2014). Anger In Bosnia, But This Time The People Can Read Their Leaders' Ethnic Lies, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/10/anger-bosnia-ethnic-lies-protesters-bosnian-serb-croat , (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2018).