RENAMING THE NATION: LANGUAGE, CULTURAL MEMORY AND COLONIAL CARTOGRAPHY IN BRIAN FRIEL’S TRANSLATIONS

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British colonial domination imposed severe political, cultural, and psychological burdens on the colonized, whose lack of power rendered resistance largely ineffective against Western imperial authority. Among Ireland’s most distinguished playwrights, Brian Friel developed a distinctive theatrical language capable of expressing complex historical and ideological concerns. Deeply influenced by the social and political conditions of his time, he consistently engaged with questions of colonialism, identity, and cultural loss. These concerns find their most compelling dramatic expression in his controversial play Translations, which reflects both Ireland’s colonial history and Friel’s enduring commitment to its cultural heritage. Highlighting the importance of language essential for individual and collective identity, the play reveals tensions such as disloyalty, cultural displacement, and communication problems through translations between Gaelic and English. The play explores local people’s dilemma in clinging to Irish or adapting to the dominant English language as a way to protect their culture and identity in the process of modernization thoroughly. Friel demonstrates that empires do not conquer nations solely through military occupation but by remapping language, memory, and space. In Translations, colonial cartography functions not merely as a geographical enterprise but as a technology of epistemic domination that seeks to redefine how Ireland is remembered, narrated, and imagined. Yet the play simultaneously reveals that linguistic memory exceeds the colonial map, making translation a paradoxical site of both imperial control and postcolonial resistance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Brian Friel
• Translations
• renaming
• ambivalence
• mimicry
• cultural memory

BRIAN FRIEL’İN TRANSLATIONS’INDA ULUSUN YENİDEN ADLANDIRILMASI: DİL, KÜLTÜREL BELLEK VE SÖMÜRGECİ HARİTALANDIRMA

Öz

İngiliz sömürge hâkimiyeti, sömürgeleştirilen toplumlar üzerinde ağır siyasal, kültürel ve psikolojik yükler oluşturmuş; güçsüz bırakılan bu toplumların direnişini Batı emperyal otoritesi karşısında büyük ölçüde etkisiz kılmıştır. İrlanda’nın en seçkin oyun yazarlarından biri olan Brian Friel, karmaşık tarihsel ve ideolojik meseleleri ifade edebilen özgün bir tiyatro dili geliştirmiştir. Yaşadığı dönemin toplumsal ve siyasal koşullarından derinden etkilenen Friel, eserlerinde sürekli olarak sömürgecilik, kimlik ve kültürel kayıp meseleleriyle ilgilenmiştir. Bu temalar hem İrlanda’nın sömürge geçmişini hem de Friel’in ülkesinin kültürel mirasına duyduğu kalıcı bağlılığı yansıtan tartışmalı oyunu Çeviriler’de en güçlü dramatik ifadesini bulur. Bireysel ve kolektif kimlik açısından dilin taşıdığı hayati önemi vurgulayan oyun, Keltçe ile İngilizce arasındaki çeviriler aracılığıyla sadakatsizlik, kültürel yer değiştirme ve iletişim sorunları gibi gerilimleri ortaya koymaktadır. Oyun ayrıca, modernleşme sürecinde kültürlerini ve kimliklerini koruyabilmek adına yerel halkın İrlanda diline bağlı kalma ya da egemen İngiliz diline uyum sağlama ikilemini ayrıntılı biçimde ele almaktadır. Friel, imparatorlukların ulusları yalnızca askerî işgal yoluyla değil, dili, belleği ve mekânı yeniden haritalandırarak egemenlik altına aldığını gösterir. Çeviriler’de sömürgeci kartografya, coğrafi bir haritalama faaliyetinin ötesinde, İrlanda’nın nasıl hatırlanacağını, anlatılacağını ve ulusal tahayyülde nasıl yeniden kurulacağını belirlemeyi amaçlayan epistemik bir tahakküm mekanizmasına dönüşür. Ancak oyun aynı zamanda dilsel belleğin sömürgeci haritanın sınırlarını aşabildiğini ortaya koyarak çeviriyi, emperyal iktidarın işlediği kadar postkolonyal direnişin de üretildiği paradoksal bir karşılaşma mekânı olarak yeniden kavramsallaştırır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Brian Friel
• Çeviriler
• yeniden adlandırma
• ikirciklilik
• taklit
• kültürel hafıza

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