Organik-inorganik hibrit nano çiçeklerin çemen (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) tohum ekstresi kullanılarak sentezi ve anti-mikrobiyal özelliklerinin araştırılması

Öz

Bu çalışmada organik-inorganik hibrit nano çiçek sentezi için organik bileşen olarak çemen (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) otu tohum ekstresi ve inorganik bileşen olarak Cu²⁺ iyonları kullanılarak yeşil bir üretim metodu raporlanmıştır. Çemen tohum ekstresi kullanılarak sentezlenmiş organik-inorganik hibrit nano çiçekler (TF-Cu²⁺ hNF); taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM), Enerji Dağılımlı Spektrometre (EDX), X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) ve Kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FT-IR) yöntemleri kullanılarak karakterize edilmiştir. TF-Cu²⁺ hNF’lerin elektron mikroskop görüntüsünde morfolojisi oldukça düzgün dağılımlı ve küresel formda olmak üzere yaklaşık 18 μm boyutunda gözlenmiştir. TF-Cu²⁺ hNF’ler; Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenza dışında Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi ve Escherichia coli türlerine karşı 1-10 µg ml^-1 aralığında ve kullanılan antibiyotikler ile karşılaştırıldığında yüksek düzeyde anti-mikrobiyal özellik göstermiştir. Ancak hem TF-Cu²⁺ hNF’ler hemde serbest TF ekstresi, Candida albicans ve Candida glabrata türlerine karşı antifungal aktivite göstermemiştir. Yapılan bu çalışma çemen ekstresi içeren organik-inorganik hibrit nano çiçeklerin test edilen patojen suşlar ile gelişen mikrobiyal enfeksiyonlar için terapötik bir ajan olarak kullanılabileceğini ve ilaç direncinin üstesinden gelme potansiyeline sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyomateryal,Organik - inorganik hibrid nano çiçekler,Bakır,Anti-mikrobiyal aktivite

Synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers using Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract and investigation of their anti-microbial activity

Öz

Herein we report a green method for the synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers using a Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (TF) (Fenugreek seeds) extracts as an organic part and copper ions acting as an inorganic part. The organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers using TF seed extract (TF-Cu²⁺ hNFs) were characterized by SEM, XRD, EDX and FTIR. The morphology of the TF-Cu²⁺ hNFs was quite spherical and monodisperse with ∼18μm size. The TF-Cu²⁺ hNF exhibited the effective anti-bacterial activity against Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli at 1-10 µg ml^-1 concentrations except against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenza. However, both TF-Cu²⁺ hNFs and free TF extracts showed any antifungal activities against Candida albicans or Candida glabrata. The study revealed that TF-Cu²⁺ hNFs could be used as a therapeutic agent for microbial infections and has the potential to overcome drug resistance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biomaterials,Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers,Copper,Anti- microbial activity

Kaynakça

1. Altinkaynak, C., Yilmaz, I., Koksal, Z., Özdemir, H., Ocsoy, I., & Özdemir, N. (2016a). Preparation of lactoperoxidase incorporated hybrid nanoflower and its excellent activity and stability. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 84:402-409.
2. Altinkaynak, C., Tavlasoglu, S., Özdemir, N., & Ocsoy, I. (2016b). A new generation approach in enzyme immobilization: organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers with enhanced catalytic activity and stability. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 93-94:105-112.
3. Ahmed, S., Ahmad, M., Swami, B.L., & Ikram, S. (2016). A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise. Journal of Advanced Research, 7(1):17–28.
4. Aman, S., Naim, A., Siddiqi, R., & Naz, S. (2014). Antimicrobial polyphenols from small tropical fruits, tea and spice oilseeds. Food Science and Technology International, 20(4):241-51.
5. Amin, A., Alkaabi, A., Al-Falasi, S., & Daoud, S.A. (2005). Chemopreventive activities of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) against breast cancer. Cell Biology International, 29:687-694.
6. Ariza-Avidad, M., Salinas-Castillo, A., & Capitán-Vallvey, L.F. (2016). A 3D mPAD based on a multi-enzyme organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflower reactor. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 77:51–55.
7. Baldemir, A., Kose, N.B., Ildız, N., İlgün, S., Yusufbeyoğlu, S., Yılmaz, V., & Ocsoy, I. (2017). Synthesis and characterization of green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) extract and its major components-based nanoflowers: a new strategy to enhance antimicrobial activity. RSC Advances, 7:44303-44308.
8. Banerjee, M.,Sharma, S.,Chattopadhyay, A., & Ghosh, SS. (2011). Enhanced antibacterial activity of bimetallic gold-silver core-shell nanoparticles at low silver concentration. Nanoscale, 3(11):5120-5125.

9. Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72:248–254.
10. CLSI (2008). Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; approved standard-third ed. CLSI document M27-A3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, USA.
11. CLSI (2009). Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts; approved guideline- second ed. CLSI document M44- A2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, USA.
12. CLSI (2012). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Twenty-second informational supplement ed. CLSI document M100-S22. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, USA.
13. El-Kamali, H.H., & El-Karim. E.M.A. (2009). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants used in Sudanese traditional medicine for treatment of wound infections. Academic Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(4):246-251.
14. Feyzi, S., Varidi, M., Zare, F., & Varidi, M.J. (2015). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seed protein isolate: extraction optimization, amino acid composition, thermo and functional properties, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(15):3165-3176.
15. Ge, J., Lei, J., & Zare, R.N. (2012). Protein–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers, Nature Nanotechnology, 7:428-432.
16. Goyal, S., Gupta, N., Kumar, A., Chatterjee, S., & Nimesh, S. (2018). Antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant potential of silver nanoparticles engineered using Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract. IET nanobiotechnology, 12(4):526-533.
17. Huang, Y., Ran, X., Lin, Y., Ren, J., & Qu, X. (2015). Self-assembly of an organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflower as an efficient biomimetic catalyst for self-activated tandem reactions. Chemistry Communication, 51(21):4386-4389.
18. Ildiz, N., Baldemir, A., Altinkaynak, C., Özdemir, N., Yilmaz, V., & Ocsoy, I., (2017). Self-assembled snowball-like hybrid nanostructures comprising Viburnum opulus L. extract and metal ions for antimicrobial and catalytic applications. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 102:60-66.
19. Karatoprak, G.Ş., Aydin, G., Altinsoy, B., Altinkaynak, C., Koşar, M., & Ocsoy, I. (2017). The effect of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl. root extracts on formation of nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activities. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 97:21-26.
20. Kruk, T., Szczepanowicz, K., Stefanska, J., Socha, R.P., & Warszynski, P. (2015). Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of monodisperse copper nanoparticles. Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 128:17-22.
21. Lee, S. W., Cheon, S.A., Kim, M.I., & Park, T.J. (2015). Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers:types, characterictics, and future prospects. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 13:54.
22. Liang, L., Fei, X., Li, Y., Tian, J., Xu, L., Wang, X., & Wang, Y. (2015). Hierarchical assembly of enzyme-inorganic composite materials with extremely high enzyme activity. RSC Advances, 5(117):96997-97002.
23. Mittal, AK.,Chisti, Y., & Banerjee, UC. (2013). Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts. Biotechnology Advances, 31(2):346-356.
24. Moradi Kor, N., Bagher Didarshetaban, M., & Saeid Pour, H.R. (2013). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) as a valuable medicinal plant. International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 1(8):922-931.
25. Nadagouda, M.N., Iyanna, N., Lalley, J., Han, C., Dionysiou, DD., & Varma, R.S. (2014). Synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using antioxidants from blackberry, blueberry, pomegranate, and turmeric extracts. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2(7):1717–1723.
26. NCCLS (2000). Approved Standard: M7-A5. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, 5th Ed., National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, USA.
27. Olli, S., & Kirti, P.B. (2006). Cloning, characterization and antifungal activity of defensin Tfgd1 from Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 39(3):278-283.
28. Patel, D.K., & Dhanabal, S.P. (2013). Development and optimization of bioanalytical parameters for the standardization of Trigonella foenum-graecum, Journal of Acute Disease, 2(2):137-139.
29. Phull, A.R, Abbas, Q., Ali, A., Raza, H., Kim, S.J., Zia, M., & Haq, I. (2016). Antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles from crude extract of Bergenia ciliata. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(1):31-36.
30. Singh, P., Vishwakarma, S.P., & Singh, R.L. (2014). Antioxidant, oxidative DNA damage protective and antimicrobial activities of the plant Trigonella foenum‐graecum. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(12):2497-2504.
31. Somturk, B., Hancer, M., Ocsoy, I., & Özdemir, N. (2015). Synthesis of copper ion incorporated horseradish peroxidase-based hybrid nanoflowers for enhanced catalytic activity and stability. Dalton Transactions, 44:13845-13852.
32. Somturk, B., Yilmaz, I., Altinkaynak, C., Karatepe, A., Ozdemir, N., & Ocsoy, I. (2016). Synthesis of urease hybrid nanoflowers and their enhanced catalytic properties. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 86:134-142.
33. Subhapriya, S. & Gomathipriya, P. (2018). Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles by Trigonella foenum-graecum extract and its antimicrobial properties. Microbial Pathogenesis, 116:215-220.
34. Sun, J., Ge, J., Liu, W., Lan, M., Zhang, H., Wang, P., Wang, Y., & Niu, Z. (2014). Multi-enzyme co-embedded organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers: synthesis and application as a colorimetric sensor. Nanoscale, 6:255-262.
35. Thawari, A.G., & Rao, C.P. (2016) Peroxidase-like catalytic activity of copper-mediated protein–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers and nanofibers of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin: synthesis, spectral characterization, microscopic features, and catalytic activity. ACS Applied Material & Interfaces, 8(16):10392–10402.
36. Wu, Z., Li, X., Li, F., Yue, H., He, C., Xie, F., & Wang, Z. (2014). Enantioselective transesterification of (R, S)-2-pentanol catalyzed by a new flower-like nanobioreactor. RSC Advances, 4:33998-34002.
37. Yin, Y., Xiao, Y., Lin, G., Xiao, Q., Lin, Z., & Cai, Z. (2015). An enzyme-inorganic hybrid nanoflower based immobilized enzyme reactor with enhanced enzymatic activity. Jorunal of Materials Chemistry B, 3:2295-2300.
38. Yu, Y., Fei, X., Tian, J., Xu, L., Wang, X., & Wang, Y. (2015). Self-assembled enzyme-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers and their application to enzyme purification. Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces, 130:299-304.
39. Zhang, B., Li, P., Zhang, H., Li, X., Tian, L., Wang, H., Chen, X., Ali, N., Ali, Z., & Zhang, Q. (2016). Red-blood-cell-like BSA/Zn3(PO4)2 hybrid particles: Preparation and application to adsorption of heavy metal ions. Applied Surface Science, 366:328–338.