21. Yüzyılda Kariyer Psikolojik Danışmanlığı ve Yapay Zeka Uygulamaları

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 57, 2127 - 2152, 30.09.2023

Hatice Kübra Özdoğan , Nurten Karacan Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1326692

Öz

Bu makalede kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı alanında teknolojinin kullanımı, yapay zekâ temelli uygulamalar ve bunların bireylerin kariyer gelişimlerini desteklemedeki rolünü incelemek amaçlanmaktadır. 21. yüzyıl teknolojileri, iş piyasasını dönüştürürken bireylerin kariyer ihtiyaçlarını değiştirmektedir. Teknolojinin kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı uygulamalarıyla bütünleştirilmesi, bireylerin kariyer desteğine ve çeşitli kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı hizmetlerine erişimini artırmaktadır. Dijital devrimin önemli bileşenlerinden biri olan yapay zekâ ise kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı hizmetlerinde dönüşüm yaratma potansiyeline sahiptir. Küresel eğilimlerle paralel olarak yapay zekadaki gelişmeler, Türkiye’de de iş gücü piyasasını etkilemektedir. Türkiye’de bu dönüştürücü etkinin dikkate alındığı ve buna yönelik çeşitli stratejiler geliştirildiği görülmektedir. Yapay zekâ temelli uygulamalar, bireylerin kendilerine, değişen iş dünyasına ve kariyer seçeneklerine ilişkin bilgi edinmelerini kolaylaştırmaktadır. Aynı zamanda bireylerin değişen kariyer ihtiyaçları ve sorunları bağlamında kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı uygulamalarının yeniden şekillendirilmesi ve kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı yeterliklerinin gözden geçirilmesi gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Öte yandan yapay zekâ temelli araçların kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı uygulamaları ile bütünleştirilmesi, gizlilik ve güvenlik gibi etik konuları gündeme getirmekte, çeşitli fırsatlar ve güçlükler içermektedir. Bu makalede, özetle, teknoloji ve yapay zekânın kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığında kullanımı, modeller ve örnekler, bu noktada ihtiyaç duyulan kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı yeterlikleri ve etik bakış açısı, yapay zekanın kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığında kullanımına yönelik fırsatlar ve güçlükler ilgili alan yazın ışığında derlenmiş ve tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığı, yapay zeka, teknoloji

21st Century Career Counseling and Artificial Intelligence Practices

Öz

This article aims to examine the use of technology, particularly artificial intelligence (AI)-based applications, and their role in supporting individuals' career development in the field of career counseling. 21st century technologies are altering individuals' career needs while transforming the job market. Integrating technology into career counseling practices increases individuals' access to career support and various career counseling services. AI, as one of the crucial components of the digital revolution, holds the potential to bring about transformation in career counseling services. In parallel with global trends, developments in artificial intelligence are also affecting the labor market in Türkiye. In Türkiye, this transformative effect has been taken into account and various strategies have been developed to address it. AI-based applications facilitate individuals in learning about themselves, the evolving job market, and career options. At the same time, it is necessary to reshape career counseling practices and review career counseling competencies in the context of individuals' changing career needs and problems. However, the integration of AI-based tools with career counseling practices raises ethical issues, such as privacy and security concerns, while also presenting various opportunities and challenges. In summary, this article compiles and discusses insights from the literature on the use of technology and AI in career counseling, including models and examples, the required career counseling competencies, ethical considerations, and the opportunities and challenges associated with AI in career counseling.

Anahtar Kelimeler

artificial intelligence, technology, career counseling

Kaynakça

• Amrale A. Y., Pawshe N. D., Sartepe, N. B., & Munde, K. S. (2022). Student career prediction using machine learning. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 4(3), 158–161.
• Anderson, J., Rainie L., & Luchsinger, A. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the future of humans. PEW Research Center.
• Attwell, G., & Hughes, D. (2019). Learning about careers: Open data and labour market intelligence. RIED, 22(1), 81–106. https://doi.org/10.5944/ried.22.1.22289
• Balasaheb, B., Keshervani, S. J., Kumar, P. T., Metkari, R. S., & Prajapati, A.K. (2019). Career guidance using data analytics. ISJART, 5(2), 432–434.
• Bandhu, D. M., Kumaran, S. A., & Vijayalakshmi, M. K. (2019). An intelligent system to choose career. International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications, Suppl.Special Issue, 175–177.
• Barnes, A., La Gro, N., & Watts, A. G. (2010). Developing e-guidance competences: The outcomes of a two-year European project to transform the professional development of career guidance practitioners. Journal of the National Institute for Career Education and Counselling, 25(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.20856/jnicec.2505
• Barnett, J. E., & Johnson, W. B. (2015). Integrating technology into counseling practice. Ethics Desk Reference for Counselors içinde (ss. 209–213). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119221555.ch19
• Bengtsson, A. (2018). Rethinking Social Justice, Equality and Emancipation. T. Hooley, R. Sultana, & R. Thomsen (Eds.), Career guidance for social justice: Contesting neoliberalism içinde (ss. 255–267). Routledge.
• Bilge, U. (2007). Tıpta yapay zekâ ve uzman sistemler. Türkiye Bilişim Derneği Kongresi, 113–118.
• Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. W. W. Norton & Company.
• Buchanan, B. G. (2005). A (very) brief history of artificial intelligence. Ai Magazine, 26(4), 53–53. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v26i4.1848
• Busacca, L. A. (2016). Career counseling in postmodern times: Emergence and narrative conceptions. L. A. Busacca, & Mark C. Rehfuss (Eds) Postmodern career counseling: A handbook of culture, context, and cases içinde (ss. 50–61). American Counseling Association.
• Canadian Standards and Guidelines for Career Development Practitioners. (2004). Areas of specialization career counselling.
• Canpolat, M. (2021). Psikolojik danışmanlık ve rehberlikte yapay zekâ kullanılabilirliği üzerine bir araştırma. Milli Eğitim Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 1(1), 1–25.
• Career Industry Council of Australia (2019). Professional standarts for Australian career development practitioners. https://cica.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Professional-Standards-for-Australian-Career-Development-Practitioners-2019.pdf
• Cedefop (2019). Not just new jobs: Digital innovation supports careers. http://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2801/907856
• Cedefop (2021). A fresh look at guidance practitioner professionalism. http://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2801/543840
• Choung, H., David, P., & Ross, A. (2023). Trust and ethics in AI. AI & Society, 38(2), 733–745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01473-4
• Ciolacu, M., Tehrani, A. F., Binder, L., & Svasta, P. M. (October, 2018). Education 4.0-Artificial Intelligence assisted higher education: early recognition system with machine learning to support students' success. 2018 IEEE 24th International Symposium for Design and Technology in Electronic Packaging (SIITME) içinde (ss. 23–30). https://doi.org/10.1109/SIITME.2018.8599203.
• Crawford, K. (2017). The trouble with AI bias. Socializing AI blog. https://www.socializingai.com/trouble-ai-bias-kate-crawford/
• Cruz, A. F., Orozco, L., & Gonzales, C. (2019, November). Intelligent web platform for vocational guidance. 2019 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization (ICVRV) içinde (ss. 205–207). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVRV47840.2019.00049.
• Çetinkaya Yıldız, E. (2019). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarının gizlilik, çoklu ilişkiler ve mesleki yeterlilikle ilgili etik ikilemleri. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(4), 1472–1486. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2019..-496179
• Dastin, J. (2018). Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scrapssecret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G
• Deloitte (2019). Aligning strategy, workforce and technology, digital disruption index. https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/en/pages/consulting/digital-disruption-index.html
• D’Alfonso, S. (2020). AI in mental health. Current Opinion in Psychology, 36, 112–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.04.005
• D’Silva, G., Jani, M., Jadhav, V., Bhoir, A., & Amin, P. (2020). Career Counselling Chatbot Using Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence. Vasudevan, H., Michalas, A., Shekokar, N., & Narvekar, M. (Eds) Advanced computing technologies and applications. Algorithms for intelligent systems içinde (ss. 1–9). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3242-9_1
• Dugger, S. M. (2015). Foundations of career counseling: A case-based approach. Pearson. Erkan Atik, Z. (2020). Kariyer psikolojik danışmanlığında tanıma ve değerlendirme. D. M. Siyez, & T. Mutlu Çaykuş (Eds), Yaşam boyu kariyer gelişimi içinde (ss. 511–540).
• Euroguidance (2017). Guidance 4.0: Innovative practices for new skills. Euroguidance cross-border seminar, Belgrade, October 2017: Compedium of articles. https://www.euroguidance.eu/images/cbs/Compendium_2017.pdf
• European Commission (2020). On artificial intelligence—a European approach to excellence and trust. https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2020-02/commission-white-paper-artificial-intelligence-feb2020_en.pdf
• European Parliamentary Research Service (2020). The ethics of artificial intelligence: Issues and initiatives. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_STU(2020)634452
• European Training Foundation (2020). International trends and innovation in career guidance, Volume II. http://hdl.voced.edu.au/10707/559095
• Fabricant, F. B. (2022). Learning to stay current in the fourth industrial revolution: Examining how career counselors make meaning of the impact of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) on occupations. [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Columbia University.
• Forbes, K. (2021). Opening the path to ethics in artificial intelligence. AI and Ethics, 1(3), 297–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-020-00031-2
• Frank, M. R., Autor, D., Bessen, J. E., Brynjolfsson, E., Cebrian, M., Deming, D. J., Feldman, M., Groh, M., Lobo, J.,Moro, E., Wang, D., Youn, H., & Rahwan, I. (2019). Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(14), 6531–6539. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900949116
• Fulmer, R. (2019). Artificial intelligence and counseling: Four levels of implementation. Theory & Psychology, 29(6), 807–819. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354319853045
• Fulmer, R., Davis, T., Costello, C., & Joerin, A. (2021). The ethics of psychological artificial intelligence: Clinical considerations. Counseling and Values, 66(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12153
• Glavin, K., Smal, P., & Vandermeeren, N. (2009). Integratıng career counseling and technology. Career Planning & Adult Development Journal, 25(1), 160–176.
• Goyal, R., Chaudhary, N., & Singh, M. (2023, January). Machine Learning based Intelligent Career Counselling Chatbot (ICCC). 2023 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI) içinde (ss. 1–8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCI56745.2023.10128305.
• Hagendorff, T. (2019). The ethics of AI ethics: An evaluation of guidelines. Minds and Machines, 30(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09517-8
• Hanna, A., Gregory, C., Lewis, P. M., & Rounds, J. (2019). International career assessment using the occupational information network (O* Net). J.A. Athanasou, H. N. Perera (Eds), International handbook of career guidance içinde (ss. 581–612). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25153-6_27
• Hartung, P. J. (2013). The life-span, life-space theory of careers. S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds), Career development and counseling içinde (ss. 83–115). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Hartung, P. J. (2019). Life design: A paradigm for innovating career counselling in global context. J. G. Maree (Ed.), Handbook of innovative career counselling içinde (ss. 3–18). Springer.
• Haupt, C. E. (2019). Artificial professional advice. Yale Journal of Law and Technology, 21(Special Issue), 55–77. https://yjolt.org/artificial-professional-advice
• Herr, E. L. (2001). Career development and its practice: A historical perspective. The Career Development Quarterly, 49(3), 196–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2001.tb00562.x
• Hirschi, A. (2018). The fourth industrial revolution: Issues and implications for career research and practice. The Career Development Quarterly, 66(3), 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12142
• Hooley, T. (2018). A war against the robots? Career guidance, automation and neoliberalism. T. Hooley, R. Sultana, & R. Thomsen (Eds.), Career guidance for social justice: Contesting neoliberalism içinde (ss. 93–108). Routledge.
• Hooley, T. & Staunton, T. (2020). The role of digital technology in career development. P. J. Robertson, T. Hooley, & P. McCash, (Eds.). The oxford handbook of career development içinde (ss. 297–312). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190069704.013.22
• IBM (2021). IBM Watson career coach trial. https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/SSYKAV
• ILO (2019). World employment and social outlook – trends 2019. https://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/weso/2019/WCMS_670542/lang--en/index.htm
• ILO (2021). Digitalising career guidance services policy guidance note. https://www.ilo.org/skills/pubs/WCMS_841124/lang--en/index.htm
• ILO (2022). Inventory of the digital career guidance tools. https://www.ilo.org/skills/pubs/WCMS_841523/lang--en/index.htm
• ILO (2023). World employment and social outlook – trends 2023. https://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/weso/WCMS_865332/lang--en/index.htm
• Inkster, B., Sarda, S., & Subramanian, V. (2018). An empathy-driven, conversational artificial intelligence agent (Wysa) for digital mental well-being: real-world data evaluation mixed-methods study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 6(11), e12106. https://doi.org/10.2196/12106
• International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance. (2018). IAEVG ethical guidelines. https://iaevg.com/Ethical-guidelines
• Jarrahi, M. H., Lutz, C., Boyd, K., Oesterlund, C., & Willis, M. (2023). Artificial intelligence in the work context. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 74(3), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24730
• Jones, A., Harkness, S., & Mondragon, N. (2020). Acts of meaning: How AI-based interviewing will transform career preparation in higher education. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342903237
• Kamal, A., Naushad, B., Rafiq, H., & Tahzeeb, S. (2021). Smart career guidance system. 2021 4th International Conference on Computing & Information Sciences (ICCIS) içinde (s. 1–7). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCIS54243.2021.9676408.
• Katz, M. R., & Chapman, W. (1978). SIGI: An example of computer-assisted guidance. Educational Technology, 18(4), 57–59.
• Katz, M. R., & Shatkin, L. (1983). Characteristics of computer-assisted guidance. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(4), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000083114004
• Kaya, M. (2021). Sanayi 4.0’da yapay zekâ ve Türkiye. Fırat Üniversitesi Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 63–94.
• Kayalar, M. (2023). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin kariyer gelişimini destekleyici çevrimiçi karar verme becerileri programının web tabanlı olarak etkililiğinin sınanması. [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. OnDokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi.
• Kiselev, P., Kiselev, B., Matsuta, V., Feshchenko, A., Bogdanovskaya, I., & Kosheleva, A. (2020). Career guidance based on machine learning: social networks in professional identity construction. Procedia Computer Science, 169, 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.02.128
• Kop, M. (2021). EU artificial intelligence act: the European approach to AI. Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum, Transatlantic Antitrust and IPR Developments, Stanford University, Issue.
• Kraatz, S., Rübner, M., & Weber, P. (2021). Career guidance in the digital context: Trends in Germany. Digital transitions in lifelong guidance: Rethinking careers practitioner professionalism A careersnet expert collection içinde, (ss. 197–210).
• Kumar, R. (2017). Artificial intelligence—basics. Machine learning and cognition in enterprises: Business intelligence transformed, içinde, (ss. 33–49). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3069-5_3
• Kumbhar, V. R., Maddel, M. M., & Raut, Y. (2023, March). Smart model for career guidance using hybrid deep learning technique. 2023 1st International Conference on Innovations in High Speed Communication and Signal Processing (IHCSP) içinde (ss. 327–331). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IHCSP56702.2023.10127152.
• Lasi, H., Fettke, P., Kemper, H. G., Feld, T., & Hoffmann, M. (2014). Industry 4.0. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 6(4), 239–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-014-0334-4
• Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (2013). Understanding and facilitating career development in the 21st century. S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work içinde (ss. 1–26). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Lent, R. W. (2018). Future of work in the digital world: Preparing for instability and opportunity. The Career Development Quarterly, 66(3), 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12143
• Leung, S.A. (2022) New frontiers in computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACGS): Implications from career construction theory. Frontiers in Psychology 13, 786232. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.786232
• Luxton, D. D. (2014). Artificial intelligence in psychological practice: Current and future applications and implications. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(5), 332–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034559
• Luxton, D. D. (2016). An introduction to artificial intelligence in behavioral and mental health care. Artificial intelligence in behavioral and mental health care içinde, (ss. 1–26). Academic Press.
• McKinsey Global Institute. (2017). Jobs lost, jobs gained: Workforce transitions in a time of automation. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/BAB489A30B724BECB5DEDC41E9BB9FAC.ashx
• McKinsey & Company Türkiye (2020). İşimizin geleceği: Dijital çağda Türkiye’nin yetenek dönüşümü. https://www.mckinsey.com/tr/our-insights/future-of-work-turkey
• Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumu (2017). Kariyer psikolojik danışmanı (Seviye 7): Ulusal meslek standardı. https://portal.myk.gov.tr/
• Meydan, A., & Goksu, A. (2015). The use of artificial intelligence in vocational guidance. British Journal of Education, Society&Behavioural Science, 6(2), 95–107.
• Morley, J., Kinsey, L., Elhalal, A., Garcia, F., Ziosi, M., & Floridi, L. (2021). Operationalising AI ethics: Barriers, enablers and next steps. AI & SOCIETY, 38(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01308-8
• Mueller, J. P., & Massaron, L. (2021). Artificial intelligence for dummies. Wiley&Sons.
• Müller, V. C. (2021). Ethics of artificial intelligence. A. Elliott (Ed), The Routledge social science handbook of AI içinde (ss. 122–137). Routledge.
• National Career Development Association. (2009). Minimum competencies for multicultural career counseling and development. https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/asset_manager/get_file/26627?ver=50664
• National Career Development Association. (2015). NCDA Code of ethics. https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/asset_manager/get_file/3395?ver=738700
• Niles, S. G. (2003). Career counselors confront a critical crossroad: A vision of the future. The Career Development Quarterly, 52(1), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2003.tb00629.x
• Niles, S.G., & Harris-Bowlsbey, J. (2001). Career development interventions in the 21st century. Pearson.
• Novic, H. (2019). The future with AI and automated digital coaching assistants. https://medium.com/swlh/the-future-with-ai-and-automated-digital-coaching-assistants-e0ccf7072c54
• OECD (2023a), Digital government review of Türkiye: Towards a digitally-enabled government, OECD Digital Government Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/3958d102-en.
• OECD (2023b). ODiCY: Observatory on digital technologies in career guidance for youth. https://www.oecd.org/stories/odicy/
• OECD (2023c). Advancing accountability in AI governing and managing risks throughout the lifecycle for trustworthy AI. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/advancing-accountability-in-ai_2448f04b-en
• OECD (2023d). AI language models technological, socio-economic and policy considerations. https://www.oecd.org/publications/ai-language-models-13d38f92-en.htm
• Ohm, A., & Bhavani, K. (2019). Chatbot for Career Guidance Using AI. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 7(6), 856–860. https://doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v7i6.856860
• Oosthuizen, R. M. (2019). Smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics and algorithms (STARA): Employees’ perceptions and wellbeing in future workplaces. I. L. Potgieter, N. Ferreira, & Melinde Coetzee (Eds), Theory, research and dynamics of career wellbeing: Becoming fit for the future içinde (ss. 17–40). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28180-9_2
• Özdemir Bişkin, S. (2020). Ergenlik dönemi kariyer gelişimi müdahaleleri. D. M. Siyez, & T. Mutlu Çaykuş (Eds), Yaşam boyu kariyer gelişimi içinde (ss. 405–436).
• Öztemel, E. (2020). Yapay zeka ve insanlığın geleceği. M. Şeker, Y. Bulduklu, C. Korkut, & M. Doğrul (Eds), Bilişim teknolojileri ve iletişim: Birey ve toplum güvenliği içinde (ss. 75–91). Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi.
• Öztürk Dilek, G. (2019). Yapay zekanın etik gerçekliği. Ankara Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(4), 47-59.
• Peker, M., Gürüler, H., Şen, B., & İstanbullu, A. (2017). A new fuzzy logic based career guidance system: WEB-CGS. Tehnički Vjesnik, 24(6), 1863–1868. https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20151105201325
• Petkov, R. (2021, September). Digital Media Literacy, Artificial Intelligence and Modernization of Youth Career Services.2021 XXX International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET) içinde (ss. 1–4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ET52713.2021.9579955
• Petropoulos, G. (2018). The impact of artificial intelligence on employment. M. Neufeind, J. O’Reilly, & F. Ranft (Eds.) Work in the digital age: Challenges of the fourth industrial revolution içinde (ss. 119–133). Rowman & Littlefield.
• Pinder, F. A., & Fitzgerald, P. W. (1984). The effectiveness of a computerized guidance system in promoting career decision making. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 24(1), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(84)90071-X
• Poliakov, M., Mezzane, D., Terenchuk, S., Riabchun, Y., Rusnak, P., & Biloshchytska, S. (2022, April). Gamefication of Youth's Career Guidance Self-Identification. 2022 International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies (SIST) içinde (ss. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIST54437.2022.9945751.
• Pope, M. (2015). Career intervention: From the industrial to the digital age. P. J. Hartung, M. L. Savickas, & W. B. Walsh (Eds.), APA handbook of career intervention, Vol. 1. Foundations içinde (ss. 3–19). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14438-001
• Popenici, S. A., & Kerr, S. (2017). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and learning in higher education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-017-0062-8
• Popkova, E. G., Ragulina, Y. V., & Bogoviz, A. V. (2019). Fundamental differences of transition to industry 4.0 from previous industrial revolutions. E.G. Popkova, Y. V. Ragulina, & A. V. Bogoviz (Eds), Industry 4.0: Industrial revolution of the 21st century içinde (ss. 21–29). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94310-7_3
• Prediger, D. J., & Swaney, K. B. (1995). Using UNIACT in a comprehensive approach to assessment for career planning. Journal of Career Assessment, 3(4), 429–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279500300412
• Rajan, N. P., & Vimala, A. (2021). Impact of career growth in industries due to artificial intelligence. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 23(3), 59–62. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X2303015962
• Raut, R., Sharma, R., & Kharbade, R. (2021). Krishna–The career guidance chatbot. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 8(12), 699–704.
• Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial intelligence a modern approach (3. baskı). Pearson.
• Sampson, J. P., Kettunen, J., & Vuorinen, R. (2019). The role of practitioners in helping persons make effective use of information and communication technology in career interventions. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 20, 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-019-09399-y
• Sampson, J. P., Jr., & Osborn, D. S. (2015). Using information and communication technology in delivering career interventions. P. J. Hartung, M. L. Savickas, & W. B. Walsh (Eds.), APA handbook of career intervention, Vol. 2. Applications içinde (ss. 57–70). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14439-005
• Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı (2022). Faaliyet raporu. https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/plan-program-raporlar-ve-yayinlar/faaliyet-raporlari/mu2802011617
• Satyro, W. C., de Almeida, C. M. V. B., Pinto Jr Jr, M. J. A., Contador, J. C., Giannetti, B. F., de Lima, A. F., & Fragomeni, M. A. (2022). Industry 4.0 implementation: The relevance of sustainability and the potential social impact in a developing country. Journal of Cleaner Production, 337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130456
• Savickas, M. L. (2003). Advancing the career counseling profession: Objectives and strategies for the next decade. The Career Development Quarterly, 52(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2003.tb00631.x
• Savickas, M. L. (2019). The world of work and career interventions. In M. L. Savickas, Career counseling (pp. 3–14). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000105-001
• Savickas, M. L., Nota, L., Rossier, J., Dauwalder, J. P., Duarte, M. E., Guichard, J., ... & Van Vianen, A. E. (2009). Life designing: A paradigm for career construction in the 21st century. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(3), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.04.004
• Savickas, M.L., & Savickas, S. (2019). A history of career counselling. J.A. Athanasou, H. N. Perera (Eds), International handbook of career guidance içinde (ss. 25–43). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25153-6_2
• Servoz, M. (2019). AI, the future of work? – Work of the future!: On how artificial intelligence, robotics and automation are transforming jobs and the economy in Europe, Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2872/913422
• Schwab, K. (2016). The fourth industrial revolution. World Economic Forum.
• Sharma, A., Sharma, B., Shrivastava, A., & Kasliwal, A. (2023). Intelligent career guidance system (Guideme). International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 5(4), 4306–4308.
• Su, L. H, Dang-Huy, T., Thi-Yen-Linh, T., Thi-Duyen-Ngoc, N., Bao-Tuyen, L., & Ha-Phuong-Truc, N. (2020). Development of an AI chatbot to support admissions and career guidance for universities. International Journal of Emerging Multidisciplinary Research, 4(2), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.22662/IJEMR.2020.4.2.013
• Sucharitha, R., Duhan, A., Singh, H., Singh, J., Kadyan, S., & Kaur, M. (2021, September). Online Career Guidance and Counseling-Picxida. 2021 9th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO) içinde (ss. 1–5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRITO51393.2021.9596186.
• Super, D. E. (1980). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16(3), 282–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(80)90056-1
• Supriyanto, G., Widiaty, I., Abdullah, A. G., & Yustiana, Y. R. (2019, December). Application expert system career guidance for students. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series,1402(6) p. 066031). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/6/066031
• Telli, G. (2019). Sosyal bilimler çerçevesinden yapay zekâ ve gelecek. Ad-HOC. 1(7), 94–96.
• Toscanelli, C., Fedrigo, L., & Rossier, J. (2019). Promoting a decent work context and access to sustainable careers in the framework of the fourth industrial revolution. I. L. Potgieter, N. Ferreira, & Melinde Coetzee (Eds), Theory, research and dynamics of career wellbeing: Becoming fit for the future içinde (ss. 41–58). https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-28180-9_3
• Tractenberg, L., Streumer, J., & van Zolingen, S. (2002). Career counselling in the emerging post-industrial society. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 2, 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016001913952
• Trotta, A., Ziosi, M., & Lomonaco, V. (2023). The future of ethics in AI: challenges and opportunities. AI & Society, 38(2), 439–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01644-x
• Türk PDR Derneği (2021). Psikolojik danışma etik kodları. Türk PDR Derneği Yayınları.
• Türkiye Yapay Zeka İnsiyatifi (2023). https://turkiye.ai.
• UNICEF (2018). Digital divide and digital literacy. https://gdc.unicef.org/resource/digital-divide-and-digital-literacy
• Vignesh, S.P., Shivani Priyanka, C., Shree Manju, H., & Mythili, K.B. (2021). An Intelligent Career Guidance System using Machine Learning. 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), 1, 987–990.
• Watts, A. G. (1998). Reshaping career development for the 21st century. CeGS Occasional Paper, Centre for Guidance Studies, University of Derby.
• Watts, A. G. (2002). The role of information and communication technologies in integrated career information and guidance systems: A policy perspective. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 2(3), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020669832743
• WEF (2018). The future of jobs report 2018. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2018/
• WEF (2023a). The future of jobs report 2023. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2023/
• WEF (2023b). Top 10 emerging technologies of 2023. https://www.weforum.org/reports/top-10-emerging-technologies-of-2023/
• Westman, S., Kauttonen, J., Klemetti, A., Korhonen, N., Manninen, M., Mononen, A., Nittymaki, S., & Paananen, H. (2021). Artificial intelligence for career guidance-current requirements and prospects for the future. IAFOR Journal of Education, 9(4), 43–62.
• Weizenbaum, J. (1966). ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Communications of the ACM, 9(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168
• Zaidi, D., Raza, S., & Sharma, L. (2021). Artificial intelligence based career counselling chatbot a system for counselling. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(6), 11732–11735.