ANTARKTİKA SEFERLERİNDE ARAŞTIRMA GEMİLERİNİN KARBON EMİSYONLARININ İSTATİSTİKSEL YAKLAŞIMLA BELİRLENMESİ

Öz

Antarktika'da yapılan çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu araştırma gemileri tarafından sağlanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, araştırma gemilerinden kaynaklanan karbon emisyonlarının çevresel etkisine ilişkin veriler çok sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada istatistiksel yöntemle iki farklı senaryo geliştirilerek Antarktika’da bilimsel amaçlı seferler yapan gemilerin emisyonlarının belirlenmesi ve daha sonra azaltılması için farklı yöntemlerin önerilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Araştırma gemisi ve uçakların yakıt tüketimi bu senaryolara göre hesaplandıktan sonra, literatürde yer alan emisyon faktörleri kullanılarak her senaryo için tüm kirletici gazların emisyon miktarları tahmin edilmiştir. İlk senaryoda, Avrupa'dan Antarktika'nın batısına sadece deniz yolu ile bilimsel seferler yapıldığı varsayılarak emisyon hesaplamaları yapılmıştır. İkinci senaryoda ise, aynı bölgeye hava yolu ile deniz yolu entegre bir şekilde kullanıldığı varsayılarak hesaplama yapılmıştır. Yalnızca deniz yolu kullanılan birinci senaryoda toplam 2143 ton CO2 emisyonu hesaplanırken, bunun %60’ının açık deniz seyrinden, %38’inin demirde beklemeden ve %2’sinin ise buzlu sularda seyirden kaynaklandığı saptanmıştır. Araştırma seferinin havayolu ile entegre edildiği ikinci senaryoda ise 1218 ton CO2 emisyonu hesaplanmış olup, burada emisyonun %66’sı demirde beklemeden, %21’i uçuştan, %10 açık deniz seyrinden ve %3’ü buzlu sularda seyirden kaynaklanmaktadır. Hesaplamalar, havayolu ile araştırma gemisinin birlikte kullanımının bu çalışma kapsamında emisyonları %57 oranında azaltabileceğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, Antarktika'ya coğrafi olarak yakın olmayan ülkelerin araştırma gemilerini doğrudan Antarktika seferleri için göndermek yerine hava ve deniz yolunu birlikte kullanmaları durumunda karbon emisyonlarının Antarktika çevresi üzerindeki etkilerinin azalabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Karbon emisyonu
• Antarktika
• İklim Değişikliği
• Araştırma Gemileri
• Kutup Bölgeleri

DETERMINATION OF THE CARBON EMISSIONS OF RESEARCH VESSELS IN ANTARCTIC EXPEDITIONS WITH A STATISTICAL APPROACH

Öz

The vast majority of studies carried out in Antarctica is provided by research vessels. However, data on the environmental impact of carbon emissions from research vessels are limited. In this study, it is aimed to develop two different scenarios with statistical methods, to determine the emissions of ships conducting scientific expeditions in Antarctica and to propose different methods to reduce the emissions. After calculating the fuel consumption of the research ship and aircraft according to these scenarios, the emission amounts of pollutant gases were estimated for each scenario using the emission factors in the literature. In the first scenario, emission calculations were made assuming that only scientific expeditions were made by sea from Europe to the west of Antarctica. In the second scenario, the calculation is made by assuming that the same region is used in an integrated way by air and sea transportation. A total of 2143 tons of CO2 emissions were calculated in the first scenario where only the sea route is used. 60%, 38% and 2% of the carbon emissions are due to open sea voyage, staying at anchor and ice navigation, respectively. In the second scenario, where the expedition is integrated with the airline, 1218 tons of CO2 emissions are calculated, where 66%, 21%, 10% and 3% of the emission are due to staying at anchor, flight, open sea voyage and ice navigation, respectively. Calculations show that the use of a research vessel along with the airline can reduce emissions by 57% in this study. In conclusion, this study shows that the effects of carbon emissions on the Antarctic environment can be reduced if countries that are not geographically close to Antarctica use air and sea transportation together, instead of sending research vessels directly for Antarctic expeditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Carbon Emissions
• Antarctica
• Climate Change
• Research Ships
• Polar Regions

Kaynakça

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