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A JAIN SCHOLAR AT THE COURT OF THE TURKISH SULTANATE OF DELHI: ṬHAKKURA PHERŪ AND HIS WORKS

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 71 - 88, 28.04.2023

Öz

The Delhi Sultanate, whose ruling elites are the bearers and practitioners of Muslim Turkish culture, was established in a multicultural habitat in Medieval India. However, the primary sources, by a majority of Persian, do not adequately and accurately reflect this cosmopolitanism. On the other hand, its primary sources in Indic languages have different problems due to their exceptional narrative traditions. For this reason, the Jain subjects of the sultanate and the works written by them are critical in understanding the Delhi Sultanate's social structure and the state's relations with non-Muslims. The life and works of Ṭhakkura Pherū, one of the eminent Jain scholars of the sultanate who served as an assayer from the treasury office of the Delhi palace for many years, contain prosperous information in this respect. He gives wide coverage to measures, coins, and gemstones utilised in North India in the late 13th and early 14th centuries in his works as a well-informed money changer and merchant. Crop rates of twenty-five different agricultural products such as wheat and barley and their taxation system are other crucial issues in her works. The information mentioned in his studies is considered the most critical numismatic and economic indicators of the Delhi Turkish Sultanate and the medieval period of the Indian subcontinent. Moreover, Ṭhakkura Pherū's life and the honorific titles he used for royal patrons in his works allow us to explore the aspects of the relations of the Delhi sultans with their non-Muslim subjects that have never been mentioned in Persian sources.

Kaynakça

  • Agarwala, V. S. (1943). A note on medieval temple architecture. The Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society, 11, 276-288.
  • Agarwala, V. S. (1964). Ṭhakkura Pherū viracitā Prākṛtabhāṣābaddhā Dravyaparīkṣā. Indian Numismatic Chronicle, 4(1-2), 75-94.
  • Agarwala, V. S. (1969a). A Unique Treatise on Medieval Indian Coins. Studies in Indian Culture, Dr. Ghulam Yazdani Commemoration Volume, 81-101.
  • Agarwala, V. S. (1969b). Dravyaparīkṣā of Ṭhakkura Pherū: Translated by. Indian Numismatic Chronicle, 7(1-2), 110-114.
  • Ali, D. (2011). Indian Historical Writing, c.600–c.1400. İçinde D. R. Woolf, A. Feldherr, & G. Hardy (Ed.), The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 2: 400-1400 (ss. 80-101). Oxford University Press.
  • Berenî, Z. (1862). Târîh-i Fîrûz Şahî (S. A. Khan, W. N. Lees, & M. Kabiraldin, Ed.). The Asiatic Society of Bengal.
  • Chattopadhyaya, B. (1998). Representing The Other? Sanskrit Sources And The Muslims: Eighth To Fourteenth Century. Manohar Publishers & Distributors.
  • Cüzcânî, K. M.-ı S. (1342). Tabakât-ı Nâsırî (A. Habîbî, Ed.; C. 2). Puhenî Matbae.
  • Deyell, J. S. (1999). Living Without Silver: The Monetary History of Early Medieval North India. Oxford University Press.
  • Dodangeh, A. (2010). Fahreddin Mubârekşâh’ın Şecere-yi Ensâb İsimli Eserlerinin Türkçe Tercümesi. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, 3, 195-223.
  • Dube, R. K. (2006). The extraction of lead from its ores by the iron-reduction process: A historical perspective. JOM, 58(10), 18-23.
  • Eaton, R. M. (2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. University of California Press.
  • Ebu’r-Reyhân Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Bîrûnî. (2020). Kıymetli Taşlar ve Metaller Kitabı (el-Cemâhir fî Ma’rifeti’l-Cevâhir) (E. S. Özcan, Çev.; 2. Baskı). Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • el-Bîrûnî, E. R. M. b. A. (1910). Alberuni’s India An account of the religion, philosophy, literature, geography, chronology, astronomy, customs, laws and astrology of India about A.D. 1030. (E. Sachau, Çev.; C. 2). K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
  • Emîr Hüsrev Dihlevî. (1950). Noh Sipihr (M. V. Mirzâ, Ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Emîr Hüsrev Dihlevî. (1975). Hazâinü’l-fütûh (Târîh-i Alâ’î) (Muhammed Vahîd Mîrzâ, Çev.). National Committee for 700th Anniversary of Amir Khusrau.
  • Flood, F. (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval Hindu-Muslim Encounter. Princeton University Press.
  • Granoff, P. (1989). Religious Biography and Clan History among the Śvetāṃbara Jains in North India. East and West, 39(1/4), 195-215. Habib, I. (2004). Ṭhakkura Pherū, Ganitasarakaumudi: The Moonlight of the Essence of Mathematics…. Studies in People’s History, 1(2), 242-244.
  • Habib, I. (2008). The Mercantile Classes of India During The Period of The Delhi Sultanate. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 69, 297-308.
  • Hodivala, S. H. (2019). Studies in Indo-Muslim history: A critical commentary on Elliot and Dowson’s History of India as told by its own historians (S. Garg, Ed.; Reprint, C. 1). Routledge.
  • Inden, R. B. (2006). Imagining India (Repr.). Indiana University Press.
  • İbn Battûta, E. A. M. İ. B. T. (2020). İbn Battûta Seyahatnâmesi (A. S. Aykut, Çev.; 6. Baskı, C. 2). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Jinapāla. (1966). Kharataragaccha-brhadgurvavali (Jinavijaya Muni, Ed.). Prakrit Bharati Academy.
  • Kortel, S. H. (1998). Delhi Türk Sultanı Alâeddîn Muhammed-Şâh Halacî’nin Hindistan’daki Seferleri. Belleten, 62(235), 747-778.
  • Kutlutürk, C. (2019). Hint Düşüncesinde İslam Algısı. Dergah Yayınları.
  • Lal, K. S. (1966). Studies in Medieval Indian History. Ranjit Printers & Publishers.
  • Leclère, B. (2011). Ambivalent Representations of Muslims in Medieval Indian Theatre. Studies in History, 27(2), 155-195.
  • Majumdar, R. C. (2001). The Struggle For Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
  • Mubarakshah, F. al-Din. (1927). Tarikh-i Fakhru’d-din Mubarakshah: Being the historical introduction to the book of genealogies of Fakhru’d-din Mubarakshah Marvar-rudi completed in A.D. 1206 (E. D. Ross, Ed.). The Royal Asiatic Society.
  • Nizami, K. A. (1983). On History and Historians of Medieval India. Munshiram Manoharlal.
  • Pingree, D. E. (1976). Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit (C. 3). American philosophical Society.
  • Pollock, S. (2009). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Univ. of California Press.
  • Prasad, P. (1990). Sanskrit Inscriptions of Delhi Sultanate, 1191-1526. Oxford University Press.
  • Prasad, P. (1993). The Jain Community in the Delhi Sultanate. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 54, 223-230. Prasad, P. (1994). The Turuska or Turks in Late Ancient Indian Documents. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 55, 170-175.
  • Rashid, A. (1969). Society and Culture in Medieval India, 1206-1556. K. L. Mukhopadhyay.
  • Raychaudhuri, T., & Habib, I. (Ed.). (1982). The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, c.1200-c.1750. Cambridge University Press.
  • Shaikh Abdul Rashid. (1954). Dastur-ul-Albab fi ilm-il-Hisab. Medieval India Quarterly, 1(3-4), 59-99.
  • Sharma, D. (1956). New Light on Alauddin Khalji’s Achievements. The Indian Historical Quarterly, 32(1-4), 96-100.
  • Tâcü’d-dîn Hasan Nizâmî. (1387/2008). Tâcü’l-Me’âsir. Merkez-î Tahkikât-ı Farsi Rayzenî-i Ferheng-i Cumhurî-i İslamî-i İran Dihlî-i Nov.
  • Tajud Din Hasan Nizami. (1998). Tajud Din Hasan Nizami’s Taj ul ma’athir = (The crown of glorious deeds) (M. A. Khan & Chander Shekhar, Ed.; B. Saroop, Çev.). Saud Ahmad Dehlavi.
  • Talbot, C. (1995). Inscribing the Other, Inscribing the Self: Hindu-Muslim Identities in Pre-Colonial India. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 37(4), 692-722.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (t.y.). Ratnaparīkṣā (text with Hindi trans.) (B. Nahata & A. C. Nahata, Çev.). Rajasthan Oriental Series.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (1961). Ṭhakkura-Pherū-viracita Ratnaparīkṣādi-sapta-granthasaṃgraha (B. Nahata & A. C. Nahata, Ed.). Rajasthan Oriental Series.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (1976a). Dravyaparīkṣā aur Dhātūtpatti (B. Nāhaṭā, Ed.). Prākṛta Jainaśāstra evaṃ Ahiṃsā Śodha-Saṃsthāna.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (1976b). Ṭhakkura Pherū viracitā Dravyaparīkṣā aur Dhātūtpatti (text with Hindi trans.) (B. Nahata, Çev.). Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (1984). Rayaṇaparīkkhā: A medieval Prakrit text on gemmology (S. R. Sarma, Çev.). Viveka.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (1987). Vāstusāra prakaraṇam: A Prakrit treatise on Vāstuśāstra (R. P. Kulkarni, Ed.). Jñāna-Prabodhinī.
  • Thakkura Pherū. (2009). Gaṇitasārakaumudī The Moonlight of the Essence of Mathematics (S. R. Sarma, T. Kusuba, T. Hayashi, & M. Yano, Çev.). Manohar.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (2021). The Dravyaparīkṣā of Ṭhakkura Pherū: An Assayer’s Manual from the Khaljī Court of Delhi (S. R. Sarma, Çev.). K. Y. http://www.srsarma.in
  • Thapar, R. (2011). Historical Traditions in Early India. İçinde A. Feldherr & G. Hardy (Ed.), The Oxford History of Historical Writing (ss. 553-576). Oxford University Press.
  • Truschke, A. (2020). Jains and Muslims. Içinde Brill’s Encyclopedia of Jainism Online. Brill. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-jainism-online/jains-and-muslims-COM_045008
  • Truschke, A. (2021). The Language of History. Columbia University Press.
  • Uz, E. (2017). ‘Avfî’nin Cevâmi‘U’l-Hikâyâtve Levâmi‘u’r-Rivâyât İsimli Eserinde Mizahî Karakterler Ve Anekdotik Unsurlar [Yayınlanmamış Doktora]. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Vose, S. M. (2022). Jain Memory of the Tughluq Sultans: Alternative Sources for the Historiography of Sultanate India. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 32(1), 115-139. Wright, H. N. (1936). The Coinage and Metrology of the Sultans of Delhi. Manager of Publications.
  • Z̤iyāʼ al-Dīn Baranī. (1961). The Political Theory of Delhi Sultanate (M. Habib & A. ʻUmar S. K̲h̲ān, Çev.). Kitab Mahal.

DELHİ TÜRK SULTANLIĞI SARAYINDA CAYİN BİR ÂLİM: ṬHAKKURA PHERŪ VE ESERLERİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 71 - 88, 28.04.2023

Öz

Yönetici elitleri Müslüman Türk kültürünün taşıyıcısı ve uygulayıcı olan Delhi Sultanlığı, Orta Çağ Hindistan’ında çok kültürlü bir dünya içerisinde kurulmuştur. Ancak ağırlıklı olarak Farsça yazılmış birincil kaynakları çoğunlukla bu kozmopolitliği yeterince ve doğru yansıtmamaktadır. Hint dillerindeki kaynakları ise kendine özgü anlatı gelenekleri nedeniyle farklı problemlere sahiptir. Bu nedenle sultanlığın Cayin tebaası ve onlar tarafından yazılmış eserler Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nın toplumsal yapısı ile devletin gayrimüslimlerle ilişkilerini anlamada son derece önem arz etmektedir. Delhi sarayının hazine dairesinden uzun yıllar ayarcı olarak görev yapan sultanlığın tanınmış Cayin âlimlerinden Ṭhakkura Pherū’nun hayatı ve eserleri bu açıdan oldukça zengin bilgiler içermektedir. Bilgili bir sarraf ve tüccar olarak eserlerinde XIII. yüzyılın sonları XIV. yüzyılın başlarında Kuzey Hindistan’da kullanılan ölçülere, sikkelere ve değerli taşlara geniş yer verir. Çalışmalarındaki mezkur bilgiler Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nın ve Hindistan alt kıtasının orta çağları için en önemli nümismatik ve ekonomik göstergeler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca Ṭhakkura Pherū’nun hayatı ve eserlerinde himayedârları kullandığı yüceltici unvanlar Delhi sultanlarının gayrimüslim tebaa ile ilişkilerinin Farsça kaynaklarda hiç değinilmeyen yönlerini keşfetmemize olanak sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Agarwala, V. S. (1943). A note on medieval temple architecture. The Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society, 11, 276-288.
  • Agarwala, V. S. (1964). Ṭhakkura Pherū viracitā Prākṛtabhāṣābaddhā Dravyaparīkṣā. Indian Numismatic Chronicle, 4(1-2), 75-94.
  • Agarwala, V. S. (1969a). A Unique Treatise on Medieval Indian Coins. Studies in Indian Culture, Dr. Ghulam Yazdani Commemoration Volume, 81-101.
  • Agarwala, V. S. (1969b). Dravyaparīkṣā of Ṭhakkura Pherū: Translated by. Indian Numismatic Chronicle, 7(1-2), 110-114.
  • Ali, D. (2011). Indian Historical Writing, c.600–c.1400. İçinde D. R. Woolf, A. Feldherr, & G. Hardy (Ed.), The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 2: 400-1400 (ss. 80-101). Oxford University Press.
  • Berenî, Z. (1862). Târîh-i Fîrûz Şahî (S. A. Khan, W. N. Lees, & M. Kabiraldin, Ed.). The Asiatic Society of Bengal.
  • Chattopadhyaya, B. (1998). Representing The Other? Sanskrit Sources And The Muslims: Eighth To Fourteenth Century. Manohar Publishers & Distributors.
  • Cüzcânî, K. M.-ı S. (1342). Tabakât-ı Nâsırî (A. Habîbî, Ed.; C. 2). Puhenî Matbae.
  • Deyell, J. S. (1999). Living Without Silver: The Monetary History of Early Medieval North India. Oxford University Press.
  • Dodangeh, A. (2010). Fahreddin Mubârekşâh’ın Şecere-yi Ensâb İsimli Eserlerinin Türkçe Tercümesi. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, 3, 195-223.
  • Dube, R. K. (2006). The extraction of lead from its ores by the iron-reduction process: A historical perspective. JOM, 58(10), 18-23.
  • Eaton, R. M. (2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. University of California Press.
  • Ebu’r-Reyhân Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Bîrûnî. (2020). Kıymetli Taşlar ve Metaller Kitabı (el-Cemâhir fî Ma’rifeti’l-Cevâhir) (E. S. Özcan, Çev.; 2. Baskı). Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • el-Bîrûnî, E. R. M. b. A. (1910). Alberuni’s India An account of the religion, philosophy, literature, geography, chronology, astronomy, customs, laws and astrology of India about A.D. 1030. (E. Sachau, Çev.; C. 2). K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
  • Emîr Hüsrev Dihlevî. (1950). Noh Sipihr (M. V. Mirzâ, Ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Emîr Hüsrev Dihlevî. (1975). Hazâinü’l-fütûh (Târîh-i Alâ’î) (Muhammed Vahîd Mîrzâ, Çev.). National Committee for 700th Anniversary of Amir Khusrau.
  • Flood, F. (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval Hindu-Muslim Encounter. Princeton University Press.
  • Granoff, P. (1989). Religious Biography and Clan History among the Śvetāṃbara Jains in North India. East and West, 39(1/4), 195-215. Habib, I. (2004). Ṭhakkura Pherū, Ganitasarakaumudi: The Moonlight of the Essence of Mathematics…. Studies in People’s History, 1(2), 242-244.
  • Habib, I. (2008). The Mercantile Classes of India During The Period of The Delhi Sultanate. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 69, 297-308.
  • Hodivala, S. H. (2019). Studies in Indo-Muslim history: A critical commentary on Elliot and Dowson’s History of India as told by its own historians (S. Garg, Ed.; Reprint, C. 1). Routledge.
  • Inden, R. B. (2006). Imagining India (Repr.). Indiana University Press.
  • İbn Battûta, E. A. M. İ. B. T. (2020). İbn Battûta Seyahatnâmesi (A. S. Aykut, Çev.; 6. Baskı, C. 2). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Jinapāla. (1966). Kharataragaccha-brhadgurvavali (Jinavijaya Muni, Ed.). Prakrit Bharati Academy.
  • Kortel, S. H. (1998). Delhi Türk Sultanı Alâeddîn Muhammed-Şâh Halacî’nin Hindistan’daki Seferleri. Belleten, 62(235), 747-778.
  • Kutlutürk, C. (2019). Hint Düşüncesinde İslam Algısı. Dergah Yayınları.
  • Lal, K. S. (1966). Studies in Medieval Indian History. Ranjit Printers & Publishers.
  • Leclère, B. (2011). Ambivalent Representations of Muslims in Medieval Indian Theatre. Studies in History, 27(2), 155-195.
  • Majumdar, R. C. (2001). The Struggle For Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
  • Mubarakshah, F. al-Din. (1927). Tarikh-i Fakhru’d-din Mubarakshah: Being the historical introduction to the book of genealogies of Fakhru’d-din Mubarakshah Marvar-rudi completed in A.D. 1206 (E. D. Ross, Ed.). The Royal Asiatic Society.
  • Nizami, K. A. (1983). On History and Historians of Medieval India. Munshiram Manoharlal.
  • Pingree, D. E. (1976). Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit (C. 3). American philosophical Society.
  • Pollock, S. (2009). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Univ. of California Press.
  • Prasad, P. (1990). Sanskrit Inscriptions of Delhi Sultanate, 1191-1526. Oxford University Press.
  • Prasad, P. (1993). The Jain Community in the Delhi Sultanate. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 54, 223-230. Prasad, P. (1994). The Turuska or Turks in Late Ancient Indian Documents. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 55, 170-175.
  • Rashid, A. (1969). Society and Culture in Medieval India, 1206-1556. K. L. Mukhopadhyay.
  • Raychaudhuri, T., & Habib, I. (Ed.). (1982). The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, c.1200-c.1750. Cambridge University Press.
  • Shaikh Abdul Rashid. (1954). Dastur-ul-Albab fi ilm-il-Hisab. Medieval India Quarterly, 1(3-4), 59-99.
  • Sharma, D. (1956). New Light on Alauddin Khalji’s Achievements. The Indian Historical Quarterly, 32(1-4), 96-100.
  • Tâcü’d-dîn Hasan Nizâmî. (1387/2008). Tâcü’l-Me’âsir. Merkez-î Tahkikât-ı Farsi Rayzenî-i Ferheng-i Cumhurî-i İslamî-i İran Dihlî-i Nov.
  • Tajud Din Hasan Nizami. (1998). Tajud Din Hasan Nizami’s Taj ul ma’athir = (The crown of glorious deeds) (M. A. Khan & Chander Shekhar, Ed.; B. Saroop, Çev.). Saud Ahmad Dehlavi.
  • Talbot, C. (1995). Inscribing the Other, Inscribing the Self: Hindu-Muslim Identities in Pre-Colonial India. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 37(4), 692-722.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (t.y.). Ratnaparīkṣā (text with Hindi trans.) (B. Nahata & A. C. Nahata, Çev.). Rajasthan Oriental Series.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (1961). Ṭhakkura-Pherū-viracita Ratnaparīkṣādi-sapta-granthasaṃgraha (B. Nahata & A. C. Nahata, Ed.). Rajasthan Oriental Series.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (1976a). Dravyaparīkṣā aur Dhātūtpatti (B. Nāhaṭā, Ed.). Prākṛta Jainaśāstra evaṃ Ahiṃsā Śodha-Saṃsthāna.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (1976b). Ṭhakkura Pherū viracitā Dravyaparīkṣā aur Dhātūtpatti (text with Hindi trans.) (B. Nahata, Çev.). Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (1984). Rayaṇaparīkkhā: A medieval Prakrit text on gemmology (S. R. Sarma, Çev.). Viveka.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (1987). Vāstusāra prakaraṇam: A Prakrit treatise on Vāstuśāstra (R. P. Kulkarni, Ed.). Jñāna-Prabodhinī.
  • Thakkura Pherū. (2009). Gaṇitasārakaumudī The Moonlight of the Essence of Mathematics (S. R. Sarma, T. Kusuba, T. Hayashi, & M. Yano, Çev.). Manohar.
  • Ṭhakkura Pherū. (2021). The Dravyaparīkṣā of Ṭhakkura Pherū: An Assayer’s Manual from the Khaljī Court of Delhi (S. R. Sarma, Çev.). K. Y. http://www.srsarma.in
  • Thapar, R. (2011). Historical Traditions in Early India. İçinde A. Feldherr & G. Hardy (Ed.), The Oxford History of Historical Writing (ss. 553-576). Oxford University Press.
  • Truschke, A. (2020). Jains and Muslims. Içinde Brill’s Encyclopedia of Jainism Online. Brill. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-jainism-online/jains-and-muslims-COM_045008
  • Truschke, A. (2021). The Language of History. Columbia University Press.
  • Uz, E. (2017). ‘Avfî’nin Cevâmi‘U’l-Hikâyâtve Levâmi‘u’r-Rivâyât İsimli Eserinde Mizahî Karakterler Ve Anekdotik Unsurlar [Yayınlanmamış Doktora]. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Vose, S. M. (2022). Jain Memory of the Tughluq Sultans: Alternative Sources for the Historiography of Sultanate India. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 32(1), 115-139. Wright, H. N. (1936). The Coinage and Metrology of the Sultans of Delhi. Manager of Publications.
  • Z̤iyāʼ al-Dīn Baranī. (1961). The Political Theory of Delhi Sultanate (M. Habib & A. ʻUmar S. K̲h̲ān, Çev.). Kitab Mahal.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yasin Tekin 0000-0001-5247-2956

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekin, Y. (2023). DELHİ TÜRK SULTANLIĞI SARAYINDA CAYİN BİR ÂLİM: ṬHAKKURA PHERŪ VE ESERLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(1), 71-88.
AMA Tekin Y. DELHİ TÜRK SULTANLIĞI SARAYINDA CAYİN BİR ÂLİM: ṬHAKKURA PHERŪ VE ESERLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. Nisan 2023;10(1):71-88.
Chicago Tekin, Yasin. “DELHİ TÜRK SULTANLIĞI SARAYINDA CAYİN BİR ÂLİM: ṬHAKKURA PHERŪ VE ESERLERİ”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10, sy. 1 (Nisan 2023): 71-88.
EndNote Tekin Y (01 Nisan 2023) DELHİ TÜRK SULTANLIĞI SARAYINDA CAYİN BİR ÂLİM: ṬHAKKURA PHERŪ VE ESERLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10 1 71–88.
IEEE Y. Tekin, “DELHİ TÜRK SULTANLIĞI SARAYINDA CAYİN BİR ÂLİM: ṬHAKKURA PHERŪ VE ESERLERİ”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 1, ss. 71–88, 2023.
ISNAD Tekin, Yasin. “DELHİ TÜRK SULTANLIĞI SARAYINDA CAYİN BİR ÂLİM: ṬHAKKURA PHERŪ VE ESERLERİ”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10/1 (Nisan 2023), 71-88.
JAMA Tekin Y. DELHİ TÜRK SULTANLIĞI SARAYINDA CAYİN BİR ÂLİM: ṬHAKKURA PHERŪ VE ESERLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;10:71–88.
MLA Tekin, Yasin. “DELHİ TÜRK SULTANLIĞI SARAYINDA CAYİN BİR ÂLİM: ṬHAKKURA PHERŪ VE ESERLERİ”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 10, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 71-88.
Vancouver Tekin Y. DELHİ TÜRK SULTANLIĞI SARAYINDA CAYİN BİR ÂLİM: ṬHAKKURA PHERŪ VE ESERLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;10(1):71-88.