ULUSLARARASI HUKUK ÇERÇEVESİNDE FAHRÎ KONSOLOS

Öz

Uluslararası hukukun en eski kurumlarından biri olan konsoloslar, devlet-lerin devamlılığında her zaman hayatî bir rol oynamıştır. Nitekim devletler siya-set dışındaki alanlarda iletişim kurarken konsoloslardan yoğun şekilde yararlanma eğilimindedir. Konsolosların kökenleri antik çağlara kadar uzansa da modern kullanımı esasen Ortaçağda başlamıştır. Temelde iki ana konsolos kategorisi bulunmaktadır: “Kariyer konsolosları” (consules missi) ve “fahrî konso-loslar” (consules electi). Görünen odur ki, ikincisi özellikle 19’uncu yüzyılın sonlarında eleştirilmiş olsa da ehemmiyeti hiçbir zaman azalmamıştır. Önemi ve yaygın kullanımı ne olursa olsun, uluslararası hukukta fahrî konsolosluğun kesin bir tanımı bulunmamaktadır. Bu kadar yaygın bir müessesenin tanımının olmayışı büyük bir eksiklik olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ayrıca, yukarıda belirtilen konsolos kategorilerinin kendi hukukî statüleri bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenlerden ötürü fahrî konsolosların analizinin yapılması isâbetli bir yaklaşım olacaktır. Ayrıca, bu konuda yazılmış çok az risale ve makale bulunduğu da gözden kaçı-rılmamalıdır. Dolayısıyla, bu makalenin temel amacı, sırasıyla, fahrî konsolos müessesini tanıtmak ve uluslararası hukuka göre fahrî konsolosların hukukî statülerini analiz etmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• fahri konsolos
• kariyer konsolos
• consules electi
• consules missi
• konsolosluk ayrıcalık ve bağışıklıkları

THE HONORARY CONSUL IN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Öz

As one of the oldest institutions of international law, consuls have always played a vital role in the continuum of States. Indeed, when communicating in the fields other than politics, States tend to utilise consuls extensively. Although the origins of consuls can be traced back in antiquity, modern usage started in the Middle Ages. In essence, there are two main categories of consuls: career consuls (consules missi) and honorary consuls (consules electi). Despite the fact that the latter was critised particularly in the late 19th Century, as it appears, its importance has never diminished. Regardless of its importance and wide usage, there is no exact definition for honorary consuls in international law. The lack of a definition for such a wide spread institution could be inferred as a major deficiency. Furthermore, the aforementioned categories of consuls have their own legal status. For these reasons, it would be an adequate approach to analyse honorary consuls. Additionally, there are very few treatises and essays that were written on the said subject. Hence, the main purpose of this article is to introduce the institution of honorary consuls, and to analyse their legal status according to international law, respectively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Honorary consul
• consules electi
• consules missi
• consular immunities and privileges
• career consul

Kaynakça

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