THE STRUGGLE IN BETWEEN THE STATE AND DYNATOI IN THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (X. CENTURY)

Öz

From the IXth century onwards, the Byzantine Empire entered a period of economic growth in all sectors. The source of economic development was the growth in the agricultural sector, which was also linked to population increase. The wealth generated by this process remained under the control of the state through direct or indirect methods that the empire benefited from. In the Xth century, however, the elements (dynatoi) that depended on the imperial system began to compete with the state for a larger share of the empire's revenue sources and wealth, and to take full advantage of the effects of economic expansion. Throughout the Xth century, the emperors of the Macedonian dynasty issued various novellas to restrain the aspirations and expansionist efforts of this stratum. Although these novellas supported the emperors' anti-dynatoi policies at the legislative plane, it was the fiscal and administrative measures that brought the most success. This study first discusses the emergence of the groups recognized as dynatoi. It then examines both the specific and general justifications of the Xth-century emperors for the promulgation of novellas. In the last part, it analyzes the financial and administrative measures taken by the emperors in the light of various documents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• dynatoi
• penetes
• Macedonian Dynasty
• land legislation

BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NDA DEVLET VE DYNATOİ MÜCADELESİ (X. YÜZYIL)

Öz

Bizans İmparatorluğu IX. yüzyıldan itibaren bütün sektörlerde kendini gösteren bir ekonomik büyüme dönemine girmiştir. Ekonomideki gelişmenin kaynağı ise nüfus artışına da bağlı olan zirai sektördeki büyümeydi. Bu sürecin yarattığı servet imparatorluğun faydalandığı doğrudan ya da dolaylı yöntemlerle devletin kontrolünde kalıyordu. Fakat X. yüzyılda imparatorluk sisteminden beslenen unsurlar (dynatoi) imparatorluğun gelir kaynakları ve servetinden daha fazla pay almak ve ekonomik büyümenin etkilerinden tam olarak faydalanmak için devlet ile mücadeleye girmeye başladı. Makedon Hanedanı’nın imparatorları X. yüzyıl boyunca bu tabakanın arzularını ve genişleme çabalarını dizginlemek için çeşitli novellalar yayımladı. Bu novellalar imparatorların hukuki düzlemde dynatoi karşıtı politikalarını desteklese de esas başarıyı mali ve idari tedbirler getirdi. Bu çalışma ilk bölümde dynatoi olarak kabul edilen grupların ortaya çıkış sürecini ele almaktadır. Ardından X. Yüzyıl imparatorlarının novellaların yürürlüğe konmasındaki hem spesifik hem de genel çerçevedeki gerekçelerini incelemektedir. Son bölümde ise imparatorların takip ettiği mali ve idari tedbirleri çeşitli belgeler ışığında ele alınmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dynatoi
• Penetes
• Makedon Hanedanı
• Toprak Hukuku

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