DOES EMOTION ELICITING INFLUENCE RISK TAKING BEHAVIOR?

Öz

commonly investigated. The main purpose of this research is to examine the influence of different emotions on risk-taking behaviour. Methods: Risk-taking behaviour have been investigated in three different conditions: happiness, fear and neutral emotion. The participants were manipulated by viewing photos of inducing happiness, fear or neutral emotion in the form of slides. The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) was used to measure the participants' risk-taking tendencies. Results: In this study, a statistically significant difference found in money earned from yellow and orange balloons depending on emotion. There was no statistically significant difference in pumps, explosions, and money earned from blue and total balloons among emotions. Conclusion: In line with the related literature, participants tend to collect more money in fear conditions. In addition, the fact that the money collected in happiness and fear conditions is more than neutral, reveals the effects of the emotions on risk-taking behavior.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Emotion Eliciting
• Risk Taking
• Decision Making

DUYGU UYANDIRMA RİSK ALMA DAVRANIŞINI ETKİLER Mİ?

Öz

Amaç: İlgili literatürde; duygunun davranış üzerindeki etkileri yaygın olarak araştırılmıştır. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, farklı duyguların risk alma davranışı üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Yöntem: Risk alma davranışı üç farklı koşulda incelenmiştir: mutluluk, korku ve nötr duygu. Katılımcılar, mutluluk, korku veya nötr duygu uyandıran fotoğrafları slaytlar şeklinde görüntüleyerek manipüle edilmiştir. Balon Analog Risk Görevi (BART), katılımcıların risk alma eğilimlerini ölçmek için kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Bu çalışmada duyguya bağlı olarak sarı ve turuncu balonlardan kazanılan paralarda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Aynı anlamlı fark mavi ve toplam balon patlama, pompa veya parada görülmemiştir. Sonuç: İlgili literatür doğrultusunda katılımcılar korku koşullarında daha fazla para toplama eğilimindedir. Ayrıca mutluluk ve korku koşullarında toplanan paranın nötr durumdan çok daha fazlası olması duyguların risk alma davranışı üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Duygu Uyandırma
• Risk Alma Davranışı
• Karar Verme

Kaynakça

1. Alohali, M., Clarke, N., Li, F., & Furnell, S. (2018). Identifying and predicting the factors affecting end-users’ risk-taking behavior. Information & Computer Security, 26(3), 306–326. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-03-2018-0037
2. Arkes, H. R., Herren, L. T., & Isen, A. M. (1988). The role of potential loss in the influence of affect on risk-taking behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 42(2), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(88)90011-8
3. Bergman, M. M., & Scott, J. (2001). Young adolescents’ wellbeing and health-risk behaviours: gender and socio-economic differences. Journal of Adolescence, 24(2), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0378
4. Branco, D., Gonçalves, Ó. F., & Badia, S. B. i. (2023). A Systematic Review of International Affective Picture System (IAPS) around the World. Sensors, 23(8), 3866. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083866
5. Calvo, M. G., & Avero, P. (2009). Reaction time normative data for the IAPS as a function of display time, gender, and picture content. Behavior Research Methods, 41(1), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.1.184
6. Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., & Sherman, S. J. (1988). “Constructive” vs. “Destructive” deviance in adolescent health-related behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(3), 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02139039
7. Chou, K.-L., Lee, T. M. C., & Ho, A. H. Y. (2007). Does mood state change risk taking tendency in older adults? Psychology and Aging, 22(2), 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.2.310
8. Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3–4), 169–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068

9. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030377
10. Escobedo, L. G. (1997). Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking and Health Risk and Problem Behaviors Among US Adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 151(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170380070011
11. Fessler, D. M. T., Pillsworth, E. G., & Flamson, T. J. (2004). Angry men and disgusted women: An evolutionary approach to the influence of emotions on risk taking. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 95(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.06.006
12. Grable, J. E., & Roszkowski, M. J. (2008). The influence of mood on the willingness to take financial risks. Journal of Risk Research, 11(7), 905–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870802090390
13. Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1995). Emotion elicitation using films. Cognition & Emotion, 9(1), 87–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939508408966
14. Hunt, M. K., Hopko, D. R., Bare, R., Lejuez, C. W., & Robinson, E. V. (2005). Construct Validity of the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART). Assessment, 12(4), 416–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105278740
15. Isen, A. M., & Geva, N. (1987). The influence of positive affect on acceptable level of risk: The person with a large canoe has a large worry. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(87)90034-3
16. Isen, A. M., Nygren, T. E., & Ashby, F. G. (1988). Influence of positive affect on the subjective utility of gains and losses: It is just not worth the risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(5), 710–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.5.710
17. Isen, A. M., & Patrick, R. (1983). The effect of positive feelings on risk taking: When the chips are down. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31(2), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(83)90120-4
18. Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12(8), 597–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-139X(91)90007-K
19. Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual.Technical Report A-8.
20. Leather, N. C. (2009). Risk-taking behaviour in adolescence: a literature review. Journal of Child Health Care, 13(3), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367493509337443
21. Lejuez, C. W., Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Richards, J. B., Ramsey, S. E., Stuart, G. L., Strong, D. R., & Brown, R. A. (2002a). Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.8.2.75
22. Lejuez, C. W., Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Richards, J. B., Ramsey, S. E., Stuart, G. L., Strong, D. R., & Brown, R. A. (2002b). Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.8.2.75
23. Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146
24. McGhee, R. L., Ehrler, D. J., Buckhalt, J. A., & Phillips, C. (2012). The Relation between Five-Factor Personality Traits and Risk-Taking Behavior in Preadolescents. Psychology, 03(08), 558–561. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.38083
25. Michael, K., & Ben-Zur, H. (2007). Risk-taking among adolescents: Associations with social and affective factors. Journal of Adolescence, 30(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.03.009
26. Mikels, J. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Larkin, G. R., Lindberg, C. M., Maglio, S. J., & Reuter-Lorenz, P. A. (2005). Emotional category data on images from the international affective picture system. Behavior Research Methods, 37(4), 626–630. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192732
27. Moore, S., & Gullone, E. (1996). Predicting adolescent risk behavior using a personalized cost-benefit analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(3), 343–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537389
28. Morsünbül, Ü. (2009). Attachment and risk taking: Are they interrelated? International Journal of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, 3(7), 1366–1370.
29. Mueller, S. T. (2010). The psychology experiment building language (0.10). http://pebl.sourceforge.net
30. Nguyen, Y., & Noussair, C. N. (2014). Risk Aversion and Emotions. Pacific Economic Review, 19(3), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12067
31. Nicholson, N., Soane, E., Fenton‐O’Creevy, M., & Willman, P. (2005). Personality and domain‐specific risk taking. Journal of Risk Research, 8(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/1366987032000123856
32. Nygren, T. E., Isen, A. M., Taylor, P. J., & Dulin, J. (1996). The Influence of Positive Affect on the Decision Rule in Risk Situations: Focus on Outcome (and Especially Avoidance of Loss) Rather Than Probability. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 66(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1996.0038
33. Ruchkin, V., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Vermeiren, R., Koposov, R. A., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2006). Depressive Symptoms and Associated Psychopathology in Urban Adolescents. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 194(2), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000198142.26754.18
34. Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 527–561). The Guilford Press.
35. Skeel, R. L., Neudecker, J., Pilarski, C., & Pytlak, K. (2007). The utility of personality variables and behaviorally-based measures in the prediction of risk-taking behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(1), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2006.11.025
36. Smith, J. C., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2005). State anxiety and affective physiology: effects of sustained exposure to affective pictures. Biological Psychology, 69(3), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.09.001
37. Trimpop, R. M., Kerr, J. H., & Kirkcaldya, B. (1998). Comparing personality constructs of risk-taking behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 26(2), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00048-8
38. Trimpop, Rüdiger M. (1994). The psychology of risk taking behavior. Elsevier Inc.
39. Vigil-Colet, A. (2007). Impulsivity and decision making in the balloon analogue risk-taking task. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.005
40. Wade, M., Carroll, D., Fox, N. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2022). Associations between Early Psychosocial Deprivation, Cognitive and Psychiatric Morbidity, and Risk-taking Behavior in Adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 51(6), 850–863. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2020.1864737
41. Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775–808. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027600
42. Yuen, K. S. ., & Lee, T. M. . (2003). Could mood state affect risk-taking decisions? Journal of Affective Disorders, 75(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00022-8