Determination of some physical and chemical changes in fruits of Hass avocado cultivar during harvesting time

Öz

Cultivation of avocado has increasingly attracted the attention of producers in Turkey recently. Hass is one of the most important avocado cultivars produced in the world and Turkey. The aim of this study was to determine the most suitable fruit maturity standards for Hass cultivar by analyzing some physical and chemical parameters. The study was conducted at the two harvest periods from October to June in 2010-11 and 2012-13 years with 15-20 days intervals. Fruit weights changed from 106.73 g to 196.50 g in 2010-11 and from 98.45 g to 157.81 g in 2012-13 harvest periods. Dry weight of fruits increased from 19.60% to 36.45% and from 19.23% to 38.28% and oil content increased from 6.43% to 22.06% and from 6.47% to 24.86% depending on the harvest period in 2010-11 and 2012-13 respectively. There was a very high positive relationship between dry weight and oil content of fruit, but a significant negative correlation was found between fruit flesh and seed weight. As a result of this study; the optimal harvest period of Hass cultivar was determined to be from January to June in terms of fruit dry weight and oil content in Antalya conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avocado; Hass; Harvest period; Oil; Fruit weight

Hasat periyodu boyunca Hass avokado çeşidinin meyvelerinde bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal değişimlerin belirlenmesi

Öz

Avokado yetiştiriciliği, son yıllarda Türkiye’de üreticilerin giderek ilgisini çekmeye başlamıştır. Hass, Dünyada ve Türkiye’de üretilen en önemli avokado çeşitlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada, bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal parametreler analiz edilerek, Hass çeşidi için en uygun meyve olgunluk standartların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, 2010-2011 ve 2012-2013 yıllarında Ekim ayından Haziran ayına kadar iki hasat periyodunda, 15-20 gün aralıklarla yürütülmüştür. Meyve ağırlığı, 2010-11 hasat periyodu boyunca 106.73 g’dan 196.50 g’a ve 2012-13 hasat periyodu boyunca ise 98.45 g’dan 157.81 g’a kadar değişim göstermiştir. Kuru ağırlık 2010-11 ve 2012-2013 hasat periyodunda sırasıyla %19.60’dan %36.45’e ve %19.23’den %38.28’e kadar artmış ve yağ içeriği ise sırasıyla %6.43’den %22.06’a ve %6.47’den %24.86’ya kadar yükselmiştir. Denemede, kuru ağırlık ve meyvenin yağ içeriği arasında pozitif çok yakın bir ilişki bulunmuş, fakat meyve eti ve çekirdek ağırlığı arasında önemli bir negatif ilişki bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda; Antalya koşullarında meyve kuru ağırlık ve yağ içeriğine göre Hass çeşidinin en uygun hasat döneminin Ocak-Haziran arası olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avokado; Hass; Hasat periyodu; Yağ; Meyve ağırlığı

Kaynakça

1. Barmore, C.R. (1976). Avocado Fruit Maturity. Proceedings of the I. International Tropical Fruit Short Course: The Avocado. Gainesville: Fruit Crops Dept., Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, p:103-109.
2. Bayram, S., & Aşkın, M.A. (2006). Using of oil and dry matter parameters in some avocado cultivars for determination of harvest date. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 1(2):39-49, (In Turkish).
3. Bayram, S., Arslan, A., & Turgutoğlu, E. (2006). The importance and development of avocado breeding in Turkey and proposed some cultivars. Derim, 23(2):1-13, (In Turkish).
4. Biale, J.B., & Young, R.E. (1971). The avocado pear. In: A.C. Biale (Editor), the Biochemistry of Fruits and Their Products. Academic Press, pp. 1-60, London.
5. Bizimana, V., Breene, W.M., & Csallany, A.S. (1993). Avocado oil extraction with appropriate technology for developing countries. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 70(8):821-822.
6. Demirkol, A. (1995). Avocado Growing in Turkey. Proceedings of the World Avocado Congress III, p:451-456.
7. Demirkol, A. (1997). Biological, morphological and physiological investigations on some avocado cultivars grown in Antalya ecological conditions. Doctorate Thesis, Akdeniz University, Antalya (In Turkish).
8. Demirkol, A., Bayram, S., & Baktır, I. (2004). Adaptation and performance of 15 avocado cultivars grown in Antalya province in Southern Turkey. Proceeding XXVI, IHC-Citrus; Subtropical and Tropical Fruit Crops. Acta Horticulturae, 632:45-52.

9. FAO (2015). Agricultural Production Data. http://faostat3.fao.org/download/Q/QC/E. Access date: August 11, 2015.
10. Doğrular, H.A, Tuncay, M., & Şengüler, A. (1983). Adaption of Avocado Cultivars in Antalya and Alanya Conditions (Interim Report). Citrus Research Institute, Antalya, Unpublished, (In Turkish).
11. Hofman, P.J., Jobin-Décor, M., & Giles, J. (2000). Percentage of dry matter and oil content are not reliable indicators of fruit maturity or quality in late-harvested ‘hass’ avocado. HortScience, 35(4):694-695.
12. Hofman, P.J., Fuchs, Y.,& Milne, D.L. (2002). Harvesting, Packing, Postharvest Tecnology, Transport and Processing. In: A.W. Whiley, B. Schafferve B.N. Wolstenholme (Eds): The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses; Cabi Publishing, 14:363:390.
13. Kaplankıran, M., & Tuzcu, Ö (1994). Characteristics of some avocado cultivars emerged under Adana conditions. Çukurova University Agriculture Faculty Journal, 9(2):103-112, (In Turkish).
14. Knight, Jr.R.J. (2002). History, Distribution and Uses. In: A.W. Whiley, B.Schafferand B.N. Wolstenholme (Eds) The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses; Cabi Publishing, 1:10.
15. Lee, S.K. (1981). Methods for Percent Oil Analysis of Avocado Fruit. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 65:133-141.
16. Lee, S.K., & Coggins, JR. C.W. (1982). Dry Weight Method for Determination of Avocado Fruit Maturity. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 66:67-70.
17. Mickelbart, M. V., Robinson, P. W., Witney, G., & Arpaia, M. L. (2012). ‘Hass’ avocado tree growth on four rootstocks in California. I: Yield and flowering. Scientia Horticulturae, 143:184-188.
18. Naamani, G. (2007). Developments in the Avocado World. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 90:71-76.
19. Offer, R.A. (1986). Maturation and Ripening of Avocado Fruit (Summary). Thesis submitted for the degree of M.Sc. (agric.) to the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. http://www.avocadosource.com/papers/Israeli_Papers.htm. Access date: August 11, 2015.
20. Olaeta, J.A., Undurraga, P., & Jaque, R. (2007). Effect of size and height of fruit within the tree on content of oil in hass and fuerte avocados (Persea mericana Mill.). Proceeding VI World Avocado Congress (Actas VI Congreso Mundial Del Aguacate), 12-16 November, Viña Del Mar, Chile. pp: 1-10.
21. Ozdemir, A.E., Çandır, E.E., Toplu, C., Kaplankıran, M., Demirkeser, T. H., & Yıldız, E. (2009). The effects of physical and chemical changes on the optimum harvest maturity in some avocado cultivars. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(9):1878-1886.
22. Ranney, C.A., Gillette, G., Brydon, A, Mc Intyre, S., Rivers, O., Vasquez, C.A., & Wilson, E. (1992). Physiological maturity and percent dry matter of California avocado. Proceedings of Second World Avocado Congress, p:379–385.
23. Requejo-Tapia, L.C., Woolf, A.B., Roughan, G., Schroeder, R., Young, H., & White, A. (1999). Avocado Postharvest Research: 1998/99: Seasonal Changes in Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of 'Hass' Avocados. Hort Research Client Report No. 2000/1 Contract No: 5262.
24. Schroeder, C.A. (1953). Growth and development of the fuerte avocado fruit. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 61:103-109.
25. Scora, R.W., Wolstenholme, B.N., & Lavi, U. (2002). Taxonomy and Botany. In: A. W. Whiley, B. Schaffer and B. N. Wolstenholme (Eds), The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses; Cabi Publishing, 2:15.
26. Toplu C., Demirkeser, T.H., Kaplankıran, M., Demirkol, A., Baturay, S.G., & Yanar, M. (1998). Avocado yields and growing courses with quality parameters grown under Iskenderun conditions. Derim, 15(2): 50-57, (in Turkish).
27. Toplu C., Kaplankıran, M., Demirkeser, T.H., Yıldız, E., & Temiz, S. (2003). Pomolojical characteristics seen in some avocado cultivars grown under Hatay-Dörtyol. IV. National Horticulture Congress, Antalya, pp:185-187, (in Turkish).
28. Undurraga, P., Oleata, J., & Gardiazabal, F. (1987). Seasonal Changes on Chemical and Physical Parameters in Six Avocado (Persea americana Mill) Cultivars Grown in Chile. South African Avocado Growers Association Yearbook, 10:138-140.
29. Vakis, N.J., Gregoriou, C., & Papademetriou, M. (1985). Maturity and Picking Dates of Avocados under Cyprus Conditions. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 69:81-88.
30. Young, R.E., & Lee, S.K. (1978). Avocado Fruit Maturity. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 62:51-57.
31. Zentmyer, G.A. (1987). Avocados around the World. Avocado Society Yearbook, 71: 63-77.
32. Zilkah, S., & Klein, I. (1987). Growth kinetics and determination of shape and size of small and large avocado fruits cultivars ‘hass’ on the tree. Scientia Horticulturae, 32(3-4):195-202.