THE DISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TURKISH IDENTITY IN BULGARIA DURING THE EU MEMBERSHIP PROCESS (1989 -2013)

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 117 - 142, 24.10.2018

Gülfer Tunalı

Öz

Having a heterogeneous ethnic structure as a
heritage of the Ottoman dominance, Bulgaria tried to assimilate itsTurkish
minority in order to create an ethnically homogenous nation. This study
problematizes the ethnic identity, national identity and supra-national
identity relations of theTurkish minority, which achieved political
mobilization after the collapse of the totaliterian regime in 1989. This study
argues that political elites reconstruct the patterns between the ethnic
identity, national identity and European identity by conducting a continuous
discursive negotiation. The study analyzes the collective identity patterns at
the group level produced by the Turkish political elites from the
constructivist perspective by applying thediscourse-historical approach. This
research has revealed that theTurkish elites "seek an agreement between
the poles of the ethnic identity and civic identity" by constructing such
topics as multiple identities that can be developed by the members of the
minority, peaceful collective history, collective future in Europe, a
multiethnic civic nation based on European values.    

Anahtar Kelimeler

Collective Identity, Turkish Minority in Bulgaria, European Union

BULGARİSTAN'DA AB ÜYELİĞİ SÜRECİNDE TÜRK KİMLİĞİNİN SÖYLEMSEL İNŞASI

Öz

Bu çalışma Osmanlı egemenliğinin mirası olarak
heterojen bir etnik yapıya sahip olan Bulgaristan'da homojen bir etnik ulus
yaratma gayesiyle asimilasyona maruz kalan, 1989 yılında totaliter rejimin
çökmesi ile siyasi mobilizasyonunu gerçekleştiren Türk azınlığın etnik kimlik,
ulusal kimlik ve ulusüstü kimlik ilişkilerini sorunsallaştırmaktadır. Çalışma
Bulgaristan’da azınlık konumunda yaşayan Türklerin siyasi elitlerinin
entegrasyon sürecinde sürekli bir söylemsel müzakere yürüterek etnik
kimlik,  ulusal kimlik ve Avrupa kimliği
arasındaki örüntüleri yeniden inşa ettiği savından yola çıkmaktadır. Bu
çerçevede inşacı yaklaşımı temel alarak ve tarihsel-eleştirel söylem
çözümlemesine başvurarak Türk siyasi elitlerin ürettiği grup düzeyindeki ortak
kimlik örüntülerine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma Türk siyasi elitlerin azınlık
üyelerinin geliştirebildiği çoklu kimlikler, ortak barışçıl geçmiş, Avrupa'da
ortak gelecek, Avrupa değerleri temelinde çoketnikli sivil ulus gibi anlamlar
üreterek "etnik kimlik ve sivil kimlik kutupları arasında uzlaşım
aradığını" ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ortak Kimlik, Bulgaristan'da Türk Azınlık, Avrupa Birliği

Kaynakça

• KAYNAKLARAbdelal, R., Herrera, Y. M., Johnston, A. I. ve McDermott, R. (2006). Identity as a Variable. Perspectives on Politics. 4(4): 695-711Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.Barth, F. (1969). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Beytullah, M. (22 Mayıs 1991/1992). Stenogrami ot sto trideset i sedmoto zasedanie (Yüzotuzyedinci oturum tutanakları). VII. Veliko Narodno Sıbranie Stenografski Dnevnitsi 1990-1991, Zasedaniya 136-138 (s. 65-118). içinde Sofya: Jusautor.Breakwell, G. M. (2004). Identity Change in the Context of the Growing Influence of European Union Institutions. R. K. Herrmann, T. Risse-Kappen, ve M. B. Brewer (Der.) Transnational Identities: Becoming European in the EU: İçinde 25-39. Lanham: Rowman ve Littlefield.Brewer, M. B. (2001). The Many Faces of Social Identity: Implications for Political Psychology. Political Psychology, 22(1): 115-125.Brubaker, R. ve Cooper, F. (2000). Beyond "Identity". Theory and Society, 29(1): 1-47.Brunnbauer, U. (2001). The Perception of Muslims in Bulgaria and Greece: Between the 'Self'and the 'Other'. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 21(1), 39-61.Bruter, M. (2004). On What Citizens Mean by Feeling ’European’: Perceptions of News, Symbols and Borderless-ness. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(1): 21–39.Capelle-Pogacean, A. ve Ragaru, N. (2008). Malcinstvenite Partii, Partii «Kato Drugite» ? Opitıt na DPS v Bılgaria i na DSUR v Rumınia. M. Deçeva içinde, Dinamika na Natsionalnata İdentiçnost i Transnatsionalnite İdentiçnosti v Protsesa na Evropeyska İntegratsiya (s. 61-120). Sofya: Paradigma.Cederman, L.-E. (2001). Nationalism and Bounded Integration: What It Would Take to Construct a European Demos. European Journal of International Relations, 7(2): 139-174.Daskalov, R. (1998). Mejdu İztika i Zapada: Bılgarski Kulturni Dilemi (Doğu ile Batı Arasında: Bulgar Kültür İkilimleri). Sofya: LİK.Daskalov, R. (2004). The Making of a Nation in the Balkans: Historiography of the Bulgarian Revival: Historiography of the Bulgarian Revival. Budapest: Central European University Press.Delanty, G. (1995). Inventing Europe: Idea, Identity, Reality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Denich, B. (2000). Unmaking Multiethnicity in Yugoslavia: Media and Metamorphosis. J. M. Halpern ve D. A. Kideckel (Der.) Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History: İçinde 39-55. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.Duchesne, S. ve Frognier, A.-P. (2008). National and European Identifications: A Dual Relationship. Comparative European Politics, 6(2): 143-168.Doğan, A. (26 Mart 1990a,). Komşulukıt e Otkrehnat (Komşuluk Açıldı). Pogled, s. 10.Doğan, A. (17 Temmuz 1990b). Strahıt İzyajda Duşata (Korku Ruhu Yiyip Bitiriyor). Podkrepa.Doğan, A. (3 Ocak 1993). V İmeto na Obştonatsionalnite İnteresi Bih Sıdeystval za Razturvane na DPS (Ortak Ulusal Çıkarlar Adına HÖH'ün Dağılması için Çalışırdım). V. Veleva içinde, Mıje na Vlast (s. 510-519). Sofya: Kognito, 2008.Doğan, A. (17 Eylül 1990c). Stenogrami ot Plenarni Zasedaniya, Pırvoto Tırjestveno Zasedanie [Meclis Genel Kurul Tutanakları, Birinci Törensel Oturum].http://www.parliament.bg/pub/StenD/2013030802490517071990_1%20tyrjestveno%20zasedanie.pdf Doğan, A. (1999/2000). Za Bılgarskiya Etniçeski Model (Bulgaristan'ın Etnik Modeli Üzerine). A. Doğan içinde, Bılgariya i Noviyat Svetoven Red (Bulgaristan ve Yeni Dünya Düzeni) (s. 41-53). Sofya: İnstitut za Liberalni İzsledvaniya.Doğan, A. (2000). Bılgariya i Noviyat Svetoven Red ( Bulgaristan ve Yeni Dünya Düzeni). Sofya: İnstitut za Liberalni İzsledvaniya.Doğan, A. (19 Ocak 2013). VIII. Natsionalna Konferentsiya, Reçta na Lidera na DPS Ahmed Dogan za Ottehyaleto mu (VIII. Ulusay Kurultay, HÖH Lideri Ahmet Doğan'ın İstifasına İlişkin Konuşması). Dnevnik.http://www.dnevnik.bg/analizi/2013/01/19/1987188_rechta_na_lidera_na_dps_ahmed_dogan_za_otteglianeto_mu/, (21.04.2014)Drezov, K. (2012). Transition Comes Full Circle, 1989-1997. G. Pridham ve T. Gallagher içinde, Experimenting with Democracy: Regime change in the Balkans (s. 195-218). London: Routledge.Eminov, A. (1997). "Bulgarian Nationalism and Muslim Minorities", https://www.academia.edu/4733624/Bulgarian_Nationalism_and_Muslim_Minorities, (02.09.2014)Eisenstadt, S. N. ve Giesen, B. (1995). The Construction of Collective Identity. European Journal of Society, 36(1): 72-102.Eyüp, K. (17 Temmuz 2001). SDS: Tezata za Multietniçeska Dırjava e Opasna (DGB: Çoketnili Devlet Savı Tehlikelidir). mediapool. http://www.mediapool.bg/sds-tezata-za-multietnicheskata-darzhava-e-opasna-news13101.html, (25.03.2014).Ganev, V. I. (2004). History, Politics, and the Constitution: Ethnic Conflict and Constitutional Adjudication in Postcommunist Bulgaria. Slavic Review, 63(1), 66-89.Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University.Giesen, B. (1993). Die Intellektuellen und die Nation. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.Fotev, G. (1994). Drugiyat Etnos (Öteki Etnos). Sofya: Akademiçno İzdatelstvo "Marin Drinov".Gradeva, R. (1996). Turks in Eighteenth‐century Bulgarian Literature: Historical Roots of Present‐day Attitudes in Bulgaria. The European Legacy, 1(2): 421-426.Habermas, J. (2003). Toward a Cosmopolitan Europe. Journal of Democracy, 14(4): 86-100.Habermas, J. (2004). Why Europe Needs a Constitution. E. O. Eriksen, J. E. Fossum ve A. J. Menendez (Der.), Developing a Constitution for Europe: İçinde 17-33. London ve New York: Routledge.Habermas, J. ve Derrida, J. (2003). February 15, or What Binds Europeans Together: A Plea for a Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in the Core of Europe. Constellations, 10(3), 291-297. Herrmann, R., ve Brewer, M. B. (2004). Identities and Institutions: Becoming European in the EU. R. K. Herrmann, T. Risse-Kappen ve M. B. Brewer (Der.) Transnational Identities: Becoming European in the EU: İçinde 1-22. Lanham: Rowman ve Littlefield.Hobsbawm, E. J. (1983). Introduction: Inventing Traditions. E. J. Hobsbawm ve T. Ranger (Der.) The Invention of Tradition: İçinde 1-14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Hobsbawm, E. J. (1992). Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Höpken, W. (1997). From Religious Identity to Ethnic Mobilisation: the Turks of Bulgaria before, under and since Communism. H. Poulton ve S. Taji-Farouki (Der.) Muslim Identity and the Balkan State: İçinde 54-81. London: C. Hurst ve Co.Jenkins, R. (2008). The Ambiguity of Europe: ‘Identity Crisis’ or ‘Situation Normal’? European Societies, 10(2): 153-176.Kavalski, E. (2007). '"Do Not Play with Fire": The End of the Bulgarian Ethnic Model or the Persistence of Inter-Ethnic Tensions in Bulgaria?'. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 27(1), 25-36.Keller, R. (2012). Entering Discourses: A New Agenda for Qualitative Research and Sociology of Knowledge. Qualitative Sociology Review, 8(2), 46-75.Kohli, M. (2000). The Battlegrounds of European Identity. European Societies, 2(2): 113-137.Kösebalaban, H. (2007). The Permanent “Other”? Turkey and the Question of European Identity. Mediterranean Quarterly, 18(4), 87-111.Lütfi, Ü. (29 Şubat 1992). Stenogrami ot Plenarni Zasedaniya na Trideset i Şestoto Narodno Sıbranie, Çetirideset i Deveto Zasedanie (Otuzyedinci Halk Meclisi Genel Kurul Tutanakları, Kırkdokuzuncu Oturum).http://www.parliament.bg/bg/plenaryst/ns/4/ID/2373, (27.03. 2014). Marcussen, M., Risse, T., Engelmann-Martin, D., Knopf, H. J. ve Roscher, K. (1999). Constructing Europe? The Evolution of French, British and German Nation State Identities. Journal of European Public Policy, 6(4): 614-633.Medrano, J. D. (2003). Framing Europe: Attitudes to European Integration in Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press.Meinhof, U. H. (2004). Europe Viewed from Below : Agents, Victims and the Threat of the Other. R. K. Herrmann, T. Risse-Kappen ve M. B. Brewer (Der.) Transnational Identities : Becoming European in the EU: İçinde 214-244. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.Müftüler‐Bac, M. (1998). The never‐ending story: Turkey and the European Union. Middle Eastern Studies, 34(4), 240-258.Risse, T. (2004). European Institutions and Identity Change: What Have We Learned. R. Herrmann, T. Risse-Kappen ve M. B. Brewer (Der.) Transnational Identities: Becoming European in the EU: İçinde 247-271. Lanham: Rowman ve Littlefield.Rumelili, B. (2004). Constructing Identity and Relating to Difference: Understanding the EU's Mode. Review of International Studies, 30(1), 27-47.Smith, A. D. (1992). National Identity and the Idea of European Unity. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 68(1): 55-76.Tatarlı, İ. (8 Mart 1991/1992a) Stenogrami ot Sto i Şestoto Zasedanie (Yüzaltıncı Oturum Tutanakları). VII. Veliko Narodno Sıbranie Stenografski Dnevnitsi 1990-1991, Zasedaniya 104-106 (s. 197-261). içinde Sofya: Jusautor.Tatarlı, İ. (22 Mayıs 1991 /1992b). Stenogrami ot Sto Trideset i Sedmoto Zasedanie (Yüzotuzyedinci oturum tutanakları). VII. Veliko Narodno Sıbranie Stenografski Dnevnitsi 1990-1991, Zasedaniya 136-138 (s. 65-118). içinde Sofya: Jusautor.Tatarlı, İ. (13 Ağustos 1993a). Maltsintvata v Bılgariya - Konstitutsionna i Zakonova Uredba (Bulgaristan'da Azınlıklar- Anayasal ve Yasal Düzenlemeler). Prava i Svobodi.Tatarlı, İ. (6 Ağustos 1993b). Maltsintvata v Bılgariya - Konstitutsionna i Zakonova Uredba (Bulgaristan'da Azınlıklar- Anayasal ve Yasal Düzenlemeler). Prava i Svobodi.Tatarlı, İ. (6 Mart 1996). Stenogrami ot Plenarni Zasedaniya na Trideset i Sedmoto Narodno Sıbranie, Sto Çetirideset i Sedmo Zasedanie (Meclis genel kurul tutanakları, yüzkırkyedinci oturum).http://www.parliament.bg/bg/plenaryst/ns/3/ID/1897/, (25.07.2013)Tibi, B. (2013). European Identity Contested? M. Tamcke, J. d. Jong, L. Klein ve M. v. Waal (Der.) Europe - Space for Transcultural Existence: İçinde 47-56. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Götingen.Todorova, M. (2009a). Language, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Bulgarian Case. T. Kamusella,ve K. Jaskułowski (Der.) Nationalisms Today : İçinde 155-200. Bern: Peter Lang.Todorova, M. (2009b). Imagining the Balkans. New York: Oxford University Press.Todorova, M. (2012). "Kursıt İ Diskursite Na Bılgarskiya Natsionalism (Bulgar Milliyetçiliğinin Yönü Ve Söylemleri)", http://librev.com/index.php/discussion-bulgaria-publisher/1940-2013-02-04-11-13-35, (15.01.2014).Triandafyllidou, A. (2008). Popular Perceptions of Europe and the Nation: the Case of Italy. Nations and Nationalism, 14(2): 261-282.Ulbert, C. (2005). Konstruktivistische Analysen der Internationalen Politik: Theoretische Ansatze und Methodische Herangehensweisen. C. Ulbert ve C. Weller içinde, Konstruktivistische Analysen der Internationalen Politik (s. 9-34). Wiesbaden: Springer.Warhola, J. W. ve Boteva, O. (2003). The Turkish Minority in Contemporary Bulgaria. Nationalities Papers, 31(3), 255-279.Wetherell, M. (2010). Introduction: The Field of Identity Studies. M. Wetherell ve C. T. Mohanty (Der.) The SAGE Handbook Of Identities: İçinde 3-26. London: Sage.Wodak, R., Cilla, R. d., Reisigl, M. ve Liebhart, K. (2009). The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Zahariev, B. (2004). "The Treatment of Ethnic Turks by the Bulgarian Communist Party and their Status Quo", www.ithaca.edu/hs/depts/history/histjourndocs/spring04/turkishminorities.pdf, (03.01.2012).