ELEŞTİREL TEORİNİN ENTELEKTÜEL MİRASI: KÖKENLER, DÖNÜŞÜMLER VE KUŞAKLARARASI DİYALOGLAR

Öz

Bu makale, Frankfurt Okulu ve Eleştirel Kuram'ın entelektüel mirasını, kökenlerini, geçirdiği dönüşümleri ve kuşaklararası diyalogları incelemektedir. Okulun temel amacı, modern kapitalist toplumların yarattığı toplumsal patolojileri ve çelişkileri felsefi bir zeminde analiz etmek ve eleştirmektir. Kant, Hegel, Marx gibi filozofların yanı sıra psikanaliz ve Weberci rasyonelleşme tartışmalarından beslenen Okul, tarihsel bağlamı, kapitalizmin kültürel formlarını ve yeni toplumsal öznellik biçimlerini ele almıştır. Makale, Horkheimer ve Adorno gibi ilk kuşak düşünürlerin modernite ve tahakküm eleştirilerinden başlayarak, Habermas'ın iletişimsel eylem kuramıyla ikinci kuşağın getirdiği yeniliklere ve son olarak Axel Honneth'in tanınma teorisiyle üçüncü kuşağın katkılarına odaklanmaktadır. Honneth'in, önceki kuşakların (özellikle ilk kuşağın kötümserliği ve Habermas'ın kuramının göz ardı ettiği ahlaki deneyimler) eksikliklerine bir yanıt olarak tanınma mücadelesini Eleştirel Kuram'ın merkezine yerleştirmesi ve kurama yeni bir normatif temel sağlama çabası vurgulanmaktadır. Tanınma teorisi, toplumsal çatışmaların ve özgürleşme mücadelelerinin temelinde yatan ahlaki boyutları ve öznelerarası ilişkilerin önemini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Frankfurt Okulu
• Eleştirel Teori
• Toplumsal Patoloji
• Tanınma Teorisi
• Kapitalizm

THE INTELLECTUAL LEGACY OF CRITICAL THEORY: ORIGINS, TRANSFORMATIONS, AND INTERGENERATIONAL DIALOGUES

Öz

This article examines the intellectual legacy of the Frankfurt School and Critical Theory, focusing on its origins, transformations, and intergenerational dialogues. The School's primary objective is to philosophically analyze and critique the social pathologies and contradictions engendered by modern capitalist societies. Influenced by philosophers like Kant, Hegel, and Marx, as well as psychoanalysis and Weberian rationalization debates, the School addressed historical context, capitalism's cultural forms, and new types of social subjectivity. The article traces the evolution from the first generation's critique of modernity and domination (Horkheimer, Adorno), through the innovations of the second generation with Habermas's theory of communicative action, to the contributions of the third generation, particularly Axel Honneth's theory of recognition. It highlights Honneth's effort to center the struggle for recognition within Critical Theory—addressing the perceived shortcomings of previous generations (especially the pessimism of the first generation and the moral experiences overlooked by Habermas's theory)—and provide a new normative foundation. The theory of recognition reveals the moral dimensions underlying social conflicts and emancipatory struggles, emphasizing the importance of intersubjective relations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Frankfurt School
• Critical Theory
• Social Pathology
• Theory of Recognition
• Capitalism

Kaynakça

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